TWI606921B - 積層體及積層體的製造方法 - Google Patents

積層體及積層體的製造方法 Download PDF

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TWI606921B
TWI606921B TW101134431A TW101134431A TWI606921B TW I606921 B TWI606921 B TW I606921B TW 101134431 A TW101134431 A TW 101134431A TW 101134431 A TW101134431 A TW 101134431A TW I606921 B TWI606921 B TW I606921B
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alloy
titanium
aluminum
chromium
substrate
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TW201323197A (zh
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平野智資
金田教良
花待年彥
山內雄一郎
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日本發條股份有限公司
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Description

積層體及積層體的製造方法
本發明係關於在包含金屬或合金之基材表面形成硬質皮膜之積層體、及積層體之製造方法。
近年來,在包含金屬或合金之基材表面形成硬質皮膜之積層體,係使用於機械零件、工具、模具、醫療用構件、運動用品等各種用途。硬質皮膜係使用例如陶瓷(氧化物陶瓷、非氧化物陶瓷、BCN系超硬質材料)、金屬與陶瓷之混合材、金屬或合金等,依據材料不同而可對基材賦予耐蝕性、耐熱性、耐磨耗性之功能。
如此硬質皮膜係藉由化學蒸鍍法(CVD)、物理蒸鍍法、(PVD)、熔射法等而形成於基材表面。近來由於具有可適用在皮膜形成速度快且種類廣泛之基材或皮膜材料,且對於基材尺寸的限制較少之優點,因而積極地利用熔射法。
就在金屬基材上形成陶瓷皮膜之積層體的關連技術而言,係在例如專利文獻1中揭示之耐熱材料,其具有:金屬基材;覆蓋該金屬基材表面之陶瓷被覆層;以及具有配置在金屬基材側之微粒子凝集體層及配置在陶瓷被覆層側之粗粒子凝集體層的金屬結合層。
[先前技術文獻] (專利文獻)
(專利文獻1)日本特開平8-41619號公報
然而,以熔射形成之皮膜係藉由熔融之皮膜材料流入基材表面凹凸之所謂底錨(anchor)效果而附著於基材。因此,以往以熔射法製作積層體時係如第9圖所示,為了提高金屬等之基材91與形成於基材91之表面之硬質皮膜93之間的密著強度,而在基材91之表面92預先實施噴砂處理並進行粗面化。但是,以如此方法所製作之積層體中,在施加機械應力時,會有基材91與硬質皮膜93之密著強度不足之問題。
有關基材與硬質皮膜之間的密著強度,專利文獻1係揭示在高溫或熱變動激烈之環境下使用積層體時,為了防止陶瓷被覆層龜裂或因該龜裂造成陶瓷被覆層從金屬基材剝離,而在兩者間設置金屬結合層。但是,專利文獻1中完全未揭示有關於對積層體施加機械應力時金屬基材與陶瓷被覆層之密著強度。
本發明係有鑑於上述課題而研創者,其目的係提供一種包含金屬或合金之基材與形成在該基材表面之熔射皮膜層之間的密著強度高之積層體、及該積層體之製造方法。
為了解決上述課題並達成目的,本發明之積層體係具有:包含金屬或合金之基材;將金屬或合金之粉末材料與加熱至比該粉末材料的熔點低之溫度的氣體一起加速,並直接以固相狀態噴附 於前述基材表面進行堆積而成之中間層;以及藉由熔射形成在前述中間層上之熔射皮膜層。
上述積層體中,前述基材係包含銅、銅合金、鋅、鋅合金、鋁、鋁合金、鎂、鎂合金、鎳、鎳合金、鐵、鐵合金、鈦、鈦合金、鉻、鉻合金、鈮、鈮合金、鉬、鉬合金、銀、銀合金、錫、錫合金、鉭、鉭合金中的任1種。
上述積層體中,前述中間層係包含銅、銅合金、鋅、鋅合金、鋁、鋁合金、鎂、鎂合金、鎳、鎳合金、鐵、鐵合金、鈦、鈦合金、鉻、鉻合金、鈮、鈮合金、鉬、鉬合金、銀、銀合金、錫、錫合金、鉭、鉭合金中的任1種。
上述積層體中,前述中間層係包含與前述基材同種之金屬或合金。
上述積層體中,前述中間層具有5至100μm之厚度。
上述積層體中,前述熔射皮膜層係包含陶瓷系材料、金屬及陶瓷之混合材料、金屬或合金材料。
上述積層體中,前述熔射皮膜層係包含氧化鋁、氧化鎂、氧化鋯、氧化釔、氧化釔安定化氧化鋯、塊滑石、鎂橄欖石、富鋁紅柱石、氧化鈦、氧化矽、矽鋁氧氮、氮化鋁、氮化矽、碳化矽、氮化鈦、碳化鈦、碳氮化鈦、氮化鈦鋁、氮化鈦鉻、氮化鉻、氮化鋯、碳化鉻、碳化鎢、碳化硼、氮化硼、銅、銅合金、鋅、鋅合金、鋁、鋁合金、鎂、鎂合金、鎳、鎳合金、鐵、鐵合金、鈦、鈦合金、鉻、鉻合金、鈮、鈮合金、鉬、鉬合金、銀、銀合金、錫、錫合金、鉭、鉭合金、鎢、鎢合金中的任1種。
本發明之積層體之製造方法係包括:將金屬或合金之粉末材 料與加熱至比該粉末材料的熔點低之溫度的氣體一起加速,並直接以固相狀態噴附在包含金屬或合金之基材的表面上而進行堆積,藉此而形成中間層之中間層形成步驟;以及藉由熔射在前述中間層上形成熔射皮膜層之熔射皮膜層形成步驟。
根據本發明,對於包含金屬或合金之基材,以將金屬或合金之粉末材料與加熱至比該粉末材料的熔點低之溫度的氣體一起加速,並直接以固相狀態噴附於基材表面之所謂的冷噴霧法而堆積中間層,並在該中間層上形成熔射皮膜層,故可提升基材與熔射皮膜層之間的密著強度。
10‧‧‧積層體
11、91‧‧‧基材
12‧‧‧中間層
13‧‧‧熔射皮膜層
20‧‧‧鋁測試塊
21、31‧‧‧銅基材
22‧‧‧銅中間層(CS皮膜)
23、32‧‧‧氧化鋁層(熔射皮膜層)
40‧‧‧冷噴霧裝置
41‧‧‧氣體加熱器
42‧‧‧粉末供給裝置
43‧‧‧霧化器
44‧‧‧氣體噴嘴
45、46‧‧‧閥
92‧‧‧表面(皮膜形成面)
93‧‧‧硬質皮膜
第1圖係表示本發明實施形態之積層體的構成之示意圖。
第2圖係表示本發明實施形態之積層體之製造方法的流程圖。
第3圖係表示製造本發明實施形態之積層體所使用的冷噴霧裝置之概要的示意圖。
第4圖係表示實施例之試驗片之構造的示意圖。
第5圖係表示中間層(CS皮膜)表面之電子顯微鏡照片。
第6圖係表示比較例之試驗片之構造的示意圖。
第7圖係表示經噴砂加工之基材表面的電子顯微鏡照片。
第8圖係表示拉伸試驗之結果之柱狀圖。
第9圖係表示在基材表面形成熔射皮膜之積層體的習知構造之示意圖。
以下一邊參照圖式一邊詳細說明用以實施本發明之形態。另外,本發明並不限定於以下實施形態。此外,以下之說明中所參照之各圖,僅是為了可理解本發明內容而概略表示形狀、大小及位置關係。亦即,本發明並非僅限定於各圖所例示之形狀、大小及位置關係。
(實施之形態)
第1圖係表示本發明一實施形態之積層體之構成的示意圖。
第1圖所示之積層體10具有:包含金屬或合金之基材11、以冷噴霧(CS)法形成在該基材11之表面之中間層(CS皮膜)12、以及以熔射法形成在該中間層12上之熔射皮膜層13。
基材11係例如以銅、銅合金、鋅、鋅合金、鋁、鋁合金、鎂、鎂合金、鎳、鎳合金、鐵、鐵合金、鈦、鈦合金、鉻、鉻合金、鈮、鈮合金、鉬、鉬合金、銀、銀合金、錫、錫合金、鉭、鉭合金之金屬或合金所形成。另外,第1圖所示之基材11係形成板狀,但只要為以熔射可將皮膜形成在表面之形狀,則基材11之形狀並不限定於板狀。
中間層12係以後述冷噴霧法而形成作為熔射皮膜層13之基底。中間層12係與基材11同樣地例如以銅、銅合金、鋅、鋅合金、鋁、鋁合金、鎂、鎂合金、鎳、鎳合金、鐵、鐵合金、鈦、鈦合金、鉻、鉻合金、鈮、鈮合金、鉬、鉬合金、銀、銀合金、錫、錫合金、鉭、鉭合金之金屬或合金所形成。中間層12之材料可為與基材11同種類之金屬或合金,也可為與基材11不同種類之金屬或合金。
冷噴霧法係將粉末材料與比該粉末材料的融點低之溫度的氣 體一起加速,並直接以固相狀態粉末材料噴附於基材11表面並堆積之成膜方法。冷噴霧法中,因粉末材料會高速地撞擊於基材11,而在材料粉末與基材11之間產生塑性變形,藉由底錨效果及金屬結合而使基材11與中間層12結合。
熔射皮膜層13係包含陶瓷系材料、金屬及陶瓷之混合材料、或金屬或合金材料之硬質皮膜,並藉由熔射而形成在中間層12上。熔射皮膜層13之材料係因應例如耐蝕、耐熱、耐磨耗之對於基材11賦予之功能而選擇。另外,熔射皮膜層13使用金屬或合金材料時,基材11及中間層12係選擇不同之材料。
陶瓷系材料例如可列舉:氧化鋁、氧化鎂、氧化鋯、氧化釔、氧化釔安定化氧化鋯、塊滑石、鎂橄欖石、富鋁紅柱石、氧化鈦、氧化矽、矽鋁氧氮等之氧化物陶瓷;氮化鋁、氮化矽、碳化矽、氮化鈦、碳化鈦、碳氮化鈦、氮化鈦鋁、氮化鈦鉻、氮化鉻、氮化鋯、碳化鉻、碳化鎢等之非氧化物陶瓷;碳化硼、氮化硼等之BCN系超硬質材料。
金屬或合金材料例如可列舉:銅、銅合金、鋅、鋅合金、鋁、鋁合金、鎂、鎂合金、鎳、鎳合金、鐵、鐵合金、鈦、鈦合金、鉻、鉻合金、鈮、鈮合金、鉬、鉬合金、銀、銀合金、錫、錫合金、鉭、鉭合金、鎢、鎢合金。
金屬及陶瓷之混合材料可列舉:以氧化物、氮化物、碳化物、硼化物等之陶瓷(例如上述之陶瓷系材料)為主成分,並以金屬或合金成為結合相(聯繫材)之混合材料(也稱為金屬瓷(cermet))。例如,亦可使用在碳化鎢之粉末分散作為聯繫材之鈷或鎳等金屬粉末的混合材料。或是亦可列舉氧化釔安定化氧化鋯(YSZ)與鎳(Ni)- 鉻(Cr)合金之混合鉭成物之材料。
接著說明本實施形態之積層體之製造方法。第2圖係表示積層體10之製造方法的流程圖。
首先,在步驟S1中以所希望之材料製作形成所希望形狀之基材11。
接著在步驟S2中以冷噴霧法在基材11之表面形成中間層12。
第3圖係表示形成中間層12所使用的冷噴霧裝置40之概要的示意圖。如第3圖所示,冷噴霧裝置40具有:加熱壓縮氣體之氣體加熱器41;收容噴射於基材11之材料粉末並供給於霧化器43之粉末供給裝置42;將加熱之壓縮氣體及供給至壓縮氣體之材料粉末噴射於基材11之氣體噴嘴44;以及分別調節對於氣體加熱器41及粉末供給裝置42之壓縮氣體之供給量的閥45及46。另外,材料粉末係準備例如平均粒徑為5至100μm左右者。
壓縮氣體係使用氦、氮、空氣等。供給於氣體加熱器41之壓縮氣體例如為50℃以上,並在加熱至低於中間層12之材料粉末之融點之範圍的溫度後,供給於霧化器43。壓縮氣體之加熱溫度較佳為300至900℃。另一方面,供給於粉末供給裝置42之壓縮氣體,係以使粉末供給裝置42內之材料粉末在霧化器43成為預定吐出量之方式供給。
被加熱之壓縮氣體係藉由漸擴形狀之氣體噴嘴44而成為超音速流(約340m/s以上)。此時壓縮氣體之氣體壓力較佳為1至5MPa左右。藉由將壓縮氣體之壓力調整在該程度,而可謀求基材11與中間層12之間的密著強度之提升。供給於霧化器43之粉末材料係藉由投入該壓縮氣體之超音速流中而加速,並直接以固相 狀態高速地撞擊於基材11並堆積,而形成皮膜。另外,只要是將材料粉末以固相狀態撞擊於基材11並形成皮膜之裝置,則不限定於第3圖所示之冷噴霧裝置40。
如上述,在冷噴霧法中,粉末材料直接以固相狀態撞擊於下層(基材11及事先堆積於基材11上之中間層12)並結合,故中間層12之表面係向外側(之後形成之熔射皮膜層13側之界面)形成凸形。
此外,中間層12之厚度較佳為約5μm以上。藉由該厚度而能以中間層12整體地覆蓋基材11表面整體,並可形成使熔射皮膜層13密著所需之充分之凸形。另一方面,有關中間層12之厚度之上限,只要為中間層12整體地覆蓋基材11表面整體之狀態,即使中間層12增厚效果也不會產生很大差異,考慮中間層12之形成步驟所需之時間等,可以100μm左右為上限。
接著在步驟S3中,以熔射法在中間層12上形成所希望厚度之熔射皮膜層13。藉此完成第1圖所示之積層體10。
如此製作之積層體10係具有以下特徴。首先,在中間層12與基材11之界面、及中間層12之內部,藉由底錨效果及金屬結合而獲得穩固之結合。此外,中間層12表面係朝熔射皮膜層13側形成複雜之凸形。因此,以熔射焰熔融之熔射皮膜層13的材料係流入中間層12表面之凸部與凸部之間所夾之凹部,藉此提升熔射皮膜13之底錨效果。藉此使中間層12及熔射皮膜層13彼此穩固地結合。結果可獲得基材11與熔射皮膜層13之間之高密著強度。
另外,有關是否以冷噴霧法形成中間層12,可藉由觀察基材 11與中間層12之界面(有無底錨層)、或觀察中間層12表面而判別。例如,熔射法時係以扁平微粒子之積層而形成具有所謂層狀構造(lamellar structure)之積層構造,故可由熔射法來識別冷噴霧法。
如以上說明,根據本實施形態,在包括金屬或合金之基材11表面,隔介以冷噴霧法所產生之中間層12積層由熔射所產生之熔射皮膜層13,藉此可提升基材11與熔射皮膜層13之間的密著強度。
(實施例) <試驗片之製作>
實施例之試驗片係如第4圖所示,準備直徑約25mm、厚度約20mm之圓柱狀之鋁測試塊20,在該鋁測試塊20之一邊底面以接著劑接著厚度約5mm之銅基材21。銅基材21係使用無氧銅C1020。在該銅基材21上以冷噴霧法形成厚度約30μm之銅中間層(CS皮膜)22以作為基底處理。此時,原料粉係使用平均粒徑為約30μm之銅粉末,壓縮氣體係使用約800℃、氣體壓力為4MPa之氮。第5圖係拍攝銅中間層22表面之電子顯微鏡照片。該銅中間層22表面之平均面粗糙度Ra為5至8μm左右。再者,在銅中間層22上形成作為熔射皮膜層之厚度約400μm之氧化鋁(Al2O3)層23。在該氧化鋁層23上表面以接著劑接著鋁測試塊20。
此外,比較例之試驗片係如第6圖所示,在鋁試塊20之一邊底面以接著劑接著厚度約5mm之銅基材31。銅基材31係與實施例同樣地使用無氧銅C1020。對該銅基材31上表面實施作為基底處理之噴砂加工。此時使用平均粒徑為350μm之白氧化鋁之磨 粒。第7圖係拍攝銅基材31表面之電子顯微鏡照片。此時銅基材31表面之平均面粗糙度Ra為4至6μm左右。再者,在銅基材31上形成作為熔射皮膜層之厚度約400μm之氧化鋁層32。在該氧化鋁層32之上表面以接著劑接著鋁測試塊20。
參考例之試驗片係使用Al-Mg系鋁合金A5052來取代比較例之銅基材31。
<拉伸試驗>
對於實施例、比較例及參考例之試驗片,將一邊(例如第4圖之上側)鋁測試塊20固定,對於另一邊之鋁測試塊20朝圓柱之高度方向(例如第4圖中之拉伸方向)進行施加荷重之拉伸試驗,以測定銅基材21、31與氧化鋁層23、32之間產生剝離時之拉伸強度(剝離強度)。實施例係實施8個試驗片之實驗,比較例係實施3個試驗片之實驗,參考例係實施3個試驗片之實驗。
第8圖係表示拉伸試驗結果之柱狀圖,且表示藉由對於實施例、比較例及參考例實施之實驗而測定之剝離強度之平均值。實施例中產生剝離時之剝離強度平均約為18MPa。該剝離係全部產生於銅中間層22與氧化鋁層23之間。此係認為是因銅中間層22與銅基材21以金屬結合而結合,故密著強度特別高(例如70MPa以上)。
相對於此,比較例之剝離強度平均約為稍低於5MPa,未達實施例之1/3。此外,參考例之剝離強度係平均約為8.5Pa,雖較大但仍僅為9MPa左右。
10‧‧‧積層體
11‧‧‧基材
12‧‧‧中間層
13‧‧‧熔射皮膜層

Claims (6)

  1. 一種積層體,具有:包含金屬或合金之基材;將金屬或合金之粉末材料與加熱至比該粉末材料的熔點低之溫度的氣體一起加速,並直接以固相狀態噴附於前述基材表面進行堆積而成之表面朝向外側呈凸狀之中間層;以及藉由熔射而形成在前述呈凸狀之中間層的表面上之熔射皮膜層;其中,前述基材係包含銅、銅合金、鋅、鋅合金、鋁、鋁合金、鎂、鎂合金、鎳、鎳合金、鐵、鐵合金、鈦、鈦合金、鉻、鉻合金、鈮、鈮合金、鉬、鉬合金、銀、銀合金、錫、錫合金、鉭、鉭合金中的任1種;前述中間層係包含銅、銅合金、鋅、鋅合金、鋁、鋁合金、鎂、鎂合金、鎳、鎳合金、鐵、鐵合金、鈦、鈦合金、鉻、鉻合金、鈮、鈮合金、鉬、鉬合金、銀、銀合金、錫、錫合金、鉭、鉭合金中的任1種。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之積層體,其中,前述中間層係包含與前述基材同種之金屬或合金。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1或2項所述之積層體,其中,前述中間層具有5至100μm之厚度。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之積層體,其中,前述熔射皮膜層係包含陶瓷系材料、金屬及陶瓷之混合材料、金屬或合金材料。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第4項之積層體,其中,前述熔射皮膜層係包含氧化鋁、氧化鎂、氧化鋯、氧化釔(yttria)、氧化釔安定化氧 化鋯(yttria stabilized zirconia)、塊滑石(steatite)、鎂橄欖石(forsterite)、富鋁紅柱石(mullite)、氧化鈦(titania)、氧化矽(silica)、矽鋁氧氮(sialon)、氮化鋁、氮化矽、碳化矽、氮化鈦、碳化鈦、碳氮化鈦、氮化鈦鋁、氮化鈦鉻、氮化鉻、氮化鋯、碳化鉻、碳化鎢、碳化硼、氮化硼、銅、銅合金、鋅、鋅合金、鋁、鋁合金、鎂、鎂合金、鎳、鎳合金、鐵、鐵合金、鈦、鈦合金、鉻、鉻合金、鈮、鈮合金、鉬、鉬合金、銀、銀合金、錫、錫合金、鉭、鉭合金、鎢、鎢合金中的任1種。
  6. 一種積層體的製造方法,包括:將金屬或合金之粉末材料與加熱至比該粉末材料的熔點低之溫度的氣體一起加速,並直接以固相狀態噴附在包含金屬或合金之基材的表面上而進行堆積,藉此形成表面朝向外側呈凸狀之中間層之中間層形成步驟;以及藉由熔射而在前述呈凸狀之中間層的表面上形成熔射皮膜層之熔射皮膜層形成步驟;其中,前述基材係包含銅、銅合金、鋅、鋅合金、鋁、鋁合金、鎂、鎂合金、鎳、鎳合金、鐵、鐵合金、鈦、鈦合金、鉻、鉻合金、鈮、鈮合金、鉬、鉬合金、銀、銀合金、錫、錫合金、鉭、鉭合金中的任1種;前述中間層係包含銅、銅合金、鋅、鋅合金、鋁、鋁合金、鎂、鎂合金、鎳、鎳合金、鐵、鐵合金、鈦、鈦合金、鉻、鉻合金、鈮、鈮合金、鉬、鉬合金、銀、銀合金、錫、錫合金、鉭、鉭合金中的任1種。
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JP6999117B2 (ja) * 2017-02-24 2022-01-18 国立研究開発法人物質・材料研究機構 アルミニウム回路基板の製造方法
KR20190057753A (ko) * 2017-11-20 2019-05-29 (주)코미코 내플라즈마성 코팅막의 제조방법 및 이에 의해 형성된 내플라즈마성 부재
CN108559941B (zh) * 2018-04-27 2019-11-26 齐鲁工业大学 一种不锈钢汽车消音器表面高致密梯度金属陶瓷涂层及其制备方法
CN109111243B (zh) * 2018-09-20 2020-12-11 界首永恩机电科技有限公司 一种陶瓷工艺品表面喷施复合铜粉末的方法
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CN115446319B (zh) * 2022-08-12 2023-06-20 南京大学 一种铜辅助制备钛合金和钛铝合金球形微粉的方法
CN116065148A (zh) * 2023-02-15 2023-05-05 厦门佰事兴新材料科技有限公司 一种热镀锌沉没辊用复合涂层及其制备方法和应用及热镀锌沉没辊
CN116623165A (zh) * 2023-05-24 2023-08-22 西南大学 一种镁铝复合板的制备方法及镁铝复合板

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