TWI520983B - 共聚物及包含彼之有機太陽能電池 - Google Patents
共聚物及包含彼之有機太陽能電池 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI520983B TWI520983B TW103126206A TW103126206A TWI520983B TW I520983 B TWI520983 B TW I520983B TW 103126206 A TW103126206 A TW 103126206A TW 103126206 A TW103126206 A TW 103126206A TW I520983 B TWI520983 B TW I520983B
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- WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxadiazole Chemical group C1=CON=N1 WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- INAAIJLSXJJHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pibenzimol Chemical compound C1CN(C)CCN1C1=CC=C(N=C(N2)C=3C=C4NC(=NC4=CC=3)C=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)C2=C1 INAAIJLSXJJHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000172 poly(styrenesulfonic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridazine Chemical group C1=CC=NN=C1 PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002294 quinazolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
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- MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinolin-8-ol Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002943 quinolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001567 quinoxalinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=NC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003548 sec-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003011 styrenyl group Chemical group [H]\C(*)=C(/[H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- ZERULLAPCVRMCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfure de di n-propyle Natural products CCCSCCC ZERULLAPCVRMCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010301 surface-oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001973 tert-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001113 thiadiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005259 triarylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc indium(3+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[Zn++].[In+3] YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/126—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one sulfur atom in the ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G73/0683—Polycondensates containing six-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C08G73/0694—Polycondensates containing six-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with only two nitrogen atoms in the ring, e.g. polyquinoxalines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G75/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G75/32—Polythiazoles; Polythiadiazoles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0256—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by the material
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Description
本說明書係關於共聚物及包含彼之有機太陽能電池。
本案請求韓國專利申請案第10-2013-0090613號之優先權及權益,其係於2013年7月31日向韓國智慧財產局申請,其全文係以參考方式併入本文。
有機太陽能電池為可藉由應用光伏效應(photovoltaic effect)直接將太陽能轉換為電能的裝置。太陽能電池可依構成薄膜之材料而分成無機太陽能電池及有機太陽能電池。典型太陽能電池之製造係藉由摻雜結晶矽(Si)(其為無機半導體)而獲得p-n接面(p-n junction)。吸收光而產生的電子和電洞擴散至p-n接點並藉電場加速移動至電極。此程序中的功率轉換效率(power conversion efficiency)係定義為外部電路所供之電力對饋入太陽能電池之太陽能的比,在以目前標準化的虛擬太陽照射條件下測量時係高達24%。然而,因為相關技術領域中無機太陽能電池在經濟可行性及可取得材料上
已有所限制,故可易於加工且低價且具有各種功能性的有機半導體太陽能電池遂成為長期替代能源的焦點。
對太陽能電池而言,重要的是提高效能以儘可能自太陽能輸出更多的電能。為了提高此太陽能電池效能,亦重要者為從半導體內部儘可能多產生激子(exciton),但是,將所產生的電荷無耗損地取至外部也是重要的。電荷耗損的原因之一是所產生的電子和電洞因為復合(recombination)而消滅(annihilate)。已提出各種方法以將產生的電子或電洞無耗損地輸送至電極,但是,大部分的方法需要額外的製程,因而可能提高製造成本。
Two-layer Organic Photovoltaic Cell (C.W. Tang, Appl. Phys. Lett., 48, 183. (1996))
Efficiencies via Network of Internal Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions (G. Yu, J. Gao, J. C. Hummelen, F. Wudl, A. J. Heeger, Science, 270, 1789. (1995))
本說明書之一目的係提供共聚物及包含彼之有機太陽能電池。
本說明書之一例示性具體實例係提供共聚物,其包括:下式1所示之第一單體;作為電子供體(electron donor)之第二單體;以及作為電子受體(electron acceptor)之第三單體。
式1中,a及b係各為1至5之整數,a為2至5之整數時,R1係相同或不同,b為2至5之整數時,R2係相同或不同,以及R1至R4係彼此相同或不同,且係各自獨立地選自由下列所組成之群組:氫;氘;鹵基(halogen group);腈基(nitrile group);硝基;醯亞胺基(imide group);醯胺基(amide group);羥基;經取代或未經取代之羰基;經取代或未經取代之烷基;經取代或未經取代之環烷基;經取代或未經取代之烷氧基;經取代或未經取代之芳氧基;經取代或未經取代之烷基硫基(alkylthioxy group);經取代或未經取代之芳基硫基(arylthioxy
group);經取代或未經取代之烷基硫氧基(alkylsulfoxy group);經取代或未經取代之芳基硫氧基(arylsulfoxy group);經取代或未經取代之烯基;經取代或未經取代之矽基(silyl group);經取代或未經取代之硼基(boron group);經取代或未經取代之烷基胺基(alkylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳烷基胺基(aralkylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳基胺基(arylamine group);經取代或未經取代之雜芳基胺基(heteroarylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳基;以及經取代或未經取代之雜環基。
本說明書之另一例示性具體實例係提供有機太陽能電池,其包括:第一電極;設為相對於第一電極的第二電極;以及具有一或多層(置於第一電極和第二電極之間)且包含光活性層的有機材料層,其中,有機材料層之一或多層係包含共聚物。
本說明書之共聚物可作為有機太陽能電池之有機材料層的材料,含彼之有機太陽能電池可於增加開路電壓(open-circuit voltage)與短路電流(short-circuit current)及/或增進效率方面展現優異的特性。
根據本說明書之一例示性具體實例的共聚物具有低HOMO能階、小能隙(bandgap)、及高電荷移動率,因而展現優異的特性。根據本說明書之一例示性具體實例的
聚合物可單獨使用或與其他材料混合使用,可藉由化合物之熱穩定性增進裝置效率、及強化裝置之壽命特性(life-span characteristics)。
101‧‧‧基板
102‧‧‧第一電極
103‧‧‧電洞傳輸層
104‧‧‧光活性層
105‧‧‧第二電極
圖1係說明根據本說明書之一例示性具體實例的有機太陽能電池之圖。
圖2係說明實施例1製備之共聚物1的凝膠滲透層析(gel permeation chromatography(GPC))之圖。
圖3係說明實施例2製備之共聚物2的凝膠滲透層析(GPC)之圖。
圖4係說明實施例3製備之共聚物3的凝膠滲透層析(GPC)之圖。
圖5係說明實施例4製備之共聚物4的凝膠滲透層析(GPC)之圖。
圖6係說明實施例6製備之共聚物6的凝膠滲透層析(GPC)之圖。
圖7係說明實施例7製備之共聚物7的凝膠滲透層析(GPC)之圖。
圖8係說明本說明書實施例1至4之有機太陽能電池的電流-電壓曲線之圖。
圖9係說明本說明書製備例6之有機太陽能電池的電流-電壓曲線之圖。
以下將詳細描述本案。
本文所用之術語‘單體’是指共聚物主鏈所含之重覆結構,其中該單體係藉由聚合而鍵結於共聚物。
根據本說明書之一例示性具體實例的共聚物係包括:下式1所示之第一單體;作為電子供體之第二單體;以及作為電子受體之第三單體。
根據本說明書之一例示性具體實例的共聚物係以三種單體製備。於此例中,合成流程變簡易,因此易於合成該共聚物。
包含三種單體之共聚物為隨機共聚物(random copolymer)。於隨機共聚物之例中,因為結晶性(crystallinity)降低,非晶性(amorphousness)之程度提高,因此可獲致對熱之長期穩定性,且裝置及模組(其含有該共聚物)的製造方法也變得容易。
再者,由於隨機共聚物中的共聚物比例係經控制以能易於控制溶解度,因而能易於提供適合於有機太陽能電池製造方法之溶解度,故而使有機太陽能電池能以高效率製造。
在本發明之一例示性具體實例中,R1及R2係彼此相同或不同,且係各自獨立地為經取代或未經取代之烷氧基;或經取代或未經取代之烷基。
在本發明之一例示性具體實例中,R1及R2係彼此相同或不同,且係各自獨立地為經取代或未經取代之烷氧基
(具有1至30個碳原子);或經取代或未經取代之烷基(具有1至30個碳原子)。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,a為1。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,b為1。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R1及R2係各於間位(meta position)取代。於此例中,產生增加溶解度之效果。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,式1所示之第一單體係如下式2所示。
式2中,R1至R4係如式1中所定義者。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,作為電子供體之第二單體係包含下式中之至少一者。
式中,
c為1至4的整數,d為1至6的整數,e為於1至8之範圍的整數,f及g係各為1至3的整數,c、d、e及f為2或以上時,R10係相同或不同,g為2或以上時,R11係相同或不同,聚合物之R10及R11係彼此相同或不同,且係各自獨立地選自由下列所組成之群組:氫;氘;鹵基(halogen group);腈基(nitrile group);硝基;醯亞胺基(imide group);醯胺基(amide group);羥基;經取代或未經取代之羰基;經取代或未經取代之烷基;經取代或未經取代之環烷基;經取代或未經取代之烷氧基;經取代或未經取代之芳氧基;經取代或未經取代之烷基硫基(alkylthioxy group);經取代或未經取代之芳基硫基(arylthioxy group);經取代或未經取代之烷基硫氧基(alkylsulfoxy group);經取代或未經取代之芳基硫氧基(arylsulfoxy group);經取代或未經取代之烯基;經取代或未經取代之矽基(silyl group);經取代或未經取代之硼基(boron group);經取代或未經取代之烷基胺基(alkylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳烷基胺基(aralkylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳基胺基(arylamine group);經取代或未經取代之雜芳基胺基(heteroarylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳基;以及經取代或未經取代之雜環基,
X1至X3係彼此相同或不同,且係各自獨立地選自由下列所組成之群組:CRR'、NR、O、SiRR'、PR、S、GeRR'、Se及Te,Z係選自由下列所組成之群組:CRR'、O、SiRR'、PR、S、GeRR'、Se及Te,Y1及Y2係彼此相同或不同,且係各自獨立地選自由下列所組成之群組:CR、N、SiR、P及GeR,以及R及R'係彼此相同或不同,且係各自獨立地選自由下列所組成之群組:氫;氘;鹵基(halogen group);腈基(nitrile group);硝基;醯亞胺基(imide group);醯胺基(amide group);羥基;經取代或未經取代之羰基;經取代或未經取代之烷基;經取代或未經取代之環烷基;經取代或未經取代之烷氧基;經取代或未經取代之芳氧基;經取代或未經取代之烷基硫基(alkylthioxy group);經取代或未經取代之芳基硫基(arylthioxy group);經取代或未經取代之烷基硫氧基(alkylsulfoxy group);經取代或未經取代之芳基硫氧基(arylsulfoxy group);經取代或未經取代之烯基;經取代或未經取代之矽基(silyl group);經取代或未經取代之硼基(boron group);經取代或未經取代之烷基胺基(alkylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳烷基胺基(aralkylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳基胺基(arylamine group);經取代或未經取代之雜芳基胺基(heteroarylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳基;
以及經取代或未經取代之雜環基。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,作為電子受體之第三單體係包含下式中之至少一者。
式中,R12至R15係彼此相同或不同,且係各自獨立地選自由下列所組成之群組:氫;氘;鹵基(halogen group);腈基(nitrile group);硝基;醯亞胺基(imide group);醯胺基(amide group);羥基;經取代或未經
取代之羰基;經取代或未經取代之烷基;經取代或未經取代之環烷基;經取代或未經取代之烷氧基;經取代或未經取代之芳氧基;經取代或未經取代之烷基硫基(alkylthioxy group);經取代或未經取代之芳基硫基(arylthioxy group);經取代或未經取代之烷基硫氧基(alkylsulfoxy group);經取代或未經取代之芳基硫氧基(arylsulfoxy group);經取代或未經取代之烯基;經取代或未經取代之矽基(silyl group);經取代或未經取代之硼基(boron group);經取代或未經取代之烷基胺基(alkylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳烷基胺基(aralkylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳基胺基(arylamine group);經取代或未經取代之雜芳基胺基(heteroarylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳基;以及經取代或未經取代之雜環基,X4及X5係彼此相同或不同,且係各自獨立地選自由下列所組成之群組:CRR'、NR、O、SiRR'、PR、S、GeRR'、Se及Te,Y3至Y6係彼此相同或不同,且係各自獨立地選自由下列所組成之群組:CR、N、SiR、P及GeR,以及R及R'係彼此相同或不同,且係各自獨立地選自由下列所組成之群組:氫;氘;鹵基(halogen group);腈基(nitrile group);硝基;醯亞胺基(imide group);醯胺基(amide group);羥基;經取代或未經取代之羰基;經取代或未經取代之烷基;經取代或未經取代之環烷基;
經取代或未經取代之烷氧基;經取代或未經取代之芳氧基;經取代或未經取代之烷基硫基(alkylthioxy group);經取代或未經取代之芳基硫基(arylthioxy group);經取代或未經取代之烷基硫氧基(alkylsulfoxy group);經取代或未經取代之芳基硫氧基(arylsulfoxy group);經取代或未經取代之烯基;經取代或未經取代之矽基(silyl group);經取代或未經取代之硼基(boron group);經取代或未經取代之烷基胺基(alkylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳烷基胺基(aralkylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳基胺基(arylamine group);經取代或未經取代之雜芳基胺基(heteroarylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳基;以及經取代或未經取代之雜環基。
取代基之實例係描述如下,但並不以此為限。
本說明書中,意指鍵結至共聚物主鏈之部分(moiety),或者是鍵結至其他取代基的部分。
本文使用之術語“經取代或未經取代”意指經一或多個選自下列所組成之群組的取代基取代:氘;鹵基;羰基;烷基;烯基;烷氧基;環烷基;矽基(silyl group);芳基烯基;芳基;芳氧基;烷基硫基(alkylthioxy group);烷基硫氧基(alkylsulfoxy group);芳基硫氧基(arylsulfoxy group);硼基(boron group);烷基胺基(alkylamine group);芳烷基胺基(aralkylamine
group);芳基胺基(arylamine group);雜芳基;芳基胺基(arylamine group);芳基;腈基(nitrile group);硝基;羥基;及雜環基,或者不具取代基。舉例來說,"其中有二或多個取代基係連接的取代基”可為聯苯基(biphenyl group)。即,聯苯基可為芳基,且可理解為其中有兩個苯基連接的取代基。該術語意指未經取代或經其中有二或多個取代基係連接的取代基(於如上例示之取代基中)所取代。舉例來說,"其中有二或多個取代基係連接的取代基”可為聯苯基。即,聯苯基可為芳基,且可理解為其中有兩個苯基連接的取代基。
本文使用之術語“取代”意指化合物中鍵結至碳原子之氫原子係改成其他取代基,欲被取代之位置並無限制只要該位置為氫原子被取代的位置,即,取代基可被取代的位置,且當有二或更多被取代時,該二或更多取代基係可彼此相同或不同。
本說明書中,醯亞胺基(imide group)之碳原子數並無特別限制,較佳為1至25。具言之,醯亞胺基可為具下列結構之化合物中的一者,但並不以此為限。
本說明書中,醯胺基(amide group)之一或二個氮原
子可被下列者取代:氫,具1至25個碳原子之直鏈、支鏈或環狀烷基,或具6至25個碳原子之芳基。具言之,醯胺基可為具下列結構式之化合物中的一者,但並不以此為限。
本說明書中,烷基可為直鏈或支鏈,且碳原子數並無特別限制,較佳為1至50。其具體實例包括甲基、乙基、丙基、正丙基、異丙基、丁基、正丁基、異丁基、三級丁基、二級丁基、1-甲基-丁基、1-乙基-丁基、戊基、正戊基、異戊基、新戊基、三級戊基、己基、正己基、1-甲基戊基、2-甲基戊基、4-甲基-2-戊基、3,3-二甲基丁基、2-乙基丁基、庚基、正庚基、1-甲基己基、環戊基甲基、環己基甲基、辛基、正辛基、三級辛基、1-甲基庚基、2-乙基己基、2-丙基戊基、正壬基、2,2-二甲基庚基、1-乙基-丙基、1,1-二甲基-丙基、異己基、2-甲基戊基、4-甲基己基、5-甲基己基及其類似者,但並不以此為限。
本說明書中,環烷基並無特別限制,較佳為具有3至60個碳原子之環烷基,其具體實例包括環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、3-甲基環戊基、2,3-二甲基環戊基、環己
基、3-甲基環己基、4-甲基環己基、2,3-二甲基環己基、3,4,5-三甲基環己基、4-三級丁基環己基、環庚基、環辛基及其類似者,但並不以此為限。
本說明書中,烷氧基可為直鏈、支鏈或環狀。烷氧基中的碳原子數並無特別限定,較佳為1至20。其具體實例包括甲氧基、乙氧基、正丙氧基、異丙氧基、異丙基氧基、正丁氧基、異丁氧基、三級丁氧基、二級丁氧基、正戊基氧基、新戊基氧基、異戊基氧基、正己氧基、3,3-二甲基丁基氧基、2-乙基丁基氧基、正辛基氧基、正壬基氧基、正癸基氧基、苄基氧基、對-甲基苄基氧基及其類似者,但並不以此為限。
本說明書中,烯基可為直鏈或支鏈,碳原子數並無特別限制,較佳為2至40。其具體實例包括乙烯基、1-丙烯基、異丙烯基、1-丁烯基、2-丁烯基、3-丁烯基、1-戊烯基、2-戊烯基、3-戊烯基、3-甲基-1-丁烯基、1,3-丁二烯基、烯丙基、1-苯基乙烯基-1-基、2-苯基乙烯基-1-基、2,2-二苯基乙烯基-1-基、2-苯基-2-(萘基-1-基)乙烯基-1-基、2,2-雙(二苯基-1-基)乙烯基-1-基、均二苯乙烯基(stilbenyl group)、苯乙烯基(styrenyl group)及其類似者,但並不以此為限。
本說明書中,芳基可為單環芳基或為多環基團,且包括其中具1至25個碳原子之烷基或具1至25個碳原子之烷氧基係取代的情況。此外,本說明書中之芳基可指芳族環。
芳基為單環芳基時,碳原子數並無特別限制,但較佳為6至25。單環芳基的具體實例包括苯基、聯苯基、聯三苯基(terphenyl group)及其類似者,但並不以此為限。芳基為多環芳基時,碳原子數並無特別限制,較佳為10至24。多環芳基的具體實例包括萘基、蒽基(anthracenyl group)、菲基(phenanthryl group)、芘基(pyrenyl group)、苝基(perylenyl group)、屈基(chrysenyl group)、茀基及其類似者,但並不以此為限。
本說明書中,茀基可經取代,且相鄰取代基可彼此結合以形成環。
茀基係經取代時,茀基可為、、
、及其類似者。然而其組成並不以此為限。
本說明書中,矽基(silyl group)的具體實例包括三甲基矽基、三乙基矽基、三級丁基二甲基矽基、乙烯基二甲基矽基、丙基二甲基矽基、三苯基矽基、二苯基矽基、苯基矽基及其類似者,但並不以此為限。本說明書中,胺基中的碳原子數並無特別限定,較佳為1至30。胺基的具體實例包括甲基胺基、二甲基胺基、乙基胺基、二乙基胺基、苯基胺基、萘基胺基、聯苯基胺基、蒽基胺基(anthracenylamine group)、9-甲基-蒽基胺基、二苯基
胺基、苯基萘基胺基、二甲苯基胺基、苯基甲苯基胺基、三苯基胺基及其類似者,但並不以此為限。
本說明書中,芳基胺基(arylamine group)的實例包括經取代或未經取代之單芳基胺基(monoarylamine group)、經取代或未經取代之二芳基胺基(diarylamine group)或經取代或未經取代之三芳基胺基(triarylamine group)。芳基胺基中的芳基可為單環芳基(monocyclic aryl group)或多環芳基(polycyclic aryl group)。芳基胺基所含之二或多個芳基可包含單環芳基、多環芳基或同時包含單環芳基和多環芳基。
芳基胺基的具體實例包括苯基胺基、萘基胺基、聯苯基胺基、蒽基胺基(anthracenylamine group)、3-甲基-苯基胺基、4-甲基-萘基胺基、2-甲基-聯苯基胺基、9-甲基-蒽基胺基(9-methyl-anthracenylamine group)、二苯基胺基、苯基萘基胺基、二甲苯基胺基、苯基甲苯基胺基、咔唑基(carbazole group)及三苯基胺基及其類似者,但並不以此為限。
本說明書中,雜環基包含一或多個原子(除了碳)以及雜原子,具言之,雜原子可包括一或多個選自由O、N、Se、S及其類似者所組成之群組的原子。雜環基之碳原子數並無特別限制,較佳為2至60。雜環基的實例包括噻吩基(thiophene group)、呋喃基(furan group)、吡咯基(pyrrole group)、咪唑基(imidazole group)、噻唑基(thiazole group)、唑基(oxazole group)、
二唑基(oxadiazole group)、三唑基(triazole group)、吡啶基(pyridyl group)、聯吡啶基(bipyridyl group)、嘧啶基(pyrimidyl group)、三基(triazine group)、三唑基(triazole group)、吖啶基(acridyl group)、嗒基(pyridazine group)、吡基(pyrazinyl group)、喹啉基(quinolinyl group)、喹唑啉基(quinazoline group)、喹啉基(quinoxalinyl group)、呔基(phthalazinyl group)、吡啶并-嘧啶基(pyrido-pyrimidinyl group)、吡啶并-吡基(pyrido-pyrazinyl group)、吡并吡基(pyrazino pyrazinyl group)、異喹啉基(isoquinoline group)、吲哚基(indole group)、咔唑基(carbazole group)、苯并唑基(benzoxazole group)、苯并咪唑基(benzimidazole group)、苯并噻唑基(benzothiazole group)、苯并咔唑基(benzocarbazole group)、苯并噻吩基(benzothiophene group)、二苯并噻吩基(dibenzothiophene group)、苯并呋喃基(benzofuranyl group)、菲啉基(phenanthroline group)、噻唑基(thiazolyl group)、異唑基(isoxazolyl group)、二唑基(oxadiazolyl group)、噻二唑基(thiadiazolyl group)、苯并噻唑基(benzothiazolyl group)、啡噻基(phenothiazinyl group)、二苯并呋喃基(dibenzofuranyl group)及其類似者,但並不以此為限。
本案中,芳氧基、芳基硫基(arylthioxy group)、芳
基硫氧基(arylsulfoxy group)及芳烷基胺基(aralkylamine group)中的芳基係與上述芳基的實例相同。芳氧基的具體實例包括苯氧基、對-甲苯基氧基、間-甲苯基氧基、3,5-二甲基-苯氧基、2,4,6-三甲基苯氧基、對-三級丁基苯氧基、3-聯苯基氧基、4-聯苯基氧基、1-萘基氧基、2-萘基氧基、4-甲基-1-萘基氧基、5-甲基-2-萘基氧基、1-蒽基氧基(1-anthryloxy)、2-蒽基氧基、9-蒽基氧基、1-菲基氧基、3-菲基氧基、9-菲基氧基及其類似者,芳基硫基(arylthioxy group)的實例包括苯基硫基、2-甲基苯基硫基、4-三級丁基苯基硫基及其類似者,芳基硫氧基(arylsulfoxy group)的實例包括苯硫氧基(benzenesulfoxy group)、對-甲苯硫氧基(p-toluenesulfoxy group)及其類似者,但並不以此為限。
本說明書中,雜芳基胺基(heteroarylamine group)中的雜芳基可選自於上述雜環基之實例。
本說明書中,烷基硫基(alkylthioxy group)及烷基硫氧基(alkylsulfoxy group)中的烷基係與上述烷基之實例相同。烷基硫基(alkylthioxy group)的具體實例包括甲基硫基(methylthioxy group)、乙基硫基(ethylthioxy group)、三級丁基硫基(tert-butylthioxy group)、己基硫基(hexylthioxy group)、辛基硫基(octylthioxy group)及其類似者,而烷基硫氧基(alkylsulfoxy group)的實例包括甲基硫氧基(methylsulfoxy group)、乙基硫氧基(ethylsulfoxy group)、丙基硫氧基
(propylsulfoxy group)、丁基硫氧基(butylsulfoxy group)及其類似者,但並不以此為限。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,共聚物係包含下式1-1所示之單元。
式1-1中,a、b及R1至R4係如式1中所定義者,以及D係作為電子供體之第二單元。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,共聚物係包含下式3所示之單元。
式3中,
a、b及R1至R4係如式1中所定義者,l為實數,其係莫耳分率,0<l1,m為實數,其係莫耳分率,0<m1,以及l+m=1,n為1至10,000之整數,D1及D2係彼此相同或不同,且係各自獨立地為作為電子供體之第二單元,以及A係作為電子受體之第三單元。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,D1及D2電子供體之實例係與前文所述者相同。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,A電子受體之實例係與前文所述者相同。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,D1包含
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,D1包含
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,D2包含
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,D2包含
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,A包含
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,A包含
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,A包含
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,共聚物係包含下式4至7所示之單元的至少一者。
式4至7中,a、b及R1至R4係如式1中所定義者,l為實數,其係莫耳分率,0<l1,m為實數,其係莫耳分率,0<m1,以及l+m=1,
h及i為1至3的整數,指括號中之結構的重覆單元,h及i為2或以上時,括號中之結構係彼此相同或不同,n為1至10,000之整數,R10至R13、R10'及R11'係彼此相同或不同,且係各自獨立地選自由下列所組成之群組:氫;氘;鹵基(halogen group);腈基(nitrile group);硝基;醯亞胺基(imide group);醯胺基(amide group);羥基;經取代或未經取代之羰基;經取代或未經取代之烷基;經取代或未經取代之環烷基;經取代或未經取代之烷氧基;經取代或未經取代之芳氧基;經取代或未經取代之烷基硫基(alkylthioxy group);經取代或未經取代之芳基硫基(arylthioxy group);經取代或未經取代之烷基硫氧基(alkylsulfoxy group);經取代或未經取代之芳基硫氧基(arylsulfoxy group);經取代或未經取代之烯基;經取代或未經取代之矽基(silyl group);經取代或未經取代之硼基(boron group);經取代或未經取代之烷基胺基(alkylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳烷基胺基(aralkylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳基胺基(arylamine group);經取代或未經取代之雜芳基胺基(heteroarylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳基;以及經取代或未經取代之雜環基,X1、X1'、X2、X2'、X4及X5係彼此相同或不同,
且係各自獨立地選自由下列所組成之群組:CRR'、NR、O、SiRR'、PR、S、GeRR'、Se及Te,Y3至Y5係彼此相同或不同,且係各自獨立地選自由下列所組成之群組:CR、N、SiR、P及GeR,以及R及R'係彼此相同或不同,且係各自獨立地選自由下列所組成之群組:氫;氘;鹵基(halogen group);腈基(nitrile group);硝基;醯亞胺基(imide group);醯胺基(amide group);羥基;經取代或未經取代之羰基;經取代或未經取代之烷基;經取代或未經取代之環烷基;經取代或未經取代之烷氧基;經取代或未經取代之芳氧基;經取代或未經取代之烷基硫基(alkylthioxy group);經取代或未經取代之芳基硫基(arylthioxy group);經取代或未經取代之烷基硫氧基(alkylsulfoxy group);經取代或未經取代之芳基硫氧基(arylsulfoxy group);經取代或未經取代之烯基;經取代或未經取代之矽基(silyl group);經取代或未經取代之硼基(boron group);經取代或未經取代之烷基胺基(alkylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳烷基胺基(aralkylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳基胺基(arylamine group);經取代或未經取代之雜芳基胺基(heteroarylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳基;以及經取代或未經取代之雜環基。
本文所用之‘括號中之結構’意指於( )內之結構。本文所用之術語‘單元(unit)’意指共聚物之單體中的重
覆結構,其中該單體係藉由聚合而鍵結於共聚物。
本文所用之術語‘包含單元’意指被包含於共聚物之主鏈。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,h為1。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,h為2。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,i為1。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,i為2。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,X1為S。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,X1'為S。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,X2為S。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,X2'為S。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,X4為S。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,X4為NR。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,X4為NR,以及R為經取代或未經取代之烷基。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,X4為NR,以及R為經取代或未經取代之十二烷基(dodecanyl group)。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,X4為NR,以及R為十二烷基(dodecanyl group)。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,X5為S。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,Y3為N。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,Y4為N。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,Y5為CR。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,Y5為CR,以及
R為經取代或未經取代之烷氧基。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,Y5為CR,以及R為經取代或未經取代之辛氧基(octoxy group)。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,Y5為CR,以及R為辛氧基(octoxy group)。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R10為氫。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R10'為氫。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R11為氫。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R11'為氫。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R12為經取代或未經取代之烷氧基。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R12為經取代或未經取代之辛氧基(octoxy group)。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R12為辛氧基(octoxy group)。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R13為氫。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R14為經取代或未經取代之羰基。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R14為經烷基取代之羰基。
於另一例示性具體實例中,R14為2-乙基己-1-酮。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,a為1。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R1係於間位取代。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R1為經取代或未經取代之烷氧基。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R1為經取代或未經取代之辛氧基(octoxy group)。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R1為辛氧基(octoxy group)。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,b為1。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R2係於間位取代。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R2為經取代或未經取代之烷氧基。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R2為經取代或未經取代之辛氧基(octoxy group)。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R2為辛氧基(octoxy group)。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R3為氫。
於另一例示性具體實例中,R3為鹵基(halogen group)。
於又一例示性具體實例中,R3為氟。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,R4為氫。
於另一例示性具體實例中,R4為鹵基(halogen group)。
於又一例示性具體實例中,R4為氟。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,共聚物係包含至
少一由下列共聚物1至6所示之共聚物單元。
共聚物1至6中,l、m及n係如前文所定義者。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,l為0.5。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,m為0.5。
於另一例示性具體實例中,l為0.675。
於又一例示性具體實例中,m為0.325。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,共聚物之末端基(end group)係選自由下列所組成之群組:氫;氘;鹵基(halogen group);腈基(nitrile group);硝基;醯亞胺基(imide group);醯胺基(amide group);羥基;經取代或未經取代之烷基;經取代或未經取代之環烷基;經取代或未經取代之烷氧基;經取代或未經取代之芳氧基;經取代或未經取代之烷基硫基(alkylthioxy group);經取代或未經取代之芳基硫基(arylthioxy group);經取代或未經取代之烷基硫氧基(alkylsulfoxy group);經取代或未經取代之芳基硫氧基(arylsulfoxy group);經取代或未經取代之烯基;經取代或未經取代之矽基(silyl group);經取代或未經取代之硼基(boron group);經取代或未經取代之烷基胺基(alkylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳烷基胺基(aralkylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳基胺基(arylamine group);經取代或未經取代之雜芳基胺基(heteroarylamine group);經取代或未經取代之芳基;以及經取代或未經取代之雜環基。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,共聚物之末端基為雜環基或芳基。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,共聚物之末端基為4-(三氟甲基)苯基。
根據本說明書之一例示性具體實例,共聚物之數量平均分子量較佳為500g/mol至1,000,000g/mol。較佳地,
共聚物之數量平均分子量較佳為10,000至100,000。在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,共聚物之數量平均分子量為30,000至70,000。
根據本說明書之一例示性具體實例,共聚物之分子量分佈(molecular weight distribution)可為1至100。較佳地,共聚物之分子量分佈為1至3。
分子量分佈愈低則數量平均分子量愈大,電性質(electrical properties)及機械性質(mechanical properties)愈佳。
此外,數量平均分子量較佳為100,000或以下,以具有預定的或更高的溶解度而能有利地採用溶液應用方法(solution application method)。
共聚物可依於後文所述之製備例而製備。
共聚物之製備係可藉由於催化劑及溶劑置入三種單體且使所得混合物進行反應,沉澱封端反應(end capping)及混合物(於甲醇中),而後萃取固體物。如上所述,可變化三種單體以製備共聚物其包含式3所示之單元和式1之第一單體以及式4至6和共聚物1至4。
根據本說明書之共聚物可利用多步驟化學反應製備。可利用烷化反應(alkylation reaction)、格任亞反應(Grignard reaction)、鈴木偶合反應(Suzuki coupling reaction)、史帝勒偶合反應(Stille coupling reaction)及其類似者製備單體,而後利用碳-碳偶合反應(carbon-carbon coupling reaction)如史帝勒偶合反應來製備最終
共聚物。當欲引入之取代基是硼酸或硼酸酯化合物時,可使用鈴木偶合反應製備共聚物,而當欲引入的取代基是三丁基錫化合物時,可使用史帝勒偶合反應製備共聚物,但共聚物之製備並不以此為限。
本說明書之一例示性具體實例係提供有機太陽能電池,其包括:第一電極;設為相對於第一電極的第二電極;以及具有一或多層(置於第一電極和第二電極之間)且包含光活性層的有機材料層,其中,有機材料層之一或多層係包含共聚物。
根據本說明書之一例示性具體實例的有機太陽能電池係包括第一電極、光活性層以及第二電極。有機太陽能電池可進一步包括基板、電洞傳輸層及/或電子傳輸層。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,當有機太陽能電池自外部光源接受光子時,係在電子供體和電子受體之間產生電子和電洞。所產生的電洞經由電子供體層傳輸至陽極。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,有機材料層係包含電洞傳輸層、電洞注入層或同時傳輸及注入電洞的層,且電洞傳輸層、電洞注入層或同時傳輸及注入電洞的層係包含該共聚物。
於另一例示性具體實例中,有機材料層包含電子注入層、電子傳輸層或同時注入及傳輸電子的層,且電子注入層、電子傳輸層或同時注入及傳輸電子的層係包含該共聚物。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,當有機太陽能電池自外部光源接受光子時,係在電子供體和電子受體之間產生電子和電洞。所產生的電洞經由電子供體層傳輸至陽極。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,有機太陽能電池可進一步包括另外的有機材料層。有機太陽能電池可藉由使用同時具各種功能的有機材料而降低有機材料層的數目。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,第一電極為陽極,第二電極為陰極。於另一例示性具體實例中,第一電極為陰極,第二電極為為陽極。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,有機太陽能電池中可依序設置陰極、光活性層及陽極,或者依序設置陽極、光活性層及陰極,但順序不以此為限。
於另一例示性具體實例中,有機太陽能電池中可依序設置陽極、電洞傳輸層、光活性層、電子傳輸層及陰極,或者依序設置陰極、電子傳輸層、光活性層、電洞傳輸層及陽極,但順序不以此為限。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,有機太陽能電池為正結構(normal structure)。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,有機太陽能電池為反結構(inverted structure)。
於另一例示性具體實例中,可於光活性層和電洞傳輸層之間、或於光活性層和電子傳輸層之間,設置緩衝層。
於此例中,電洞注入層可進一步設置於陽極和電洞傳輸層之間。此外,電子注入層可進一步設置於陰極和電子傳輸層之間。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,光活性層係包含選自由電子供體及電子受體所組成之群組的一或二或更多者,且電子供體材料係包含該共聚物。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,電子受體材料可選自由下列所組成之群組:富勒烯(fullerene)、富勒烯衍生物、浴銅靈(bathocuproine)、半導體元素(semiconductor element)、半導體化合物及該等之組合。具言之,電子受體材料為選自由下列所組成之群組之一或二或多者的化合物:富勒烯、富勒烯衍生物(PCBM((6,6)-苯基-C61-丁酸-甲基酯)或PCBCR((6,6)-苯基-C61-丁酸-膽甾酯)、苝(perylene)、聚苯并咪唑(PBI)、以及3,4,9,10-苝-四甲酸雙-苯并咪唑(3,4,9,10-perylene-tetraearboxylic bis-benzimidazole(PTCBI))。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,電子供體及電子受體為塊材異質接面(bulk heterojunction(BHJ))。電子供體材料及電子受體材料之混合比例(w/w)為1:10至10:1。
塊材異質接面意指電子供體材料及電子受體材料係於光活性層中彼此混合。
在本說明書之一例示性具體實例中,光活性層具有包含n-型有機材料層及p-型有機材料層之雙層結構,且該
p-型有機材料層係包含該共聚物。
本說明書中的基板可為玻璃基板或透明塑料基板,其具有優異的透明度(transparency)、表面平滑度(surface smoothness),易處理性(easiness in handling)及防水性(waterproof),但並不以此為限,且並無限制,只要該基板係典型用於有機太陽能電池的基板。其具體實例包括玻璃、聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(polyethylene terphthalate(PET))、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene naphthalate(PEN))、聚丙烯(PP)、聚醯亞胺(PI)、三醋酸纖維素(triacetyl cellulose(TAC))及其類似者,但並不以此為限。
陽極可為具透明度(transparency)及優異傳導性的材料,但並不以此為限。陽極的實例包括金屬諸如釩,鉻,銅,鋅及金,或其合金;金屬氧化物諸如氧化鋅,氧化銦,銦錫氧化物(ITO),及銦鋅氧化物(IZO);金屬和氧化物的組合,諸如ZnO:Al或SnO2:Sb;以及導電聚合物,諸如聚(3-甲基噻吩)(poly(3-methylthiophene)),聚[3,4-(伸乙基-1,2-二氧基)噻吩](PEDT),聚吡咯及聚苯胺;及其類似者,但並不以此為限。
形成陽極的方法並無特別限制,陽極之形成可藉由利用如濺射(sputtering)、電子束(E-bean)、熱沉積(thermal deposition)、旋塗(spin coating)、網板印刷(screen printing)、噴墨印刷(inkjet printing)、刮刀
塗佈(Doctor blade)或凹版印刷(gravure printing)之方法施於基板之一表面或以膜形式塗覆。
當陽極係形成於基板時,所形成者可進行下列製程:清潔(washing)、移除濕氣(moisture removal)及親水性改質(hydrophilic modification)。
舉例來說,在圖案化ITO基板連續以清潔劑、丙酮及異丙醇(IPA)清潔後,係在加熱板上於100℃至150℃乾燥1至30分鐘,較佳於120℃乾燥10分鐘,以移除濕氣,完全清潔後,基板的表面係改質成親水性。
透過上述表面改質(surface modification),接合表面電位(junction surface potential)可維持在適於光活性層之表面電位(surface potential)的水平。此外,改質時,聚合物薄膜可易於形成,且薄膜品質亦可增進。
陽極之預處理技術的實例包括a)利用平行板放電(parallel plate discharge)的表面氧化法(surface oxidation method),b)在真空狀態利用UV射線而透過所產生的臭氧來氧化表面的方法,c)利用電漿(plasma)產生的氧自由基(oxygen radical)氧化陽極的方法,及其類似者。
可根據陽極或基板的狀態選擇上述方法之一。然而,無論使用何種方法,通常較佳為避免陽極或基板之表面的氧離開、且盡可能壓抑殘留濕氣及有機材料。於此情況,可極大化預處理之實質效果。
作為一具體實例,可使用利用UV而透過所產生的臭
氧來氧化表面的方法。於此例中,圖案化ITO基板係在超音波清潔(ultrasonically clean)後於熱板上烘烤並充分乾燥、引入腔室中、然後可藉由啟動UV燈使氧氣與UV射線反應所產生的臭氧來清潔。
然而,本說明書之圖案化ITO基板之表面改質方法並未特別限定,亦可使用任何氧化基板的方法。
陰極可包含具小功函數(work function)的金屬,但不以此為限。其具體實例包括金屬諸如鎂,鈣,鈉,鉀,鈦,銦,釔,鋰,釓,鋁,銀,錫及鉛,或該等之合金;以及具多層結構之材料諸如LiF/Al、LiO2/Al、LiF/Fe、Al:Li、Al:BaF2、以及Al:BaF2:Ba,但並不以此為限。
陰極可沉積或形成於使真空度為5×10-7托耳(torr)或以下之熱沉積裝置(thermal deposition device)內部,但不限於此方法。
電洞傳輸層及/或電子傳輸層材料係用於將光活性層中分離的電子與電洞有效傳輸至電極,該材料並無特別限制。
電洞傳輸層材料可為PEDOT:PSS(摻雜聚(苯乙烯磺酸)(poly(styrenesulfonic acid))之聚(3,4-二氧乙基噻吩)(Poly(3,4-ethylenediocythiophene))),鉬氧化物(MoOx);釩氧化物(V2O5);鎳氧化物(NiO);及鎢氧化物(WOx)及其類似者,但並不以此為限。
電子傳輸層材料可為電子汲取(electron-extracting)
金屬氧化物,可具體地為8-羥喹啉(8-hydroxyquinoline)之金屬錯合物;含有Alq3之錯合物;金屬錯合物包含Liq,LiF,Ca,鈦氧化物(TiOx),鋅氧化物(ZnO),碳酸銫(Cs2CO3);及其類似者,但並不以此為限。
光活性層之形成可藉由將光活性材料諸如電子供體及/或電子受體溶於有機溶劑中,然後利用諸如旋塗(spin coating),浸塗(dip coating),網板印刷(screen printing),噴塗(spray coating),刮刀塗佈(doctor blade)及刷塗(brush painting)之方法塗覆該所得溶液,但其方法並不限於此。
共聚物之製備方法及含彼之有機太陽能電池之製造係具體描述於以下製備例和實施例。然而,以下實施例係僅為說明之目的提供,本說明書之範疇並不限於此。
13ml之氯苯、1.2g(2.93mmol)之2,5-雙(三甲基錫烷基)噻吩(2,5-bis(trimethylstannyl)thiophene)、1.020g(1.464mmol)之5,8-二溴-2,3-雙(3-(辛基氧基)苯基)喹啉(5,8-dibromo-2,3-bis(3-(octyloxy)phenyl)quinoxaline)、0.7018g(1.464mmol)之1,3-二溴-5-十二基噻吩并[3,4-c]吡咯-4,6-二酮(1,3-dibromo-5-dodecylthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione)、80mg之Pd2(dba)3(三(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(0)(tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)))、及106mg之三-(鄰-甲苯基)膦(tri-(o-tolyl)phosphine)係置入微波反應器瓶(microwave reactor vial)中,於170℃之條件下反應1小時。混合物冷卻至室溫後倒入甲醇中,過濾出固體並於甲醇、丙酮、己烷及氯仿中進行索式萃取(Soxhlet extraction),之後氯仿部份(chloroform portion)再次於甲醇中沉澱以過濾出固
體。
產率:46%
數量平均分子量:24,600g/mol
重量平均分子量:90,000g/mol
圖2係說明實施例1製備之共聚物1的凝膠滲透層析(GPC)之圖。
15ml之氯苯、1.0g(2.440mmol)之2,5-雙(三甲基錫烷基)噻吩、0.6716g(1.220mmol)之4,7-二溴-5,6-雙(辛基氧基)苯并[c]-1,2,5-噻二唑(4,7-dibromo-5,6-bis(octyloxy)benzo[c]-1,2,5-thiadiazole)、0.8500g(1.220mmol)之5,8-二溴-2,3-雙(3-(辛基氧基)苯基)喹啉、67mg之Pd2(dba)3(三(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(0)),及89mg之三-(鄰-甲苯基)膦係置入微波反應器瓶中,於170℃之條件下反應1小時。混合物冷卻至室溫後倒入甲
醇中,過濾出固體並於甲醇、丙酮、己烷及氯仿中進行索式萃取(Soxhlet extraction),之後氯仿部份(chloroform portion)再次於甲醇中沉澱以過濾出固體。
產率:46%
數量平均分子量:18,800g/mol
重量平均分子量:40,100g/mol
圖3係說明實施例2製備之共聚物2的凝膠滲透層析(GPC)之圖。
15ml之氯苯、0.9724g(1.976mmol)之5,5’-雙(三甲基錫烷基)-2,2’-聯噻吩(5,5'-bis(trimethylstannyl)-2,2'-bithiophene)、0.5440g(0.988mmol)之4,7-二溴-5,6-雙(辛基氧基)苯并[c]-1,2,5-噻二唑、0.6885g(0.988mmol)之5,8-二溴-2,3-雙(3-(辛基氧基)苯基)喹啉、54mg之Pd2(dba)3(三(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(0))、及72mg之三-
(鄰-甲苯基)膦係置入微波反應器瓶中,於170℃之條件下反應1小時。混合物冷卻至室溫後倒入甲醇中,過濾出固體並於甲醇、丙酮、己烷及氯仿中進行索式萃取(Soxhlet extraction),之後氯仿部份(chloroform portion)再次於甲醇中沉澱以過濾出固體。
產率:52%
數量平均分子量:25,700g/mol
重量平均分子量:120,000g/mol
圖4係說明實施例3製備之共聚物3的凝膠滲透層析(GPC)之圖。
15ml之氯苯、0.4768g(1.0235mmol)之2,5-雙-(三甲基錫烷基)噻吩并[3,2-b]噻吩(2,5-bis-trimethylstannyl-thieno[3,2-b]thiophene)、0.2817g(0.512mmol)之4,7-二
溴-5,6-雙(辛基氧基)苯并[c]-1,2,5-噻二唑、0.3565g(0.512mmol)之5,8-雙(5溴噻吩-2-基)-2,3-雙(3-(辛基氧基苯基)喹啉(5,8-bis(5bromothiophene-2-yl)-2,3-bis(3-(octyloxyphenyl)quinoxaline)、及35mg之Pd2(PPh3)4(四(三苯基膦)鈀(0)(tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)))係置入微波反應器瓶中,於170℃之條件下反應1小時。混合物冷卻至室溫後倒入甲醇中,過濾出固體並於甲醇、丙酮、己烷及氯仿中進行索式萃取(Soxhlet extraction),之後氯仿部份(chloroform portion)再次於甲醇中沉澱以過濾出固體。
產率:48%
數量平均分子量:11,600g/mol
重量平均分子量:352,000g/mol
圖5係說明實施例4製備之共聚物4的凝膠滲透層析(GPC)之圖。
13ml之氯苯、1.2g(2.93mmol)之2,5-雙(三甲基錫烷基)噻吩、1.0199g(1.464mmol)之5,8-二溴-2,3-雙(3-(辛基氧基)苯基)喹啉、0.6212g(1.464mmol)之1-(4,6-二溴噻吩并[3,4-b]噻吩-2-基)-2-乙基己-1-酮(1-(4,6-dibromothieno[3,4-b]thiophen-2-yl)-2-ethylhexan-1-one)、80mg之Pd2(dba)3(三(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(0))、及106mg之三-(鄰-甲苯基)膦係置入微波反應器瓶中,於170℃之條件下反應1小時。混合物冷卻至室溫後倒入甲醇中,過濾出固體並於甲醇、丙酮、己烷及氯仿中進行索式萃取(Soxhlet extraction),之後氯仿部份(chloroform portion)再次於甲醇中沉澱以過濾出固體。
產率:52%
數量平均分子量:11,300g/mol
重量平均分子量:36,200g/mol
13ml之氯苯、1.2g(2.92mmol)之2,5-雙(三甲基錫烷基)噻吩、0.9905g(1.46mmol)之5,8-二溴-2,3-雙(3-(辛基氧基)苯基)喹啉、0.7018g(1.46mmol)之1,3-二溴-5-十二基噻吩并[3,4-c]吡咯-4,6-二酮、80mg之Pd2(dba)3(三(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(0))、及106mg之三-(鄰-甲苯基)膦係置入微波反應器瓶中,於170℃之條件下反應1小時。混合物冷卻至室溫後倒入甲醇中,過濾出固體並於甲醇、丙酮、己烷及氯仿中進行索式萃取(Soxhlet extraction),之後氯仿部份(chloroform portion)再次於甲醇中沉澱以過濾出固體。
產率:60%
數量平均分子量:26,300g/mol
重量平均分子量:78,300g/mol
圖6係說明實施例6製備之共聚物6的凝膠滲透層析(GPC)之圖。
13ml之氯苯、1.2g(2.93mmol)之2,5-雙(三甲基錫烷基)噻吩、0.7650g(1.10mmol)之5,8-二溴-2,3-雙(3-(辛基氧基)苯基)喹啉、0.8722g(1.10mmol)之1,3-二溴-5-十二基噻吩并[3,4-c]吡咯-4,6-二酮、80mg之Pd2(dba)3(三(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(0))、及106mg之三-(鄰-甲苯基)膦係置入微波反應器瓶中,於170℃之條件下反應1小時。混合物冷卻至室溫後倒入甲醇中,過濾出固體並於甲醇、丙酮、己烷及氯仿中進行索式萃取(Soxhlet extraction),之後氯仿部份(chloroform portion)再次於甲醇中沉澱以過濾出固體。
產率:62%
數量平均分子量:12,300g/mol
重量平均分子量:46,700g/mol
圖7係說明實施例7製備之共聚物7的凝膠滲透層析(GPC)之圖。
實施例1中製備之共聚物1及PC71BM係以1:2之比例溶於氯苯(CB)中以製備複合溶液(composite solution)。於此情況中,濃度係調整至2.0wt%,且有機太陽能電池係製成具有ITO/PEDOT:PSS/光活性層/Al之結構。其上施有ITO之玻璃基板係使用蒸餾水、丙酮及2-丙醇進行超音波清潔(ultrasonically clean),ITO表面係以臭氧處理10分鐘,PEDOT:PSS(baytrom P)係旋塗為具有45nm厚度,於120℃進行熱處理10分鐘。為了塗覆光活性層,共聚物1-PC71BM複合溶液係係使用0.45μm之PP針筒過濾器(PP syringe filter)過濾並旋塗,於其上使用熱蒸發器(thermal evaporator)在3×10-8托耳(torr)真空下沉積Al至厚度為200nm以製造有機太陽能電池。
實施例2中製備之共聚物2及PC71BM係以1:2之比例溶於氯苯(CB)中以製備複合溶液(composite solution)。於此情況中,濃度係調整至2.0wt%,且有機太陽能電池係製成具有ITO/PEDOT:PSS/光活性層/Al之結構。其上施有ITO之玻璃基板係使用蒸餾水、丙酮及2-丙醇進行超音波清潔,ITO表面係以臭氧處理10分鐘,PEDOT:PSS(baytrom P)係旋塗為具有45nm厚度,
於120℃進行熱處理10分鐘。為了塗覆光活性層,共聚物2-PC71BM複合溶液係係使用0.45μm之PP針筒過濾器(PP syringe filter)過濾並旋塗,於其上使用熱蒸發器(thermal evaporator)在3×10-8托耳(torr)真空下沉積Al至厚度為200nm以製造有機太陽能電池。
實施例3中製備之共聚物3及PC71BM係以1:2之比例溶於氯苯(CB)中以製備複合溶液。於此情況中,濃度係調整至2.0wt%,且有機太陽能電池係製成具有ITO/PEDOT:PSS/光活性層/Al之結構。其上施有ITO之玻璃基板係使用蒸餾水、丙酮及2-丙醇進行超音波清潔(ultrasonically clean),ITO表面係以臭氧處理10分鐘,PEDOT:PSS(baytrom P)係旋塗為具有45nm厚度,於120℃進行熱處理10分鐘。為了塗覆光活性層,共聚物3-PC71BM複合溶液係係使用0.45μm之PP針筒過濾器(PP syringe filter)過濾並旋塗,於其上使用熱蒸發器(thermal evaporator)在3×10-8托耳(torr)真空下沉積Al至厚度為200nm以製造有機太陽能電池。
實施例4中製備之共聚物4及PC71BM係以1:2之比例溶於氯苯(CB)中以製備複合溶液。於此情況中,濃度係調整至2.0wt%,且有機太陽能電池係製成具有
ITO/PEDOT:PSS/光活性層/Al之結構。其上施有ITO之玻璃基板係使用蒸餾水、丙酮及2-丙醇進行超音波清潔(ultrasonically clean),ITO表面係以臭氧處理10分鐘,PEDOT:PSS(baytrom P)係旋塗為具有45nm厚度,於120℃進行熱處理10分鐘。為了塗覆光活性層,共聚物4-PC71BM複合溶液係係使用0.45μm之PP針筒過濾器(PP syringe filter)過濾並旋塗,於其上使用熱蒸發器(thermal evaporator)在3×10-8托耳(torr)真空下沉積Al至厚度為200nm以製造有機太陽能電池。
實施例5中製備之共聚物5及PC71BM係以1:2之比例溶於氯苯(CB)中以製備複合溶液。於此情況中,濃度係調整至2.0wt%,且有機太陽能電池係製成具有ITO/PEDOT:PSS/光活性層/Al之結構。其上施有ITO之玻璃基板係使用蒸餾水、丙酮及2-丙醇進行超音波清潔(ultrasonically clean),ITO表面係以臭氧處理10分鐘,PEDOT:PSS(baytrom P)係旋塗為具有45nm厚度,於120℃進行熱處理10分鐘。為了塗覆光活性層,共聚物5-PC71BM複合溶液係係使用0.45μm之PP針筒過濾器(PP syringe filter)過濾並旋塗,於其上使用熱蒸發器(thermal evaporator)在3×10-8托耳(torr)真空下沉積Al至厚度為200nm以製造有機太陽能電池。
實施例6中製備之共聚物6及PC71BM係以1:2之比例溶於氯苯(CB)中以製備複合溶液。於此情況中,濃度係調整至2.0wt%,且有機太陽能電池係製成具有ITO/PEDOT:PSS/光活性層/Al之結構。其上施有ITO之玻璃基板係使用蒸餾水、丙酮及2-丙醇進行超音波清潔(ultrasonically clean),ITO表面係以臭氧處理10分鐘,PEDOT:PSS(baytrom P)係旋塗為具有45nm厚度,於120℃進行熱處理10分鐘。為了塗覆光活性層,共聚物6-PC71BM複合溶液係係使用0.45μm之PP針筒過濾器(PP syringe filter)過濾並旋塗,於其上使用熱蒸發器(thermal evaporator)在3×10-8托耳(torr)真空下沉積Al至厚度為200nm以製造有機太陽能電池。
實施例7中製備之共聚物7及PC71BM係以1:2之比例溶於氯苯(CB)中以製備複合溶液。於此情況中,濃度係調整至2.0wt%,且有機太陽能電池係製成具有ITO/PEDOT:PSS/光活性層/Al之結構。其上施有ITO之玻璃基板係使用蒸餾水、丙酮及2-丙醇進行超音波清潔(ultrasonically clean),ITO表面係以臭氧處理10分鐘,PEDOT:PSS(baytrom P)係旋塗為具有45nm厚度,於120℃進行熱處理10分鐘。為了塗覆光活性層,共聚物7-PC71BM複合溶液係係使用0.45μm之PP針筒過濾
器(PP syringe filter)過濾並旋塗,於其上使用熱蒸發器(thermal evaporator)在3×10-8托耳(torr)真空下沉積Al至厚度為200nm以製造有機太陽能電池。
製備例1至4及比較例1中所製造之有機太陽能電池的光電轉換特性(photoelectric transformation characteristics)係在100mW/cm2(AM 1.5)的條件下量測,結果示於下表1。
表1中,總厚度表示有機太陽能電池中之活性層(active layer)的厚度、Voc表示開路電壓、Jsc表示短路電流、FF表示填充因數(fill factor)、以及PCE表示能量轉換效率(energy conversion efficiency)。開路電壓及短路電流係分別為電壓-電流密度曲線於第四象限之X-軸及Y-軸的截距,當兩值變高時,太陽能電池之效率係如所期地增加。此外,填充因數為將曲線內可繪出之矩形的面積除以短路電流與開路電壓之乘積所得的值。當該三
值除以所照射光之強度時,可得到能量轉換效率,且以較高值為佳。
圖8係說明本說明書製備例1至4之有機太陽能電池的電流-電壓曲線之圖。
圖9係說明本說明書製備例6之有機太陽能電池的電流-電壓曲線之圖。
101‧‧‧基板
102‧‧‧第一電極
103‧‧‧電洞傳輸層
104‧‧‧光活性層
105‧‧‧第二電極
Claims (13)
- 一種共聚物,其包括下式3所示之單元:
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之共聚物,其中,R1及R2係彼此相同或不同,且係各自獨立地為經取代或未經取代之烷氧基;或經取代或未經取代之烷基。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之共聚物,其中,該共聚物為隨機共聚物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之共聚物,其中,該共聚物係包含下式4至7所示之單元的至少一者:
- 如申請專利範圍第1至4項中任一項之共聚物,其中,共聚物之數量平均分子量為500g/mol至1,000,000g/mol。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至4項中任一項之共聚物,其中,共聚物之分子量分佈為1至100。
- 一種有機太陽能電池,其包括:第一電極;設為相對於第一電極的第二電極;以及置於第一電極和第二電極之間具有一或多層且包含光活性層的有機材料層,其中,該有機材料層之一或多層係包括如申請專利範圍第1至4項中任一項之共聚物。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之有機太陽能電池,其中,該有機材料層係包括電洞傳輸層、電洞注入層或同時傳輸及注入電洞的層,且電洞傳輸層、電洞注入層或同時傳輸及注入電洞的層係包含該共聚物。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之有機太陽能電池,其中,該有機材料層係包括電子傳輸層、電子注入層或同時傳輸及注入電子的層,且電子傳輸層、電子注入層或同時傳輸及注入電子的層係包含該共聚物。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之有機太陽能電池,其中,該光活性層係包含選自由電子供體及電子受體所組成 之群組的一或二或更多者,且電子供體係包含該共聚物。
- 如申請專利範圍第10項之有機太陽能電池,其中,該電子受體係選自由下列所組成之群組:富勒烯(fullerene)、富勒烯衍生物、奈米碳管、奈米碳管衍生物、浴銅靈(bathocuproine)、半導體元素(semiconductor element)、半導體化合物及該等之組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第10項之有機太陽能電池,其中,該電子供體及該電子受體為塊材異質接面(bulk heterojunction(BHJ))。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之有機太陽能電池,其中,該光活性層係具有包含n-型有機材料層及p-型有機材料層之雙層結構,且該p-型有機材料層係包含該共聚物。
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TWI723753B (zh) * | 2020-01-21 | 2021-04-01 | 位速科技股份有限公司 | 共聚物與有機光伏元件 |
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JP6144837B2 (ja) | 2017-06-07 |
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