TWI500612B - 用於載子傳輸的新穎化合物、應用新穎化合物之元件與電子裝置 - Google Patents
用於載子傳輸的新穎化合物、應用新穎化合物之元件與電子裝置 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI500612B TWI500612B TW101130595A TW101130595A TWI500612B TW I500612 B TWI500612 B TW I500612B TW 101130595 A TW101130595 A TW 101130595A TW 101130595 A TW101130595 A TW 101130595A TW I500612 B TWI500612 B TW I500612B
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- 229940035893 uracil Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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Description
本發明係關於用於載子傳輸的新穎化合物,特定地係關於使用新穎化合物的元件和電子裝置,更特定地係關於使用新穎化合物的發光二極體。
由於具有低耗能、輕量、快速反應與廣視角特性,有機發光二極體(OLED)與聚合物發光二極體(PLED)的發展深獲重視。載子傳輸是這類裝置效能的重要因素。對於高效能LED裝置,必須藉由發光層所形成之激子(exciton)抵銷來自陰陽兩極之載子注入與載子傳輸。一般而言,LED裝置包含夾在兩電極間的三層結構,包括電洞注入/傳輸層(hole injection/transport layer,HITL)、電子發射層(electron-emitting layer,EML)與電子傳輸層(electron-transporting layer,ETL)。封裝配置使得各層在載子注入、載子傳輸與發光經最佳化。
目前已發展用於電洞注入/傳輸層(HITL)的聚合物材料主要可依其中所形成之化學鍵類型分成兩種,即離子鍵型與共價鍵型。
圖1所示的聚(3,4-伸乙基二氧基噻吩)-聚(苯乙烯磺酸根)(poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate),以下簡稱PEDOT-PSS)為由離子鍵結所形成之一種材料。對於具有高電洞注入能力之有機材料的研究已著重在PEDOT-PSS,因其具有適當的離子化電位(Ip=-5.2 to -5.3eV)、高導電率(~1-10S/cm)以及良好的電洞注入能力。
然而,PEDOT-PSS為離子性、酸性且係經由水分散法(water dispersion)製備。對於OLED與PLED來說,水比氧氣更具有破壞性。因此,PEDOT-PSS用在發光二極體的結構中非常不穩定。由於前述PEDOT-PSS材料性質的缺陷,其目前無法有效地被運用在大規模塗佈製程。
再者,PEDOT-PSS可被用於習知有機電晶體元件。然而,PEDOT在電極中具不良定向性質且作為電極材料,不能表現充分的載子傳輸特性。導致形成抗溶劑電洞注入層的共價交聯電洞注入/傳輸材料(簡稱HITM)已被廣泛地研究。多種熱交聯材料、光化學交聯材料及電化學交聯材料能避免溶液法製程(solution process)導致的界面混合(interfacial mixing)。舉例來說,如圖2所示的共價鍵結所形成之熱固性聚合物(Adv.Fun.Mater.2002.12745.;Adv.Mater.2007,19,300.;Adv.Mater.2009,21,1972.)具有適當的分子能階(最高佔據分子軌域(highest occupied molecular orbital,HOMO)Ip=-5.3eV)及良好的電洞注入能力。因此,使用該熱固性聚合物的電子元件具有良好的效率。雖然共價鍵結所形成之熱固性聚合物不具有PEDOT-PSS的缺點,但是熱固性聚合物性質使其缺乏可加工性。此外,使用該熱固性聚合物製造電子元件的製程較為複雜與嚴苛(例如:進行熱固化需要超過200℃的高溫)。由於使用該熱固性聚合物製造電子元件的成本高,該聚合物目前只適用於實驗室小型裝置,不具有高度商業化量產的潛力。
為了克服現有材料的諸多缺點,已積極追求不含離子
與親水基團以取代PEDOT-PSS與熱固性聚合物的新穎且具成本效益的材料。吾等因而提供一種新穎化合物,其藉由高度互補非共價鍵結形成物理交聯結構,並且可達到與共價交聯材料同樣之功效,卻不需要額外的製程。
在一態樣中,本發明提供一種化學式I化合物
其中A、B和C為重複單元(repeating unit);A與B各為形成共軛聚合物之視需要經取代之基團;C為可交聯基團;以及n為等於或大於1的整數。
本發明的另一態樣為化學式I化合物,其中A與B為相同或不同,且A與B各獨立地選自由下述所組成的群組之一:視需要經取代之三苯胺(triphenylamine)、視需要經取代之咔唑(carbazole)、視需要經取代之噻吩(thiophene)、視需要經取代之茀(fluorene)、視需要經取代之對伸苯基伸乙烯(p-phenylene vinylene)及其組合;C係選自由下述所組成的群組之一:含醯胺基之基團(amide-containing group)、含羧基之基團(carboxyl-containing group)、含羥基之基團(hydroxyl-containing group)、含胺基之基團(amino-containing group)、含鹵素之基團(halogen-containing group)、含鹼基之基團(base-containing group)及其組合;以及A或B的取代基係獨立地選自由下述所組成的群組之一:C1-15
烷基和
C6-10
芳基。
根據本發明,含鹼基之基團的例子可包含腺嘌呤(adenine)、胸腺嘧啶(thymine)、胞嘧啶(cytosine)、鳥嘌呤(guanine)、尿嘧啶(uracil)及其組合等。較佳地,含鹼基之基團為腺嘌呤或尿嘧啶。此外,C的例子可為
、其組合等,以及R1的取代基可為C1-15
烷基和C6-10
芳基。
在一進一步態樣中,本發明提供化學式I化合物,其中,A為視需要經取代之三苯胺,B為視需要經取代之咔唑,以及A與B的取代基為丁基。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供化學式I化合物,唯當C為可交聯基團時,A及B兩者不同時為噻吩、茀、或對伸苯基伸乙烯;當C為可交聯基團時,A及B為不同;當A及B兩者同時為視需要經取代之咔唑時,C不為鳥嘌呤;或當A為視需要經取代之茀且B為視需要經取代之咔唑時,C不為鳥嘌呤。
在本發明化學式I化合物的一具體實施例中,重複單
元為:1-[4-(3-{4-[(4-丁基苯基)(苯基)胺基]苯基}-9H-咔唑-9-基)丁基]-1,2,3,4-四氫嘧啶-2,4-二酮;9-[4-(3-{4-[(4-丁基苯基)(苯基)胺基]苯基}-9H-咔唑-9-基)丁基]-9H-嘌呤-6-胺;1-[4-(3-{4-[(4-丁基苯基)(苯基)胺基]苯基}-9H-咔唑-9-基)丁基]-5-甲基-1,2,3,4-四氫嘧啶-2,4-二酮;4-胺基-1-[4-(3-{4-[(4-丁基苯基)苯基)胺基]苯基}-9H-咔唑-9-基)丁基]-1,2-二氫嘧啶-2-酮;或2-胺基-9-[4-(3-{4-[(4-丁基苯基)(苯基)胺基]苯基}-9H-咔唑-9-基)丁基]-6,9-二氫-1H-嘌呤-6-酮。
在本發明之另一態樣中,係提供包含前述任一化合物的導電薄膜。
在本發明之又另一態樣中,係提供包含前述任一化合物的載子傳輸層。較佳地,載子傳輸層可為電洞傳輸層。
在本發明之再另一態樣中,係提供電子裝置,其中,包含導電薄膜且導電薄膜包含前述任一化合物。
本發明之一態樣係提供包含載子傳輸層的電子裝置,且載子傳輸層包含前述任一化合物。較佳地,電子裝置可為電致發光裝置(electroluminescent device)或電晶體(transistor)。更佳地,電致發光裝置可為發光二極體裝置。特定地,發光二極體裝置可為有機發光二極體裝置。
在本發明之另一態樣中,係提供太陽能電池,其中,包含載子傳輸層,且載子傳輸層包含前述任一化合物。
在本發明之另一態樣中,係提供光偵測器,其中,包含載子傳輸層,且載子傳輸層包含前述任一化合物。
在一進一步態樣中,本發明提供製造電子元件的方法,電子元件包含使用前述任一化合物所形成的層。較佳地,層為膜。
在本發明之另一態樣中,係提供製造電子裝置的方法,其中,方法包含使用前述任一化合物的步驟。電子裝置的例子可為電致發光裝置或電晶體。較佳地,電致發光裝置可為發光二極體裝置。
更佳地,發光二極體裝置可為有機發光二極體裝置。
由於本發明的化合物不為由離子鍵結形成之聚合物,其具有良好的環境穩定性。本發明不僅具備現今電洞注入/傳輸材料的性質,同時也可克服許多目前技術的缺陷。此外,因為本發明的性質,所以製備本發明的製程簡易,且增進由本發明所形成元件的抗溶劑能力。
以下提供說明性具體實施例以說明本發明所揭露的內容。本發明的這些與其他優點及功效在發明所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者閱讀本說明書揭示後可清楚瞭解。
如本文所述,術語「共軛聚合物(conjugated polymer)」係指內因性導電聚合物(intrinsic conductive polymer),其中聚合物的主鏈係由交替的單鍵與雙鍵所形成。
如本文所述,術語「可交聯基團(crosslinkable group)」係指可藉由氫鍵形成交聯的基團。由此氫鍵形成交聯的可交聯基團的例子可包括醯胺基基團、羧基基團、羥基基團、胺基基團、含鹵素之基團、含鹼基之基團等。
如本文所述,術語「鹵素(halogen)」係指碘、溴、氯或氟。
如本文所述,術語「含鹼基之基團」係指含有鹼基的任何基團。鹼基的例子可包括腺嘌呤、胞嘧啶、鳥嘌呤、尿嘧啶、胸腺嘧啶等,且含鹼基之基團的例子亦可包括腺嘌呤、胞嘧啶、鳥嘌呤、尿嘧啶與胸腺嘧啶。
如本文所述,「烷基(alkyl)」係指烴鏈,其典型具有約1到15個碳原子長度。此烴鏈較佳,但非必要地,為飽和,且可為支鏈或直鏈,但典型直鏈較佳。例示性烷基可包含甲基(methyl)、乙基(ethyl)、丙基(propyl)、丁基(butyl)、戊基(pentyl)、1-甲基丁基(1-methylbutyl)、1-乙基丙基(1-ethylpropyl)、3-甲基戊基(3-methylpentyl)等。
如本文所述,「芳基(aryl)」係指一個或多個的芳香環,其典型具有約6到10個碳原子。芳基可包含可稠合之多個芳基環,例如萘基(naphthyl),或可包含可非稠合之多個芳基環,例如聯苯基(biphenyl)。芳基環亦可與一個或多個的環狀烴(cyclichydrocarbon)、雜芳基(heteroaryl)、或雜環(heterocyclic rings)稠合或不稠合。例示性芳基可包含苯基、萘基等。
如本文所述,「電洞傳輸層(HTL)」係指促進電洞傳輸的元件。舉例來說,當將電洞傳輸層置於氧化銦錫(以下簡稱ITO)與發光層之間時,顯著地降低電洞傳輸障礙以促進電洞傳輸;此外,發現HTL能帶隙中的間隙態(gap state)進一步地改善界面的電洞注入。此現象可解釋為何具有HTL的電致發光裝置(尤指OLED裝置)顯示改善的效能。用在電洞傳輸層之材料的例子可包括三苯基二胺(triphenyl diamine,TPD)、N,N-雙(萘-1-基)-N,N-雙(苯基)
聯苯胺(簡稱NPB(KODAK))、聚乙烯咔唑(polyvinylcarbazole,PVK)、Spiro-TPD(Covion)、Spiro-NPB(Covion)等等。
如反應圖1所示,在氮氣下依序將甲苯(50毫升)、丁基-苯胺(4.23毫升,26.8毫莫耳)、1-溴-4-碘苯(16.68克,59毫莫耳)、1,10-啡啉(0.18克,0.97毫莫耳),氯化亞銅(CuCl)(0.1克,0.95毫莫耳),以及氫氧化鉀(13.67克,243毫莫耳)加入配有冷凝器、磁攪拌器、氮氣進出口的250毫升三頸瓶。將反應混合物在30分鐘內加熱至回流溫度,並在回流下攪拌48小時。接著將混合物冷卻至75℃,且使用100毫升的甲苯與100毫升的蒸餾水進行萃取。分離甲苯相、用無水硫酸鎂(MgSO4
)乾燥、過濾並真空蒸餾。將粗產物經矽管柱層析法(使用甲苯為洗提液)純化以獲得無色油狀物(3.8克,31%)。
1
H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3
,δ):7.30(dd,4H;Ar H),7.07(d,2H;Ar H),6.96(d,2H;Ar H),6.90(dd,4H;Ar H),2.56(t,2H;CH2
),1.63-1.52(m,2H;CH2
),1.41-1.29(m,2H;CH2
),0.93(t,3H;CH3
)
13
C NMR(300MHz,CDCl3
,δ):146.7,144.4,138.8,132.2,129.4,125.0,114.9,35.0,33.6,22.4,14.0
HRMS(ESI,m/z):C22
H21
NBr2
[M+H]+計算值:457.0041;發現值:457.0039
如反應圖1所示,在-78℃下,將正丁基鋰(n-BuLi,4.4毫升,11.1毫莫耳,於己烷2.5M)加入4-丁基-N,N-雙(4-溴苯基)-苯胺(2.02克,4.4毫莫耳)於無水四氫呋喃(tetrahydrofuran,以下簡稱THF,44毫升)中之溶液。在-78℃下攪拌混合物45分鐘。快速加入2-異丙氧基
-4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜戊硼烷(dioxaborolane)(2.7毫升,13.2毫莫耳)至溶液中。在-78℃下攪拌混合物2小時。將混合物倒入水中並使用二乙醚萃取,將有機萃取物結合且以鹽水洗滌。在減壓環境下除去溶劑,且以甲醇再結晶純化粗產物以獲得無色晶體(1.36克,56%,mp:204-206℃)。
1
H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3
,δ):7.64(d,4H;Ar H),7.03(m,8H;Ar H),2.56(t,2H;CH2
),1.63-1.53(m,2H;CH2
),1.38-1.31(m,26H;CH2
and C8
H24
),0.92(t,3H;CH3
)
13
C NMR(300MHz,CDCl3
,δ):150.5,144.7,139.0,135.9,129.4,126.2,122.7,83.8,35.3,33.9,24.9,22.5,14.3
HRMS(ESI,m/z):C34
H45
B2
NO4
[M+H]+計算值:553.3534;發現值:553.3539
如反應圖1所示,將下列試劑置於配有冷凝器的反應瓶:產物3,6-二溴-9H-咔唑(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole)(6.5克,0.02莫耳)、無水碳酸鉀粉末(5.53克,0.04莫耳),無水乙腈(acetonitrile)(80毫升)以及1,4-二溴丁烷(1,4-dibromobutane)(25毫升,0.2莫耳)。以氬氣淨化反應器,且於反應全程維持此壓力。在95℃、油浴中、回流下,將反應混合物攪拌並加熱36小時。最後,過濾反應混合物,蒸發溶劑,並以石油醚再結晶殘質以獲得晶體(6.9克,75%)。
1
H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3
,δ):8.10(d,2H;Ar H),7.54(dd,2H;Ar H),7.25(d,2H;Ar H),4.25(t,2H;CH2
),3.36(t,2H;CH2
),2.04-1.95(m,2H;CH2
),1.89-1.80(m,2H;CH2
)
13
C NMR(300MHz,CDCl3
,δ):134.4,124.4,118.9,107.6,105.8,37.8,28.4,25.5,22.9
如反應圖1所示,將下列反應物置於配有冷凝器的反應瓶:4-溴丁基-9(3,6-二溴咔唑)(1.0克,2.17毫莫耳)、無水碳酸鉀粉末(0.45克,3.25莫耳)、反丁烯二酸二甲酯(DMF,20毫升)與尿嘧啶(0.3653克,3.26毫莫耳)。以氬氣淨化反應器,且於反應全程維持此壓力。在70℃、油浴中、回流下,將反應混合物攪拌並加熱72小時。最後,過濾反應混合物,蒸發溶劑,且以水洗滌固體數次。過濾收集固體且以甲苯再結晶以得到晶體(0.54克,51%,mp:190℃)。
1
H NMR(300MHz,DMSO,δ):11.2(s,1H;NH),7.63(d,2H;Ar H),7.60-7.54(m,5H;Ar H),5.49(d,1H;Ar H),4.39(t,2H;CH2
),3.63(t,2H;CH2
),1.69(m,2H;CH2
),1.58(m,2H;CH2
)
13
C NMR(300MHz,DMSO,δ):164.3,151.6,146.1,139.6,129.6,124.1,123.4,112.3,112.0,101.7,47.7,42.9,26.7,26.0
HRMS(ESI,m/z):C20
H17
Br2
N3
O2
[M+H]+計算值:491.18;發現值:491;ELEM.Anal.C20
H17
Br2
N3
O2
計算值:C,48.91;H,3.49;N,8.56;發現值:C,49.98;H,3.91;N,8.56
如反應圖1所示,將下列反應物置於配有冷凝器的反應瓶:4-溴丁基-9(3,6-二溴咔唑)(1.0克,2.17毫莫耳)、無水碳酸鉀粉末(0.66克,4.77莫耳)、無水N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(20毫升)及腺嘌呤(0.44克,3.255毫莫耳)。以氬氣淨化反應器,且於反應全程維持此壓力。在70℃、油浴中、回流下,將反應混合物攪拌並加熱72小時。最後,過濾反應混合物,蒸發溶劑,且以水洗滌固體數次。過濾收集固體且以甲苯再結晶以得到晶體(0.59克,53%)。
1
H NMR(300Hz,DMSO,ppm):8.43(s,2H),8.11(s,1H),8.04(s,1H),7.55(s,2H),7.21(d,4H),4.36(t,2H),4.12(t,2H),1.78(m,2H),1.69(m,2H)
13
C NMR(300Hz,DMSO,ppm):156.7,153.2,150.3,141.3,139.5,129.4,124.1,123.6,112.3,112.0,43.1,42.6,27.8,26.7
如反應圖1所示,將下列反應物置於配有冷凝器的反應瓶:3,6-二溴-9H-咔唑(6.5克,0.02莫耳)、無水碳酸鉀粉末(5.53克,0.04莫耳),無水乙腈(80毫升)及1-溴辛烷(1-bromooctane)(0.2莫耳)。以氬氣淨化反應器,且於反應全程維持此壓力。在95℃、油浴中、回流下,將反應混合物攪拌並加熱36小時。最後,過濾反應混合物,蒸發溶劑,且以石油醚再結晶殘質以得到晶體(7克,80%)。
1
H NMR(300MHz,DMSO,δ):8.07(d,2H;Ar H),7.51(dd,2H;Ar H),7.20(d,2H;Ar H),4.15(t,2H;CH2
),1.77(m,
2H;CH2
),1.20-1.30(m,10H;CH2
),0.85(t,3H;CH3
)
13
C NMR(300MHz,CDCl3
,δ):139.6,129.2,123.6,123.4,112.0,110.7,43.6,31.9,29.5,29.3,29.0,27.4,22.9,14.3
如反應圖2所示,將THF(6毫升)、DMF(6毫升)與水性2M K2
CO3
(8毫升)的除氧混合物加至4-尿嘧啶丁基-9(3,6-二溴咔唑)(0.75克,1.5毫莫耳)、4-丁基-N,N-雙(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜戊硼烷-4-苯基)-苯胺(0.82克,1.5毫莫耳)與新鮮製備的Pd(0)(PPh3
)4
(0.18克)之混合物。在85-90℃下劇烈攪拌48-72小時。待溶液冷卻後,將整個混合物緩慢地倒入甲醇/去離子水(體積比10/1)的冷混合液。過濾收集聚合物且以甲醇洗滌。然後在索氏裝置(Soxhlet apparatus)內使用丙酮洗滌固體24小時,以去除寡聚物(oligomer)與催化劑殘質。在高真空室溫下乾燥之前,藉由再溶解於DMF中且之後以冰甲醇沉澱而進一步純化標題化合物。
1H NMR(300MHz,DMSO-d6
,δ):11.2(br,NH),8.54(br,ArCH),7.67(br,ArCH and CH),7.06(br,ArCH),5.48(br,CH),4.40(br,CH2
),3.63(br,CH2
),2.52(br,CH2
),1.73(br,CH2
),1.63(br,CH2
),1.51(br,CH2),1.26(br,CH2
),0.86(br,CH2
)
如反應圖2所示,將THF(10毫升)、DMF(6毫升)與水性2M K2
CO3
(10毫升)的除氧混合物加至4-腺嘌呤丁基-9(3,6-二溴咔唑)(0.186克,0.36毫莫耳)、4-丁基-N,N-雙(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜戊硼烷-4-苯基)-苯胺(0.2克,0.36毫莫耳)與新鮮製備的Pd(0)(PPh3
)4
(0.041克,0.036毫莫耳)的混合物。在85-90℃下劇烈攪拌混合物48-72小時。待溶液冷卻後,將整個混合物緩慢地倒入甲醇
/去離子水(體積比3/1)的冷混合液。過濾收集聚合物且以甲醇洗滌。然後在索氏裝置內使用丙酮洗滌固體24小時,以去除寡聚物與催化劑殘質。在高真空室溫下乾燥之前,藉由再溶解於DMF中且之後以冰甲醇沉澱而進一步純化標題化合物。
1
H NMR(300Hz,DMSO,ppm):8.56(br,ArCH),8.17(br,ArCH),7.73(br,ArCH),7.18(br,ArCH & NH2
),4.43(br,CH2
),4.19(br,CH2
),3.63(br,CH2
),1.91(br,CH2
),1.81(br,CH2
),1.54(br,CH2
),1.29(br,CH2
),0.89(br,CH3
)
如反應圖2所示,將THF(10毫升)、DMF(10毫升)與水性2M K2
CO3
(10毫升)的除氧混合物加至4-辛基-9(3,6-二溴咔唑)(0.753克,1.5毫莫耳)、4-丁基-N,N-雙(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧雜戊硼烷-4-苯基)-苯胺(0.82克,1.5毫莫耳)與新鮮製備的Pd(0)(PPh3
)4
(0.041g,0.036毫莫耳)的混合物。在85-90℃下劇烈攪拌混合物48-72小時。待溶液冷卻後,將整個混合物緩慢地倒入甲醇/去離子水(體積比3/1)的冷混合液。過濾收集聚合物且以甲醇洗滌。然後在索氏裝置內使用丙酮洗滌固體24小時,以去除寡聚物與催化劑殘質。在高真空室溫下乾燥之前,藉由再溶解於DMF中且之後以冰甲醇沉澱而進一步純化標題化合物。
1
H NMR(300Hz,CDCl3
,ppm):8.32(br,NH),7.68-7.11(br,ArCH),4.31(br,CH),2.55(br,CH2
),1.88(br,CH2
),1.56(br,CH2
),1.30(br,CH2
),0.89(br,CH2
)
須說明的是,本發明的實施例7、實施例8的化合物可以利用化學式I化合物表示,其中A、B和C為重複單元(repeating unit);A與B各為形成共軛聚合物之視需要經取代之基團;C為可交聯基團;以及n為等於或大於1的整數。A與B各獨立地選自由下述所組成的群組之一:視需要經取代之三苯胺(triphenylamine)、視需要經取代之咔唑(carbazole)、視需要經取代之噻吩(thiophene)、視需要經取代之茀(fluorene)、視需要經取代之對伸苯基伸乙烯(p-phenylene vinylene)及其組合。C係選自由下述所組成的群組之一:含醯胺基之基團(amide-containing group)、含羧基之基團(carboxyl-containing group)、含羥基之基團(hydroxyl-containing group)、含胺基之基團(amino-containing group)、含鹵素之基團(halogen-containing group)、含鹼基之基團(base-containing group)及其組合。
為了比較PTC、PTC-U與PTC-A三種不同材料的性質,首先藉由將三種材料的數量平均分子量(number-average molecular weight,以下簡稱Mn)控制在5000到6500之間,以排除因其分子量造成的影響,進而在下述實驗中觀察側鏈所造成的影響。藉由GPC測量,
獲得PTC、PTC-U與PTC-A三種材料的分子量(係相對於標準品(聚苯乙烯))。此處使用的洗提液為THF或DMF。結果如下表1所示。
下述實施例10與實施例11中,PTC代表具有11個重複單元的PTC、PTC-U代表具有8個重複單元的PTC-U以及PTC-A代表具有8個重複單元的PTC-A。
為了驗證三種材料PTC、PTC-U與PTC-A的氫鍵形成,將其分別溶於DMF中、澆鑄於KBr盤上以及在70℃下真空乾燥。使用Varian UNITY INOVA 500MHz以及Varian UNITY 300MHz光譜儀記錄1
H光譜和13
C光譜。三種材料的FTIR光譜如圖3所示。PTC在3100到3700cm-1
範圍內未顯示任何峰值,表示PTC不具有任何N-H鍵。然而,對於PTC-U,在3400cm-1
附近的一峰值顯示尿嘧啶的游離N-H伸縮振動(stretch vibration),以及在3200cm-1
附近的一峰值顯示尿嘧啶的鍵結N-H伸縮振動,表示氫鍵確實存在於PTC-U中。同樣地,對於PTC-A,在3600cm-1
附近的一峰值顯示腺嘌呤的游離N-H伸縮振動,以及在3180至3450cm-1
間的峰值顯示腺嘌呤的鍵結N-H伸縮振動,表示氫鍵確實存在於PTC-A中。
如圖4所示,對於PTC-U,在1750cm-1
附近的一峰
值顯示尿嘧啶的C=O伸縮振動。FTIR光譜與NMR光譜一起顯示PTC、PTC-A與PTC-U之間的差異,並證實產物如預期般合成。
在OLED的應用,元件必須具有良好的熱性質與熱穩定性。因此,高熱分解溫度(thermal decompose temperature,Td)及高玻璃轉化溫度(glass transition temperature,Tg)對良好的材料來說為必需的性質。
本實施例中,使用熱重分析儀(Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer,TGA)和示差掃描熱析儀(Differential Scanning Calorimeter,DSC)獲得PTC、PTC-A與PTC-U的熱性質。
如圖5及表1所示,可見PTC、PTC-A與PTC-U全部具有高於350℃的Tg,表示其可在操作期間耐高溫而不會分解。
如圖6及表1所示,可見因為氫鍵所導致的物理交聯,PTC-U的Tg比PTC的Tg高20℃,以及由於更強的氫鍵,PTC-A的Tg比PTC的Tg高40℃,表示PTC-U與PTC-A具有較佳的熱穩定性。
以聚合物製造元件通常以濕式製程進行。因此,對於通常用於製造多層元件的聚合物而言,抗溶劑能力非常重要。本實施例證實本發明的抗溶劑能力。
分別將PTC、PTC-U與PTC-A以旋轉塗佈(spin coating)施加於石英玻璃基板上而形成薄膜。在使用甲苯沖洗該些薄膜的表面前後,以紫外線可見光分光光度計(UV-vis spectrophotometer)測量該些薄膜。如圖7A所示,
由PTC所形成之薄膜在薄膜經甲苯處理後,吸光值顯著降低,表示部分PTC於沖洗過程中溶於甲苯且脫離基板。PTC的濃度降低,導致其薄膜的吸光值亦下降。然而,如圖7B與圖7C所示,分別由PTC-A與PTC-U所形成的薄膜在甲苯處理前後,吸光值幾乎維持不變,表示由氫鍵所造成的物理交聯使得聚合物難以溶解於一般有機溶劑。因此,PTC-U與PTC-A所形成之薄膜在濕式製程中不會被溶劑腐蝕。這類材料使得濕式製程更有效率且能延長使用這類材料之元件的壽命。
用循環伏安法(cyclic voltammetry,CV)測量分別由PTC、PTC-U與PTC-A所形成之薄膜,以求得其HOMO及最低未佔據分子軌域(Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital,以下簡稱LUMO),如表2所示。
a
Eg(能隙):以UV-vis光譜獲得(呈薄膜型態測量)
b
Eox,onset
:使用二茂鐵為標準品以循環伏安法獲得
c
HOMO=-Eox,onset
-4.8eV
d
LUMO=HOMO+Eg
e
激發波長(λ激發
=335nm)
為了比較電洞傳輸能力,建構三種僅電洞傳輸(hole
transport only)之結構:ITO/PTC所形成之薄膜/NPB/鋁(以下簡稱Al)、ITO/PTC-U所形成之薄膜/NPB/Al、ITO/PTC-A所形成之薄膜/NPB/Al,並測量其電壓-電流曲線。鋁的功函數是-4.28eV,NPB的LUMO是-2.6eV,導致兩者間有1.68eV的能階差。由於能障太大,足以阻擋電子傳輸,電子無法從負極經由PTC、PTC-U或PTC-A所形成之薄膜傳輸至正極。可以確定在本實施例所測得的電流係來自於電洞傳輸。
如圖8所示,在相同電壓下,具有PTC-A或PTC-U所形成薄膜的結構的電流密度高,表示相較於PTC所形成薄膜,該些薄膜具有較好的電洞注入及傳輸能力。這是因為腺嘌呤-腺嘌呤之間與尿嘧啶-尿嘧啶之間所形成的氫鍵使得電洞有效地自一主鏈傳輸至附近另一主鏈。因此,PTC-U和PTC-A分別形成的薄膜的電洞傳輸能力改進。藉由PTC-U或PTC-A所形成之薄膜,電洞能有效地傳輸到發光層,且使裝置發光,而非以熱的形式逸散。
依據HOMO值,獲得圖9的能階圖。如圖9所示,可知分別由PTC-A與PTC-U所形成之薄膜的HOMO值與ITO玻璃的功函數相近,且相較於PTC所形成之薄膜與ITO玻璃之能階差為0.3eV,PTC-A所形成之薄膜對與ITO玻璃之間的能階差,與PTC-U所形成之薄膜與ITO玻璃之間的能階差僅分別為0.23eV與0.26eV,表示PTC-A和PTC-U有用於電洞注入。
建構並測定具有以下結構之三種元件:ITO/PTC所形
成之薄膜/NPB/參-(8-羥基喹啉)鋁(tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum,以下簡稱Alq3)/氟化鋰(以下簡稱LiF)/Al、ITO/PTC-A所形成之薄膜/NPB/Alq3/LiF/Al、以及ITO/PTC-U所形成之薄膜/NPB/Alq3/LiF/Al,其中薄膜是旋轉塗佈於ITO玻璃之表面上,而其他層則以蒸鍍(evaporation deposition)形成。
如圖10所示,在相同電壓下,相較於具有PTC所形成之薄膜的元件,分別具有PTC-A所形成之薄膜和PTC-U所形成之薄膜的元件具有較高的電流密度,表示PTC-A和PTC-U具有較佳的電洞注入和電洞傳輸能力。
如圖11所示,分別具有PTC-A所形成之薄膜與PTC-U所形成之薄膜的元件的發光效能較具有PTC所形成薄膜的元件的發光效能為佳。這是因為PTC-A與PTC-U的電洞注入和電洞傳輸能力優良,使得有更多的電洞與電子再結合,以致發出更多光。
本發明可用於OLED裝置中,因此依圖12所示之製程,根據ITO/薄膜(如表3所示)/NPB/Alq3/LiF/Al的結構建構三種裝置。藉由外部量子效率(EQE,裝置表面的發射光子數與電洞注入數之比)、發光效率(LE)與功率效率(PE)評估三種OLED裝置,藉以了解該些OLED裝置的發光效能。如圖13-15所示,可知分別具有PTC-A與PTC-U所形成薄膜之OLED裝置的EQE、LE與PE皆優於具有PTC所形成薄膜的OLED裝置的EQE、LE與PE,這是因為分別具有PTC-A所形成薄膜與PTC-U所形成薄膜的OLED裝置之電洞注入與電洞傳輸能力改善。
製造具有PTC-U/PTC-A所形成之薄膜(分別以1:4及1:10的比例)的元件,並進一步建構具有上述元件的OLED裝置。如圖16A-16D所示,可知相較於具有僅由PTC-A所形成薄膜的元件,具有PTC-U/PTC-A所形成薄膜(分別以1:4及1:10的比例)的元件之元件效率又進一步改善。
本發明已經由例示性較佳具體實施例描述。但,應瞭解本發明的範圍並不侷限於已揭露的具體實施例。相反地,本發明的範圍意於涵括各種修飾和類似的配置。因此,申請專利範圍的範疇應給予最廣解釋,以包含不同此類的修飾和類似的配置。
圖1顯示PEDOT-PSS的化學結構;圖2顯示熱固性聚合物的化學結構;圖3顯示PTC、PTC-A、PTC-U的FTIR光譜圖(2400~3700cm-1
);圖4顯示PTC、PTC-A、PTC-U的FTIR光譜圖
(1400~2000cm-1
);圖5顯示PTC、PTC-A、PTC-U的TGA圖;圖6顯示PTC、PTC-A、PTC-U的DSC圖;圖7A-7C分別顯示PTC、PTC-A、PTC-U的抗溶劑能力;圖8顯示具有由PTC、PTC-A與PTC-U所形成薄膜之結構的I-V圖;圖9顯示不同材料的能階圖;圖10顯示具有分別由PTC、PTC-A與PTC-U所形成薄膜的元件的I-V圖;圖11顯示具有分別由PTC、PTC-A與PTC-U所形成薄膜的元件的L-V圖;圖12顯示製造LED裝置的方法;圖13顯示具有分別由PTC、PTC-A與PTC-U所形成薄膜的OLED裝置的EQE-V圖;圖14顯示具有分別由PTC、PTC-A與PTC-U所形成薄膜的OLED裝置的LE-V圖;圖15顯示具有分別由PTC、PTC-A與PTC-U所形成薄膜的OLED裝置的PE-V圖;以及圖16A-16D顯示具有分別由比例1:4及1:10之PTC-U/PTC-A所形成薄膜的元件及OLED裝置的光效能圖。
本案圖式多為實驗數據,故本案無指定代表圖。
Claims (11)
- 一種化學式I化合物,
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之化學式I化合物,其中,C為腺嘌呤或尿嘧啶。
- 一種導電膜,包含申請專利範圍第1項之化學式I化合物。
- 一種載子傳輸層,包含申請專利範圍第1項之化學式I化合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項之載子傳輸層,其中,該載子傳輸層為電洞傳輸層。
- 一種電子裝置,包含申請專利範圍第3項之導電膜。
- 一種電子裝置,包含申請專利範圍第4項之載子傳輸層。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之電子裝置,其中,該電子裝置為電致發光裝置或電晶體。
- 如申請專利範圍第8項之電子裝置,其中,該電致發光裝置為發光二極體。
- 一種太陽能電池,包含如申請專利範圍第4項之載子傳輸層。
- 一種光偵測器,包含如申請專利範圍第4項之載子傳輸層。
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