TWI521043B - Nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds and organic field light-emitting elements - Google Patents
Nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds and organic field light-emitting elements Download PDFInfo
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- TWI521043B TWI521043B TW101106980A TW101106980A TWI521043B TW I521043 B TWI521043 B TW I521043B TW 101106980 A TW101106980 A TW 101106980A TW 101106980 A TW101106980 A TW 101106980A TW I521043 B TWI521043 B TW I521043B
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- carbon atoms
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- organic
- nitrogen
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- -1 Nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 51
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 167
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 68
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 66
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 62
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 38
- 125000006615 aromatic heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 22
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 22
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 18
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000002029 aromatic hydrocarbon group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzofuran Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005401 electroluminescence Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004986 diarylamino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003983 fluorenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3CC12)* 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims 2
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 125000003800 germyl group Chemical group [H][Ge]([H])([H])[*] 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 26
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 16
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 15
- VQGHOUODWALEFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylpyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 VQGHOUODWALEFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
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- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-WFGJKAKNSA-N Dimethyl sulfoxide Chemical compound [2H]C([2H])([2H])S(=O)C([2H])([2H])[2H] IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-WFGJKAKNSA-N 0.000 description 8
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
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- SNHMUERNLJLMHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodobenzene Chemical compound IC1=CC=CC=C1 SNHMUERNLJLMHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 7
- VFUDMQLBKNMONU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-[4-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)phenyl]carbazole Chemical group C12=CC=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=C2N1C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N2C3=CC=CC=C3C3=CC=CC=C32)C=C1 VFUDMQLBKNMONU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
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- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 6
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 6
- YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzopyrazine Natural products N1=CC=NC2=CC=CC=C21 XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- GBRBMTNGQBKBQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;diiodide Chemical compound I[Cu]I GBRBMTNGQBKBQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- 238000000295 emission spectrum Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000434 field desorption mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000001269 time-of-flight mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 4
- IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzothiazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC=NC2=C1 IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- SSFAUOAQOOISRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-diethoxy-n,n-dimethylethanamine Chemical compound CCOC(CN(C)C)OCC SSFAUOAQOOISRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FMMWHPNWAFZXNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benz[a]pyrene Chemical compound C1=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=C(C=C3)C2=C2C3=CC=CC2=C1 FMMWHPNWAFZXNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 3
- ATBKVKDEMSGMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrazine triphenylphosphane Chemical compound NN.C1(=CC=CC=C1)P(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ATBKVKDEMSGMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- FYNROBRQIVCIQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5,6-dione Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(=O)C(=O)N=C21 FYNROBRQIVCIQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012312 sodium hydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000104 sodium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical class O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000446 sulfanediyl group Chemical group *S* 0.000 description 1
- PXQLVRUNWNTZOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanyl Chemical class [SH] PXQLVRUNWNTZOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride Natural products C1CCNCC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KTQYWNARBMKMCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphenylene Chemical group C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C3=CC=CC=C3C3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 KTQYWNARBMKMCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WROMPOXWARCANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tfa trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)F.OC(=O)C(F)(F)F WROMPOXWARCANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004867 thiadiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QKTRRACPJVYJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine Chemical compound C1=CN=C2SN=NC2=C1 QKTRRACPJVYJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GVIJJXMXTUZIOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N thianthrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 GVIJJXMXTUZIOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NZFNXWQNBYZDAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N thioridazine hydrochloride Chemical class Cl.C12=CC(SC)=CC=C2SC2=CC=CC=C2N1CCC1CCCCN1C NZFNXWQNBYZDAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- TVIVIEFSHFOWTE-UHFFFAOYSA-K tri(quinolin-8-yloxy)alumane Chemical compound [Al+3].C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1 TVIVIEFSHFOWTE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PGXOVVAJURGPLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trinaphthylene Chemical group C1=CC=C2C=C3C4=CC5=CC=CC=C5C=C4C4=CC5=CC=CC=C5C=C4C3=CC2=C1 PGXOVVAJURGPLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NHDIQVFFNDKAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tripropan-2-yl borate Chemical compound CC(C)OB(OC(C)C)OC(C)C NHDIQVFFNDKAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
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Description
本發明有關新穎的含氮芳香族化合物及經採用該化合物之有機電場發光元件,詳言之,有關對由有機化合物所成之發光層施加電場(electric field)以發射(emission )光線之薄膜型裝置(thin film type device)。
一般而言,有機電場發光元件(Organic electroluminescence element)(以下,簡稱有機EL元件)之最簡單的構造,係由發光層(luminescence layer)及夾介該層之一對對置電極(opposed electrode)所構成。亦即,利用於有機EL元件中,如對兩電極間施加電場時,則從陰極注入電子、從陽極注入電洞(hole),而此等即於發光層中再結合,而會發射光線之現象。
近年來,經採用有機薄膜之有機EL元件之開發很盛行。特別是,自從為提高發光效率起見,以提升從電極之載流子注入(carrier injection)的效率為目的而實施電極種類的最適化,並由於開發一種經將由芳香族二胺所成之電洞傳輸層(hole transfer layer)與8-羥基喹啉鋁錯合物(以下,簡稱Alq3)所成之發光層作為薄膜設置於電極間之元件之結果,獲得較採用在來的蒽等的單結晶之元件為大幅度的發光效率(luminescent efficiency)之改善後,邁向具有自發光(autoluminescence).高速回應性(high
speed responsibility)等特徵之高性能扁平面(flat panel )或往有機EL照明方面的實用化。
又,作為提高元件的發光效率之嘗試,亦在研究不採用螢光而採用磷光之作法。以設置有由上述的芳香族二胺所成之電洞傳輸層與由Alq3所成之發光層之元件為首之多數的元件係以利用螢光發光者,惟如採用磷光發光(phosphorescence),亦即,利用來自三重激發狀態(triplet excitation state)之發光,則可期待較採用在來的螢光(單重態)之元件為3至4倍程度之效率提升。為此目的而曾研究以香豆素(cumarin)衍生物或二苯甲酮(benzophenone)衍生物作為發光層之作法,惟僅獲得極低的亮度(brightness)。又,作為利用三重態(triplet state)之嘗試,而研究採用銪(Eu)錯合物之作法,惟仍未能獲得高效率之發光。近年來,如專利文獻1所提示,以發光的高效率化或長耐用壽命化為目的,以銥(Ir)錯合物等的有機金屬錯合物作為中心,多數進行有關磷光發光摻質(dopant)材料之研究。
如欲獲得高發光效率時,則與前述摻質材料之同時,所使用之主材料(host rnaterial)亦很重要。作為主材料所提案之代表性者而言,可例舉:在專利文獻2中所介紹之咔唑(carbazol)化合物的4,4’-雙(9-咔唑基)聯苯(以下,簡稱CBP)。如將CBP作為以參(2-苯基吡啶)銥錯合物(以下,簡稱Ir(ppy)3)所代表之綠色磷光發光材料的主材料使用之情形,則由於容易使CBP的電洞流通但
不容易使電子流通之特性之故,破壞電荷注入平衡(electric charge injection balance),以致過剩的電洞即流出於電子傳輸層(electron transfer layer)側,其結果,來自Ir(ppy)3的發光效率即降低。
如欲在有機EL元件上獲得高發光效率時,則需要為具有高的三重激發能量(triplet excitation energy)、且於兩電荷(電洞.電子)注入傳輸特性上保持平衡之主材料。再者,需要開發一種電氣化學性穩定,高的耐高溫性之同時具備高的非晶形穩定性(amorphous stability)之化合物,並盼望進一步的改良。
於專利文獻3中,雖然揭示有如下所示之吲哚并咔唑(indolocarbazole)化合物,惟僅係作為有機半導體有用的周邊性取代物(peripheral substitute)的揭示而已。
於專利文獻4中,雖然揭示有如下所示之吲哚并咔唑化合物,惟僅揭示作為藍色發光聚合物之與茀(fluorene)的共聚物而已。
又,於專利文獻5中,雖然揭示有如下所示之吲哚并咔唑化合物,惟僅止於吲哚并咔唑骨架在複數個連結之化合物之揭示。
又,於專利文獻6及7中,雖然揭示有包含吲哚并咔唑構造之膨大的範圍之一般式,惟就對吲哚并咔唑的兩末端的苯環導入有雜原子(hetero-atom)之化合物,則並無任何揭示或說明。
[專利文獻1]日本專利特表2003-515897號公報
[專利文獻2]日本專利特開2001-313178號公報
[專利文獻3]日本專利特開2006-193729號公報
[專利文獻4]日本專利特開2004-204234號公報
[專利文獻5]世界專利WO2007-063754號公報
[專利文獻6]日本專利特表2008-545630號公報
[專利文獻7]世界專利WO2009/148015號公報
如欲將有機EL元件應用為照明或扁平面顯示器(flat panel display)等的顯示元件時,則需要改善元件的發光效率之同時,尚需要充分確保驅動時的穩定性。鑑於上述現狀,本發明之目的在於提供一種具有高效率且高驅動穩定性之實用上有用的有機EL元件以及適合於該元件之化合物。
本發明人等,經專心研究之結果發現,如將具有下列所示特定的構造之含氮芳香族化合物作為有機EL元件使用時,則可顯示優異的特性之事實,終於完成本發明。
本發明有關可以一般式(1)表示之含氮芳香族化合物。
式(1)中,環A表示與2個鄰接環在任意位置進行縮合之可以式(1a)表示之芳香環,環B表示與2個鄰接環在任意位置進行縮合之可以式(1b)表示之雜環,Y表示C-R或N,惟1至4個Y為N。X表示N-Z、O、S或Se(硒)。R表示氫,碳數1至30的烷基、碳數3至30的環烷基、碳數2至30的鏈烯基、碳數2至30的炔基、碳數6至50的芳香族烴基或不含4環以上之縮合雜環之碳數3至50的芳香族雜環基。Z表示碳數1至30的烷基、碳數3至30的環烷基、碳數2至30的鏈烯基、碳數2至30的炔基、碳數6至50的芳香族烴基或不含4環以上之縮合雜環之碳數3至50的芳香族雜環基。
可以一般式(1)表示之含氮芳香族化合物之中,較佳的化合物而言,可舉:以下述一般式(2)表示之化合物。
一般式(2)中,環A、環B、Y以及Z係與一般式(1)同意義者。
於一般式(2)中,較佳為環B的X係N-Z,或Y的1個或2個係N。又,於一般式(1)中,較佳為Y的1
個或2個係N。
又,本發明有關含有可以上述一般式(1)或(2)表示之含氮芳香族化合物之有機電場發光元件。
本發明之有機電場發光元件,較佳為含有可以上述一般式(1)或(2)表示之化合物之有機層係選自發光層、電洞傳輸層、電子傳輸層以及電洞阻擋層(hole blocking layer)之至少一層。又,本發明之磷光發光元件,較佳為含有可以上述一般式(1)或(2)表示之化合物之有機層係發光層或電洞傳輸層、亦較佳為該發光層係作為主材料而含有磷光發光性摻質及可以一般式(1)或(2)表示之化合物之層。
本發明之含氮芳香族化合物,可以一般式(1)表示。以下,將本發明之含氮芳香族化合物,簡稱本發明之化合物,或可以一般式(1)表示之化合物。
於一般式(1)中,環A表示與2個鄰接環在任意位置進行縮合之可以式(1a)表示之芳香環。又,環B表示與2個鄰接環在任意位置進行縮合之可以式(1b)表示之雜環。但於式(1b)中,由於在含有X之邊不能與鄰接環進行縮合之故,一般式(1)的骨架種類即受限定。
於式(1b)中,X分別獨立表示N-Z、O、S或Se。較佳為N-Z、O或S,更佳為N-Z。
在此,Z表示碳數1至30的烷基、碳數3至30的環
烷基、碳數2至30的鏈烯基、碳數2至30的炔基、碳數6至50的芳香族烴基或不含4環以上之縮合雜環之碳數3至50的芳香族雜環基。較佳為碳數1至20的烷基、碳數3至20的環烷基、碳數2至20的鏈烯基、碳數2至20的炔基、碳數6至30的芳香族烴基或不含4環以上之縮合雜環之碳數3至30的芳香族雜環基。如X為N-Z之情形,則一般式(1)中Z將存在2個,此時的2個Z可為相同、或不相同。在此,芳香族雜環基中,不含4環以上之縮合雜環。又,此等基,不具有4環以上之縮合雜環作為取代基。
如Z為碳數1至30之烷基之情形,其碳數較佳為1至20,更佳為1至10。烷基的具體例而言,無取代之情形,可舉:甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、戊基、己基、庚基、辛基、壬基、癸基,較佳為可舉:甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、戊基、己基、庚基、或辛基。上述烷基可為直鏈(normal chain),亦可為支鏈(branched chain)者。
上述烷基亦可具有取代基,如此等具有取代基之情形,取代基而言,可為:碳數3至11的環烷基、碳數6至18的芳香族烴基或碳數3至18的芳香族雜環基。
如上述烷基具有取代基之情形,取代基的總數為1至10。較佳為1至6,更佳為1至4。又,如具有2個以上的取代基之情形,其等取代基可為相同或不相同。
本說明書,在進行碳數之計算時,如具有取代基之情形,則其取代基的碳數亦需包含在內。
如Z為碳數3至30的環烷基之情形,則其碳數較佳為3至20,更佳為5至10。環烷基的具體例而言,在無取代之情形,可舉:環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、環己基、環庚基、環辛基、環己基、十氫化萘基。較佳為環戊基或環己基。
上述環烷基可具有取代基,如此等環烷基具有取代基之情形,取代基而言,可為:碳數1至10的烷基、碳數6至18的芳香族羥基或碳數3至18的芳香族雜環基。
如上述環烷基具有取代基之情形,則取代基的總數為1至10。較佳為1至6,更佳為1至4。又,如具有2個以上的取代基之情形,其等取代基可為相同或不相同。
如Z為碳數2至30的鏈烯基、或碳數2至30的炔基之情形,此等的碳數較佳為2至20、更佳為2至10。鏈烯基或炔基的具體例而言,如無取代之情形,可舉:乙烯基、丙烯基、丁烯基、戊烯基、己烯基、庚烯基、辛烯基、乙炔基、丙炔基、丁炔基、或戊炔基。較佳為可舉:乙烯基、丙烯基、丁烯基、乙炔基、或丙炔基。上述鏈烯基及炔基可為直鏈、亦可為支鏈者。
上述鏈烯基或炔基亦可具有取代基,如此等具有取代基之情形,取代基而言,可為:碳數3至11的環烷基、碳數6至18的芳香族烴基或碳數3至18的芳香族雜環基。
如Z為碳數6至50的芳香族烴基之情形,則其碳數較佳為6至30、更佳為6至18。如Z為碳數3至50的芳
香族雜環基之情形,碳數較佳為3至30、更佳為3至18。在此,芳香族雜環基,不含4環以上之縮合雜環。
上述芳香族烴基或芳香族雜環基的具體例而言,無取代之情形,可例舉:苯、并環戊二烯(pentalene)、茚(indene)、萘、薁(azulene)、薰(heptalene)、八氫化萘(octalin)、苯并二茚(indacene)、苊烯萘(acenaphthylene)、吩嗪(phenazine)、菲(phenanthrene)、蒽(anthracene)、torinden、(fluoranthene)、苯關次菲基(acephenanthrylene)、苯關苊烯(aceanthrylene)、三伸苯、(pyrene)、(chrysene)、四氫苊(tetraphthene)、四(tetracene)、七曜烯(pleiadene)、苉(picene)、二苯并蒽(perylene)、萘并蒽(pentaphene)、五(pentacene)、四伸苯(tetraphenylene)、苛(cholanthrene)、柳醛苷(helicin)、己芬(hexaphene)、玉紅省(rubicene)、蔻(coronene)、三伸萘基(trinaphthylene)、七芬(heptaphene)、吡蒽(pyranthrene)、呋喃(furan)、苯并呋喃(benzofuran)、異苯并呋喃、(xanthene)、氧化蒽酮(oxanthrone)、二苯并呋喃、周型(perixantheno xanthene)、噻吩(thiophene)、噻噸(thioxanthene)、噻嗯(thianthrene);啡噻唑(phenoxathiin)、硫茚(thionaphthene)、異硫茚(iso thionaphthene)、并噻吩(thio phthene)、thiophanthoren、二苯并噻吩(dibenzothiophene)、吡咯(pyrrole)、吡唑(pyrazole)、tellurazole、哂唑(selenazole)、噻唑(thiazole)、異噻唑(isothiazole)、唑(oxazole)、呋呫
(furazan)、吡啶(pyridine)、吡(pyrazine)、嘧啶(pyrimidine)、嗒(pyridazine)、三(triazine)、吲哚(indolizine)、吲哚(indole)、異吲哚(iso indole)、吲唑(indazole)、嘌呤(purine)、喹(quinolizine)、異喹啉(iso quinoline)、咔唑(carbazole)、咪唑(imidazole)、啶(naphthyridine)、酞(phthalazine)、喹唑啉(quinazoline)、苯并二吖庚因(benzodiazepine)、喹喏啉(quinoxaline)、噌啉(cinnoline)、喹啉(quinoline)、喋啶(pteridine)、菲啶(phnanthridine)、吖啶(acridine)、啶(perimidine)、啡咯啉(phenanthroline)、吩(phenazine)、咔啉(carboline)、phenoterlazine、吩硒(phenoselenazine)、啡噻(phenothiazine)、啡(phenoxazine)、anthyrizine、苯并噻唑(benzothiazole)、苯并唑(benzioxazole)、苯并異唑(benzisoxazole)、苯并異噻唑(benzo iso thiazole)或者此等芳香環係從經複數個連結之芳香族化合物等去除氫所生成之1元之基。較佳為可例舉:苯、萘、蒽、吡啶、吡、嘧啶、嗒、三、異吲哚、吲唑、嘌呤、異喹啉、咪唑、啶、酞、喹唑啉、苯并二吖庚因、喹喏啉、噌啉、喹啉、喋啶、菲啶、吖啶、啶、啡咯啉、吩、咔啉、吲哚、咔唑或者此等芳香環係從經複數個連結之芳香族化合物去除氫所生成之1元之基。
在此,如芳香環為從經複數個連結之芳香族化合物所生成之基之情形,則所連結之數較佳為2至10、更佳為2至7,所連結之芳香環可為相同或不相同。在此情形,與
氮結合之A的結合位置並不加以限定,可為所連結之芳香環的末端部之環,亦可為中央部之環。在此,芳香環係指總稱芳香族烴環及芳香族雜環之意。又,如所連結之芳香環中至少含有一個雜環之情形,則包含於芳香族雜環基中。
在此,芳香族為經複數個連結所生成之1元的基,例如,可以下述式表示。
(式中,式(3)至(5)中,Ar1至Ar6,表示取代或無取代之芳香環)。
在此,不含4環以上的縮合雜環之芳香族雜環基,係指單環的芳香族雜環基或2至3環的縮合芳香族雜環基之意,而該芳香族雜環基亦可具有取代基。再者,如該芳香族雜環基,係例如,可以式(3)表示之芳香環經複數個連結後所生成之基之情形,則該芳香環均不會為4環以上
的縮合芳香族雜環基。
上述芳香族烴基或芳香族雜環基,亦可具有取代基,如此等具有取代基之情形,取代基而言,為:碳數1至20的烷基、碳數3至20的環烷基、碳數1至20的烷氧基、碳數2至20的醯基、碳數2至20的二烷基胺基、碳數6至28的二芳基胺基、碳數6至18的膦醯基、或碳數3至18的甲矽烷基。較佳為碳數1至4的烷基、碳數3至6的環烷基或碳數6至20的二芳基胺基。在此,如於上述芳香族烴基或芳香族雜環基中連結有複數個芳香環之情形,則分枝而連結之芳香族基即不視為取代基處理。又,如取代基為二烷基胺基及二芳基胺基之情形,則兩個烷基及芳基可為相同或不相同,芳基亦可為雜環基。
如Z為芳香族烴基或芳香族雜環基,而具有取代基之情形,則取代基的總數為1至10。較佳為1至6、更佳為1至4。又,如具有兩個以上的取代基之情形,此等取代基可為相同或不相同。
於一般式(1)中,R分別獨立表示氫、碳數1至30的烷基、碳數3至30的環烷基、碳數2至30的鏈烯基、碳數2至30的炔基、碳數6至30的芳香族烴基或不含4環以上的縮合雜環之碳數3至30的芳香族雜環基。較佳為表示氫、碳數1至20的烷基、碳數3至20的環烷基、碳數2至20的鏈烯基、碳數2至20的炔基、碳數6至20的芳香族烴基或不含4環以上的縮合雜環之碳數3至20的芳香族雜環基。
烷基、環烷基、鏈烯基或炔基的具體例,係與構成上述Z之烷基、環烷基、鏈烯基或炔基同樣者。又,如此等烷基、環烷基、鏈烯基或炔基具有取代基之情形,亦與於Z之情形同樣。
芳香族烴基或不含4環以上的縮合雜環之芳香族雜環基的具體例,除總碳數不相同以外,其餘則為與構成上述Z之芳香族烴基或不含4環以上的縮合雜環之芳香族雜環基同樣者。又,如此等芳香族烴基或不含4環以上的縮合雜環之芳香族雜環基具有取代基之情形,亦與於Z之情形同樣。
於一般式(1)中,Y表示C-R或N,惟1至4個Y為N。又,雖兩末端的6員環上各有4個Y,惟其Y為N之數較佳為各2個以下、更佳為以合計在2個以下。在此,R的具體例則與上述者同樣。
一般式(2)的化合物,表示一般式(1)的化合物的較佳形態。除X係經特定為N-Z以外,其餘共通的記號則具有與一般式(1)同樣意義。
本發明之含氮芳香族化合物,可以氮雜吲哚作為起始原料(starting material),按照作為目的之化合物的構造而選擇原料,並採用周知的手法進行合成。
例如,於一般式(1)中,X可以N-Z表示之骨架,則可以Tetrahedron(四面體),1999年版,第2371至2380頁中所示之合成例作為參考,藉由下列的反應式而合成。
又,於一般式(1)中,就X可以O、S、Se的任一表示之骨架,亦可採用前述的合成例以進行合成。
如於由前述之反應式所得之化合物之中,具有含氮5員雜環之情形,則例如藉由烏耳曼反應(Ulmann’s reaction)等的偶合反應(coupling reaction),而使其5員雜環的氮上的氫取代為所對應之取代基,即可合成以一般式(1)表示之含氮芳香族化合物。
將可以一般式(1)表示之本發明之化合物的具體例表示於下列,惟本發明之化合物並不因此等而有所限定。
其次,就本發明之有機EL元件加以說明。
本發明之有機EL元件,係在經層合於基板上之陽極與陰極之間,具有至少具有一個發光層之有機層,且至少一個有機層中,含有可以一般式(1)表示之化合物。含有可以一般式(1)表示之化合物之層,較佳為發光層、電洞傳輸層(hole transfer layer)、電子傳輸層(electron transfer layer)、或電洞阻擋層,更佳為發光層、或電洞傳輸層。
其次,就本發明之有機EL元件的構造,在參考圖面之下加以說明,惟本發明之有機EL元件的構造並不因圖示者而有所限定。
第1圖係表示本發明中所用之一般性有機EL元件的構造例之剖面圖,分別表示1:基板、2:陽極、3:電洞注入層(hole injection layer)、4:電洞傳輸層、5:發光層、6:電子傳輸層、7:陰極。本發明之有機EL元件
,亦可與發光層相鄰接而具有激發性電子阻擋層(exciton blocking layer)、又,亦可於發光層與電洞注入層之間具有電子阻擋層(electron blocking layer)。激發性電子阻擋層可插入於發光層之陽極側、陰極側之任一,亦能同時插入於雙方。本發明之有機EL元件中,作為必需之層而具有基板、陽極、發光層以及陰極,惟為必需之層以外之層,較佳為具有電洞注入傳輸層、電子注入傳輸層,更佳為在發光層與電子注入傳輸層之間具有電洞阻擋層。在此,電洞注入傳輸層,係指電洞注入層及電洞傳輸層之任一或兩者之意,電子注入傳輸層,係指電子注入層及電子傳輸層之任一或兩者之意。
再者,亦能作成與第1圖相反之構造,亦即,能於基板1上依序層合陰極7、電子傳輸層6、發光層5、電洞傳輸層4、陽極2,在此情形,需要時亦能追加層或省略層。
本發明之有機EL元件,較佳為被基板所支撐。就此基板而言,並不特別加以限制,可為在來慣用為有機EL元件者,例如,可使用由玻璃、透明塑膠、石英等所成者。
於有機EL元件中之陽極而言,將功函數(work
function)大的(4eV(電子伏特)以上)金屬、合金、電傳導性化合物以及此等的混合物作為電極物質者很適合使用。此種電極物質的具體例而言,可舉:Au(金)等的金屬、CuI(碘化銅)、銦鈦氧化物(ITO)、SnO2(氧化錫)、ZnO(氧化鋅)等的導電性透明材料。又,亦可採用IDIXO(In2O3(氧化銦)-ZnO)等能製作非晶質且透明導電膜之材料。陽極,可將此等電極物質利用蒸鍍(deposition)或濺鍍(sputtering)等方法使其形成薄膜,然後利用光微刻(photolithography)法以形成所需形狀的圖型(pattern),或者,如不太需要圖型準確度(pattern accuracy)之情形(100μm以上程度),則亦可在進行上述電極物質的蒸鍍或濺鍍時介由所需形狀的光罩(mask)而形成圖型。或者,如採用有機導電性化合物般之能塗佈的物質之情形,則亦可採用印刷方式(printing way)、塗層方式(coating way)等濕式成膜法(wet type film forming)。如欲從此陽極取出發光之情形,則將透射率(transmissivity)增大為10%以上為宜,又,作為陽極的片材電阻(sheet resistance),較佳為數百Ω/□以下。再者,膜厚雖因材料而有所不同,通常在10至1000μm,較佳為在10至200nm的範圍選擇。
另一方面,陰極而言,可採用將功函數小的(4eV以下)金屬(簡稱電子注入式金屬(electron injection type
metal))、合金、電傳導性化合物以及此等的混合物作為電極物質者。此種電極物質的具體例而言,可舉:鈉、鈉鉀合金、鎂、鋰、鎂/銅混合物、鎂/銀混合物、鎂/鋁混合物、鎂/銦混合物、鋁/氧化鋁(Al2O3)混合物、銦、鋰/鋁混合物、稀土類金屬等。此等之中,從電子注入性及對氧化等之耐久性的觀點來看,合適者為電子注入性金屬與較此功函數的值為大之第二金屬所成之混合物,例如:鎂/銀混合物、鎂/鋁混合物、鎂/銦混合物、鋁/氧化鋁(Al2O3)混合物、鋰/鋁混合物、鋁等。如將此等電極物質藉由蒸鍍或濺鍍等方法而使其形成薄膜,則可製作陰極。又,作為陰極之片材電阻,較佳為數百Ω/□以下,而膜厚通常在10nm至5μm,較佳為50至200nm的範圍選擇。再者,為使所發光之光透射(transmission)起見,如有機EL元件的陽極或陰極之任一邊為透明或半透明時,則發光亮度(luminous brightness)會提升之故很適合。
又,如為陰極而以上述金屬按1至20nm的膜厚製作後,在其上製作經於陽極的說明中所舉之導電性透明材料,則可製作透明或半透明的陰極,如應用此陰極時,則可製作陽極和陰極兩者均具有穿透性(permeability)之元件。
發光層可為螢光發光層(fluorescence luminous layer
)、磷光發光層(phosphorescence luminous layer)之任一種,惟較佳為磷光發光層。
如發光層為螢光發光層之情形,則螢光發光材料雖可以單獨使用至少1種的螢光發光材料,惟較佳為將螢光發光材料作為螢光發光摻質(dopant)使用,並含有主材料(host material)。
於發光層中之螢光發光材料而言,雖可採用可以一般式(1)表示之化合物,惟如將該化合物使用於其他任何有機層之情形,則亦可選擇使用由多數的專利文獻等所周知之螢光發光材料。可例舉:苯并唑衍生物、苯并咪唑衍生物、苯并噻唑衍生物、苯乙烯基苯衍生物、聚苯基衍生物、二苯基丁二烯衍生物、四苯基丁二烯衍生物、苯二甲醯亞胺、薰草素(coumarin)衍生物、縮合芳香族化合物、周因酮(perinon)衍生物、二唑衍生物、(oxazine)衍生物、醛連氮(aldazine)衍生物、吡啶衍生物、環戊二烯衍生物、雙苯乙烯基蒽衍生物、喹吖啶酮(quinacridone)衍生物、吡咯并吡啶(pyrrolopyridine)、噻二唑吡啶(thiadiazolopyridine)、環戊二烯衍生物、苯乙基胺衍生物、二氧代吡咯并吡咯(diketopyrrolopyrrole)、芳香族二甲川(dimethylidyne)化合物、8-喹啉酮(quinolinol)衍生物的金屬錯合物或亞甲基吡咯(pyrrolmethene)衍生物的金屬錯合物、稀土類錯合物、過渡金屬錯合物所代表之各種金屬錯合物等、聚噻吩(polythiophene)、聚伸苯基、聚伸苯基亞乙烯基等的聚合物化合物、有機矽烷衍生物等。較佳為
縮合芳香族化合物、苯乙烯基化合物、二氧代吡咯并吡咯化合物、化合物、亞甲基吡咯金屬錯合物、過渡金屬錯合物、鑭系(lantanoid)錯合物,更佳為:四(naphthacene)、、、三伸苯基、苯并[c]菲(benzo[c]phenanthrene)、苯并[a]蒽、五(pentacene)、二苯并蒽、(fluoranthene)、苊萘(acenaphtho fluoranthene)、二苯并[a,j]蒽、二苯并[a,h]蒽、苯并[a]四、六(hexacene)、二苯并芘(anthanthrene)、萘并[2,1-f]異喹啉(naphtha[2,1-f]isoquinoline)、α-萘并菲啶(α-naphthaphenanthridine)、菲唑(phenanthroxazole)、喹啉并[6,5-f]喹啉、或苯并噻菲(benzothiophenanthrene)等。此等亦可作為取代基而具有芳基、雜芳香環基、二芳基胺基、或烷基。
如將前述螢光發光材料作為螢光發光摻質使用,而含有主材料之情形,則螢光發光摻質在發光層中所含有之量,為0.01至20重量%,較佳為在0.1至10重量%之範圍為宜。
通常,有機EL元件,係從陽極、陰極之兩電極對發光物質注入電荷(electric charge),以生成激發狀態的發光物質,以使其發光,在電荷注入型(electric charge injection type)的有機EL元件之情形,據說所生成之激發性電子之中,會被激發為一重激發狀態者係25%,其餘的75%則被激發為三重激發狀態。如第57次應用物理學關係連合講演會,演講原稿集(19p-ZK-4及19p-ZK-5)
所示般,一般周知,特定的螢光發光物質,在因系統間交叉(within system cross-over)而能量往三重激發狀態轉變(transition)後,因三重態-三重態消滅(triplet state annihilation)或熱能量之吸收,而被反系統間交叉(inverse within system cross-over)為一重態激發狀態而放射螢光,以顯現熱活性遲延螢光(thermal active retarded fluorescence)之事實。經採用本發明之化合物之有機EL元件,亦能顯現遲延螢光。在此情形,亦可包含螢光發光和遲延螢光發光的雙方。但,亦可在發光的一部分或部分性中,有來自主材料之發光。
如發光層為磷光發光層之情形,則包含磷光發光摻質及主材料。磷光發光摻質材料而言,含有選自釕(Ru)、銠(Rh)、鈀(Pd)、銀(Ag)、錸(Re)、鋨(Os)、銥(Ir)、鉑(Pt)以及金(Au)之至少一種金屬之含有有機金屬錯合物者為宜。此種有機金屬錯合物,係由前述先前技術文獻等中所周知者,而能選擇此等而使用。
較佳的磷光發光摻質而言,可例舉:將Ir(銥)等的貴金屬元素作為中心金屬所具有之Ir(ppy)3等的錯合物類、(Bt)2Iracac等的錯合物類、(Btp)Ptacac等的錯合物類。將此等的錯合物類的具體例表示於下列中,惟並不因下述化合物而有所限定。
前述磷光發光摻質可含有於發光層中之量,較佳為在1至50重量%的範圍。更佳為5至30重量%。
於發光層中之主材料而言,較佳為採用可以一般式(1)表示之含氮芳香族化合物。但,如將可以該一般式(1)表示之含氮芳香族化合物使用為發光層以外的其他任一有機層之情形,則為發光層使用之材料可為一般式(1)表示之含氮芳香族化合物以外的其他主材料。又,亦可併用一般式(1)表示之含氮芳香族化合物與其他的主材料
。再者,亦可併用複數種周知之主材料而使用。
可使用之周知的主化合物(host compound)而言,較佳為具有電洞傳輸能力、電子傳輸能力,且能防止發光之長波長化,尚且具有高的玻璃化溫度之化合物。
由於此種其他的主材料,可從多的專利文獻等獲知之故,可從此等之中選擇。主材料的具體例而言,並不特別加以限定,惟可例舉:吲哚衍生物、咔唑衍生物、三唑衍生物、唑衍生物、二唑衍生物、咪唑衍生物、聚芳基鏈烷烴衍生物、吡唑啉(pyrazoline)衍生物、吡唑啉酮(pyrazolone)衍生物、伸苯基二胺(phenylene diamine)衍生物、芳基胺衍生物、胺基取代芳基丙烯醯芳烴(chalcone)衍生物、苯乙烯基蒽衍生物、茀酮衍生物、腙(hydrazone)衍生物、茋(stilbene)衍生物、矽氨烷(silazane)衍生物、芳香族第三胺化合物、苯乙烯基胺化合物、芳香族二亞甲基系化合物、卟啉(porphyrin)系化合物、蒽醌基二甲烷衍生物、蒽酮(anthron)衍生物、二苯基醌衍生物、噻哌二氧化物衍生物、萘苝(naphthalene perylene)等的雜環四羧酸酐、酞花青(phthalocyanine)衍生物、8-喹啉酚(8-quinolinol)衍生物的金屬錯合物或金屬酞花青(metal phthalocyanine)、苯并唑或苯并噻唑衍生物的金屬錯合物所代表之各種金屬錯合物、聚矽烷系化合物、聚(N-乙烯基咔唑)衍生物、苯胺系共聚物、噻吩寡聚物、聚噻吩衍生物、聚伸苯基衍生物、聚伸苯基伸乙烯基衍生物、聚茀衍生物等的高分子化合物等。
注入層,係指為驅動電壓降低或提升發光亮度起見,而設置在電極與有機層間所設置之層之意,而有電洞注入層及電子注入層,並可存在於陽極與發光層或電洞傳輸層之間,及陰極與發光層或電子傳輸層之間。注入層可在需要時設置。
電洞阻擋層,廣意上,係指由具有電子傳輸層的功能,並在具有傳輸電子之功能之下輸送電洞之能力極小的電洞阻擋材料所成者之意,因在傳輸電子之下阻擋電洞之故,可提升電子與電洞的再結合或然率。
為電洞阻擋層,較佳為採用可以一般式(1)表示之本發明之化合物,惟如將該化合物使用為其他任一有機層時,則亦可採用周知的電洞阻擋層材料。又,電洞阻擋層材料而言,需要時可採用後述的電子傳輸層的材料。
電子阻擋層,係指由具有輸送電洞之功能之下輸送電子之能力極小的材料所成者之意,因在輸送電洞之下阻擋電子之故,可提升電子與電洞進行再結合之或然率。
電子阻擋層之材料而言,較佳為採用可以一般式(1)表示之本發明之化合物,惟需要時可使用後述之電洞傳
輸層的材料。電子阻擋層的膜厚,較佳為3至100nm、更佳為5至30nm。
激發性電子阻擋層,係指為阻擋因在發光層內電洞與電子進行再結合所生成之激發性電子擴散至電荷傳輸層之用的層之意,因本層的插入而能將激發性電子有效關閉在發光層內,結果可提升元件的發光效率。激發性電子阻擋層可與發光層相鄰接而插入陽極側、陰極側的任一、亦能同時插入雙方。
激發性電子阻擋層之材料而言,可例舉:1,3-二咔唑基苯(mCP)、或雙(2-甲基-8-奎寧鎓(quinolinolat))-4-苯基苯酚鋁(phenolate aluminium)(III)(BAlq)。
電洞傳輸層,係指由具有能傳輸電洞之功能之電洞傳輸材料所成之層之意,而電洞傳輸層可設置單層或複數層。
電洞傳輸材料而言,祗要是具有電洞的注入或傳輸,電子的阻障性(barrier ability)者,則可為有機物、無機物之任一。可使用之周知的電洞傳輸材料而言,較佳為採用可以一般式(1)表示之本發明之化合物,惟可從在來周知的化合物之中選擇任一者使用。可例舉:三唑衍生物、二唑衍生物、咪唑衍生物、聚芳基鏈烷烴衍生物、吡
唑啉衍生物及吡唑啉酮衍生物、伸苯基二胺衍生物、芳基胺衍生物、胺基取代鏈烷烴衍生物、唑衍生物、苯乙烯基蒽衍生物、芴酮衍生物、腙衍生物、茋衍生物、矽氨烷衍生物、苯胺系共聚物、又導電性高分子低聚物,特別是噻吩低聚物,惟較佳為採用卟啉化合物、芳香族三級胺化合物以及苯乙烯基胺化合物、更佳為採用芳香族三級胺化合物。
電子傳輸層,係指由具有能傳輸電子之功能之材料所成之層之意,而電子傳輸層可設置單層或複數層。
電子傳輸材料(可能兼作電洞阻擋材料之情形)而言,祗要是具有能將從陰極所注入之電子傳輸於發光層之功能即可。為電子傳輸層,較佳為採用可以一般式(1)表示之本發明之化合物,惟可從在來周知的化合物之中選擇任一者使用,可例舉:硝基取代茀衍生物、二苯基醌衍生物、噻哌二氧化物衍生物、碳化二亞胺、亞茀基甲烷(fluorenylidene methan)衍生物、氫蒽醌甲烷(anthraquino methan)及蒽酮(anthrone)衍生物、二唑衍生物等。再者,於上述二唑衍生物中,經將二唑環的氧原子取代為硫原子之噻二唑(thiadiazole)衍生物、作為吸電子基團(electron attractive group)所周知之具有喹喏啉環(quinoxaline ring)之喹喏啉衍生物,亦可作為電子傳輸材料使用。再者,亦可使用經將此等材料導入
於高分子鏈、或經將此等材料作為高分子的主鏈之高分子材料。
以下,將藉由實施例而更詳細說明本發明內容,惟本發明當然不因此等實施例而有所限定,祗要是在不超越本發明之要旨之範圍內,則能以種種形態實施。
在大氣氣氛下,添加7-氮雜吲哚(azaindole)11.9g(101mmol(毫莫耳))、乙腈(MeCN)67ml,在50℃下攪拌5分鐘。於所得溶液中添加N-碘琥珀醯亞胺(NIS)25.0g(111mmol),在50℃下攪拌2小時。將所得懸浮液以過濾,並濾取所析出之結晶。使用水150ml,接著,使用MeCN 150ml使結晶再漿液化而製得中間體(A-1)22.7g(101mmol、收率100mol%)。
在大氣氣氛下,添加吲哚100g(854mmol)、二碳酸第三丁酯(Boc20)203g(931mmol)、二氯甲烷(CH2Cl2)1600ml、N,N-二甲基胺基吡啶(DMAP)10.4g(85.1mmol),在室溫下攪拌2小時30分鐘。於反應溶液中添加1N-鹽酸200ml後攪拌,並將水層與有機層加以劃分。對有機層中添加飽和食鹽水200ml後攪拌,並將水層與有機層加以劃分。在利用無水硫酸鈉加以乾燥有機層後,將硫酸鈉加以濾別並進行溶劑之減壓餾除。藉由矽膠管柱色譜法(silica gel column chromatography)而實施所得殘渣之精製,製得中間體(A-2)184g(847mmol、收率99mol%)。
在氮氣氣氛下,添加中間體(A-2)63.3g(290mmol)、三異丙基硼酸酯(B(0iPr)3)99.6g(530mmol)、THF(四氫呋喃)370ml,並冷卻至0℃後,滴下鋰二丙基醯胺/THF溶液(LDA)185ml(2.0mol/l)。將反應溶液恢復至室溫並攪拌2小時後,添加2N(當量)-鹽酸
370ml,並將水層與有機層加以劃分。利用THF(300ml)以萃取水層,並將合併之有機層利用無水硫酸鎂加以乾燥。濾別硫酸鎂並進行溶劑之減壓餾除,製得中間體(A-3)74.0g(283mmol、收率98mol%)。
添加中間體(A-1)68.4g(280mmol)、中間體(A-3)73.0g(280mmol)、肆(三苯基膦)鈀(O)(Pd(PPh3)4)15.6g(13.5mmol)、碳酸鈉(Na2CO3)75.3g的水(280ml)水溶液、甲苯960ml、乙醇510ml,在70℃下加熱中攪拌4小時。在使反應溶液冷卻為室溫後,將水層與有機層加以劃分。利用甲苯(350ml)以萃取水層,並將合併之有機層利用無水硫酸鎂加以乾燥。在利用無水硫酸鎂乾燥有機層之後,濾別硫酸鎂並進行溶劑之減壓餾除。藉由矽膠管柱色譜法而實施所得殘渣之精製,製得中間體(A-4)78.7g(236mmol、收率84mol%)。
添加中間體(A-4)38.7g(116mmol)、三氟乙酸(TFA)100ml、在室溫下攪拌2小時30分鐘。進行TFA之減壓餾除,並藉由矽膠管柱色譜法而實施所得殘渣之精製,製得中間體(A-5)26.0g(111mol、收率96mol%)。
添加中間體(A-5)26.0g(111mmol)、(二甲基胺基)乙醛二乙基縮醛22.5g(139mmol)、乙酸50ml、在140℃下加熱中攪拌16小時。在使反應溶液冷卻至室溫後,進行溶劑之減壓餾除。藉由矽膠管柱色譜法而實施所得殘渣之精製,製得中間體(A-6)15.9g(61.8mmol、收率55mol%)。
APCI(美國氣體及化學產品公司)-TOFMS(飛行時間型質譜儀分析),m/z 257[M+H]+
在氮氣氣氛下,添加中間體(A-6)3.6g(13.9mmol)、碘代苯130g(634mmol)、碘化銅8.5g(44.5mmol)、碳酸鉀12.2g(88.5mmol),在210℃下加熱中攪拌17小時。在使反應溶液冷卻為室溫後,添加塞里塑料(celite)545以濾取,並進行碘代苯之減壓餾除。藉由矽膠管柱色譜法而實施所得殘渣之精製,作為白色固體而製得化合物(1-1)3.3g(8.1mmol、收率59mol%)。
ACPI-TOFMS,m/z 410[M+H]+
1H-NMR(氫原子核磁共振)(DMSO(二甲基亞碸)-d6):8.39(d,J=8.8Hz,1H),8.25-8.27(m,1H),8.23(dd,J=4.6,1.5Hz,1H),7.63-7.79(m,9H),7.54-7.59(m,1H),7.31-
7.41(m,3H),7.24(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),6.84(dd,J=8.1,4.6Hz,1H),5.92(dd,J=8.1,1.5Hz,1H)
在氮氣氣氛下,添加中間體(A-6)5.5g(22mmol)、2-溴代二苯并苯17g(65mmol)、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷(DMI)100ml、碘化銅16g(82mmol)、碳酸鉀20g(150mmol),在210℃下加熱中攪拌24小時。在使反應溶液冷卻為室溫後,添加塞里塑料545以濾取,並進行碘代苯之減壓餾除。藉由矽膠管柱色譜法而實施所得殘渣之精製,作為白色固體而製得化合物(1-33)8.5g(14mmol、收率62mol%)。
APCI-TOFMS,m/z 622[M+H]+
1H-NMR(DMSO-d6):δ 8.86(d,J=2.0Hz,1H),8.67(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),8.42-8.67(m,4H),8.31(d,J=8.5Hz,1H),8.29
(d,J=8.1Hz,1H),8.10-8.17(m,3H),7.84(dd,J=8.3,2.2Hz,1H),7.74(dd,J=8.3,2.2Hz,1H),7.55-7.62(m,2H),7.47-7.52(m,2H),7.32-7.39(m,4H),6.38(dd,J=8.1,4.9Hz,1H),5.94(dd,J=8.1,1.4Hz,1H)
在氮氣氣氛下,添加氫化鈉(60.5%品質)2.7g(68mmol)、DMF(二甲基甲醯胺)20ml,在室溫下攪拌0.5小時。於所得懸浮液中添加中間體(A-6)7.0g(27mmol)的DMF(200ml)溶液,在室溫下攪拌30分鐘。於所得懸浮液中添加碘丁烷20g(110mmol),在130℃下攪拌20小時。在攪拌中,於反應溶液中添加蒸餾水(700ml),並濾取所析出之固體。使所得固體再漿液化而作為白色固體製得化合物(1-46)6.3g(17mmol、收率64mol%)。
APCI-TOFMS,m/z 370[M+H]+
1H-NMR(DMSO-d6):δ8.86(dd,J=8.1,1.2Hz,1H),8.50
(dd,J=4.6,1.2Hz,1H),8.36(d,J=8.5Hz,1H),8.18(d,J=7.6Hz,1H),7.73(d,J=8.3Hz,1H),7.57(d,J=8.5Hz,1H),7.41(dd,J=7.1,1.2Hz,1H),7.35(dd,J=8.0,4.6Hz,1H),7.24(t,J=7.0Hz,1H),4.93(t,J=7.3Hz,2H),4.62(t,J=7.3Hz,2H),1.80-1.94(m,4H),1.33-1.41(m,4H),0.91(t,J=7.3Hz,3H),0.84(t,J=7.3Hz,3H)
於形成有由膜厚110nm之ITO(銦錫氧化物)所成陽極之玻璃基板上,於ITO上依旋塗法(spin coating)按25nm的厚度形成聚(3,4-伸乙基二羥基噻吩)/聚苯乙烯磺酸(PEDOT/PSS):(H.C.徐達爾克<股>製、商品名:克列必歐斯PCH8000)。接著,藉由真空蒸鍍法(vaccum evaporation deposition),在真空度4.0×10-5Pa(帕斯卡)下而作為電洞傳輸層按40nm的厚度形成4,4’-雙[N-(1-萘基)-N-苯基胺基]聯苯(NPB)。接著,於電洞傳輸層上,從不相同的蒸鍍源(evaporation deposition source )進行作為主材料之合成例1中所得化合物(1-1),與作為磷光發光摻質之參(2-苯基吡啶)銥(III)(Ir(ppy)3)之共蒸鍍(eutectic deposition),以形成按40nm的厚度之發光層。發光層中的Ir(ppy)3的濃度為60wt%。接著,作為電子傳輸層而按20nm的厚度形成參(8-羥基喹啉鎓)鋁(III)(Alq3)。再者,於電子傳輸層上,按1.0nm的厚度形成作為電子注入層之氟化鋰(LiF
)。最後,於電子注入層上按130nm的厚度形成作為電極之鋁(Al),以製作有機EL元件。
作為所得有機EL元件之初期特性,對元件連接外部電源,並按能流通100mA/cm2之電流之方式施加直流電壓,以測定此時的亮度(cd(新燭光)/m2)、電壓(V)、視見發光效率(visible luminous efficiency)(lm(流明)/W(瓦特))。就下列的實施例及比較例中所得有機EL元件,亦同樣加以測定。將其結果,表示於表1中。再者,發現元件發射光譜(emission spectrum)的極大波長為530nm,係獲得來自Ir(ppy)3之發光之事實。
除作為發光層之主材料,而採用化合物(1-33)以外,其餘則按與實施例4同樣方式製作有機EL元件。
除作為發光層之主材料,而採用化合物(1-46)以外,其餘則按與實施例4同樣方式製作有機EL元件。
除作為發光層之主材料,而採用下述化合物(H-1)以外,其餘則按與實施例4同樣方式製作有機EL元件。
除作為發光層之主材料,而採用下述化合物(H-2)以外,其餘則按與實施例4同樣方式製作有機EL元件。
除作為發光層之主材料,而採用下述化合物TAZ(三咪衍生物)以外,其餘則按與實施例4同樣方式製作有機EL元件。
發現由實施例5至6所得有機EL元件的元件發射光
譜的極大波長為530nm,係獲得來自Ir(ppy)3之發光之事實。
於形成有由膜厚110nm之ITO所成陽極之玻璃基板上,於ITO上依旋塗法按25nm的厚度形成聚(3,4-伸乙基二羥基噻吩)/聚苯乙烯磺酸(PEDOT/PSS):(H.C.徐達爾克(股)製、商品名:克列必歐斯PCH8000)。接著,作為電洞傳輸用材料(HTM)而將化合物(1-1)溶解於四氫呋喃以調製為0.4wt%,並依旋塗法而進行厚度20nm的電洞傳輸層之製膜。接著,藉由真空蒸鍍法,在真空度4.0×10-5Pa下,從不相同的蒸鍍源進行作為主材料之4,4’-雙(9-咔唑基)聯苯(CBP),與作為磷光發光摻質之Ir(ppy)3之共蒸鍍,以形成按50nm厚度之發光層。發光層中的Ir(ppy)3的濃度為10.0wt%。接著,作為電子傳輸層而按30nm的厚度形成Alq3。再者,於電子傳輸層上,按0.5nm的厚度形成LiF作為電子注入層。最後,於
電子注入層上,按150nm的厚度形成作為電極之Al,以製作有機EL元件。
作為所得有機EL元件之初期特性,對元件連接外部電源,並按能流通100mA/cm2之電流之方式施加直流電壓,以測定此時的亮度(cd/m2)、電壓(V)、視見發光效率(lm/W)。就下列的實施例及比較例中所得有機EL元件,亦同樣加以測定。將其結果,表示於表2中。
除作為電洞傳輸用材料,而採用化合物(1-33)以外,其餘則按與實施例7同樣方式製作有機EL元件。
除作為電洞傳輸用材料,而採用化合物(1-46)以外,其餘則按與實施例7同樣方式製作有機EL元件。
除作為電洞傳輸層,而採用化合物(H-1)以外,其餘則按與實施例7同樣方式製作有機EL元件。
發現由實施例7至9所得有機EL元件的發射光譜的極大波長為530nm,係獲得來自Ir(ppy)3之發光之事實。將其結果,表示於表2中。HTM係電洞傳輸用材料之意。
添加中間體(A-1)75.9g(310mmol)、苯并呋喃-2-硼酸(A-7)50.0g(30.9mmol)、肆(三苯基膦)鈀(O)
(Pd(pph3)4)4.3g(3.8mmol)、2當量(N)的碳酸鈉(Na2CO3)水溶液390ml、甲苯815ml、乙醇490ml,在70℃下加熱中攪拌21小時。在使反應溶液冷卻至室溫後,將水層與有機層加以劃分。利用甲苯(350ml)以萃取水層,並將合併之有機層利用無水硫酸鎂加以乾燥。在利用無水硫酸鎂以乾燥有機層後,濾別硫酸鎂並進行溶劑之減壓餾除。藉由矽膠管柱色譜法而實施所得殘渣之精製,製得中間體(A-8)14.1g(60mmol、收率19mol%)。
APCI-TOFMS,m/z 235[M+H]+
添加中間體(A-8)5.0g(20.0mmol)、(二甲基胺基)乙醛二乙基縮醛5.2g(32.1mmol)、乙酸65ml,在140℃下加熱中攪拌96小時。在使反應溶液冷卻至室溫後,進行溶劑之減壓餾除。藉由矽膠管柱色譜法而實施所得殘渣之精製,製得中間體(A-9)1.3g(4.9mmol、收率25mol%)。
FD-MS,m/z 258[M]
在氮氣氣氛下,添加中間體(A-9)1.3g(13.9mmol)、碘代苯32g(156mmol)、碘化銅2.0g(10.7mmol)、碳酸鉀2.9g(21.1mmol),在210℃下加熱中攪拌24小時。在使反應溶液冷卻至室溫後,添加塞里塑料545以濾取,並進行碘代苯之減壓餾除。藉由矽膠管柱色譜法而實施所得殘渣之精製,作為固體而製得化合物(2-1)1.3g(3.7mmol、收率73mol%)。
FD-MS(場解吸質譜法),m/z 334[M]
1H-NMR(DMSO-d6):8.63(d,J=8.8Hz,1H),8.51-8.53(m,1H),8.22(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.82(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.48-7.80(m,6H),7.20-7.45(m,4H)
添加中間體(A-1)69.7g(286mmol)、苯并噻吩-2-硼酸(A-10)50.5g(284mmol)、肆(三苯基膦)鈀(O)(Pd(pph3)4)5.3g(4.6mmol)、2當量(N)的碳酸鈉(Na2CO3)水溶液360ml、甲苯815ml、乙醇490ml,在70℃下加熱中攪拌22小時。在使反應溶液冷卻至室溫後
,將水層與有機層加以劃分。利用甲苯(350ml)以萃取水層,並將合併之有機層利用無水硫酸鎂加以乾燥。在利用無水硫酸鎂以乾燥有機層後,濾別硫酸鎂並進行溶劑之減壓餾除。藉由矽膠管柱色譜法而實施所得殘渣之精製,製得中間體(A-11)10.3g(41mmol、收率14mol%)。
APCI-TOFMS,m/z 251[M+H]+
添加中間體(A-11)5.0g(20.0mmol)、(二甲基胺基)乙醛二乙基縮醛4.8g(30.0mmol)、乙酸78ml,在140℃下加熱中攪拌96小時。在使反應溶液冷卻至室溫後,進行溶劑之減壓餾除。藉由矽膠管柱色譜法而實施所得殘渣之精製,製得中間體(A-12)2.3g(8.4mmol、收率42mol%)。
FD-MS,m/z 274[M]
在氮氣氣氛下,添加中間體(A-12)2.3g(8.4mmol)、碘代苯53g(260mmol)、碘化銅3.4g(17.8mmol)、碳酸鉀4.9g(35.2mmol),在210℃下加熱中攪拌24小時。在使反應溶液冷卻至室溫後,添加塞里塑料545以濾取,並進行碘代苯之減壓餾除。藉由矽膠管柱色譜法而實施所得殘渣之精製,作為固體而製得化合物(3-1)1.9g(5.5mmol、收率65mol%)。
FD-MS,m/z 350[M+H]+
1H-NMR(DMSO-d6):8.53(d,J=8.2Hz,1H),8.47-8.50(m,1H),8.16(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.84(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.45-7.78(m,6H),7.21-7.43(m,4H)
除作為發光層之主材料,而採用化合物(2-1)以外,其餘則按與實施例4同樣方式製作有機EL元件。
除作為發光層之主材料,而採用化合物(3-1)以外,其餘則按與實施例4同樣方式製作有機EL元件。
按與實施例4同樣方式實施元件之評價。結果發現,由實施例12至13所得元件發射光譜的極大波長為530nm,係獲得來自Ir(ppy)3之發光之事實。將發光特性,表示於表3中。
除作為電洞傳輸用材料,而採用化合物(2-1)以外,其餘則按與實施例7同樣方式製作有機EL元件。
除作為電洞傳輸用材料,而採用化合物(3-1)以外,其餘則按與實施例7同樣方式製作有機EL元件。
按與實施例7同樣方式實施元件之評價。結果發現,由實施例14至15所得元件發射光譜的極大波長為530nm,係獲得來自Ir(ppy)3之發光之事實。將發光特性,表示於表4中。
本發明之含氮芳香族化合物之骨架,係因化合物末端雜環的氮原子上的孤獨電子對(lone electron pair)而可期待電荷傳遞(electron transfer)的提升。又,因末端雜環及氮原子上的取代基而可能達成電離電位(ionization potential)、電子親和力、三重激發能量的各種能量值的控制。經採用此種有機EL元件則因優異的電荷傳遞而可期待效率之提升。加之,由於能顯示良好的非晶質特性及高的熱穩定性、又電氣化學性穩定之故,可能驅動壽命(driving life)較長,而實現耐久性的高的有機EL元件。
由於本發明之有機EL元件,係在發光特性、驅動壽命以及耐久性方面,具備實用上能令人滿意之水準之故,在扁平面顯示器(flat panel display)(行動電話顯示元件、車輛裝載顯示元件、OA(辦公室自動化)電子計算機顯示元件或電視等)、活用作為平面發光體之特徵之光
源(照明、複印機的光源、液晶顯示器或儀器類的背光板(back light)光源)、顯示板或標誌燈等方面的應用上,其技術性價值可謂很大。
1‧‧‧玻璃基板
2‧‧‧由ITO所成之陽極
3‧‧‧電洞傳輸層
4‧‧‧發光層
5‧‧‧電子傳輸層
6‧‧‧電子注入層
7‧‧‧電極
[第1圖]表示有機EL元件之一構造例之剖面圖。
1‧‧‧玻璃基板
2‧‧‧由ITO所成之陽極
3‧‧‧電洞傳輸層
4‧‧‧發光層
5‧‧‧電子傳輸層
6‧‧‧電子注入層
7‧‧‧電極
Claims (7)
- 一種含氮芳香族化合物,其特徵為:可以一般式(2)表示之含氮芳香族化合物,
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之含氮芳香族化合物,其係下述化合物(1-33),
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之含氮芳香族化合物,其中於一般式(2)中,Y的1個或2個為N。
- 一種有機電場發光元件,其特徵為:含有申請專利範圍第1項至第3項之任一項之含氮芳香族化合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項之有機電場發光元件,其中含有上述含氮芳香族化合物之有機層,係選自發光層、電洞傳輸層、電子傳輸層以及電洞阻擋層之至少一個層。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項之有機電場發光元件,其中含有上述含氮芳香族化合物之有機層,係發光層或電洞傳輸層。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項之有機電場發光元件,其中含有上述含氮芳香族化合物之有機層,係在經層合於基板上之陽極與陰極之間,具有發光層之有機電場發光元件 之發光層,而該發光層,係作為主材料而含有磷光發光性摻質及上述含氮芳香族化合物之層。
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