TWI434734B - 保護固體酸催化劑免受揮發性物種損害 - Google Patents
保護固體酸催化劑免受揮發性物種損害 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI434734B TWI434734B TW095124036A TW95124036A TWI434734B TW I434734 B TWI434734 B TW I434734B TW 095124036 A TW095124036 A TW 095124036A TW 95124036 A TW95124036 A TW 95124036A TW I434734 B TWI434734 B TW I434734B
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- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- ppm
- less
- reaction zone
- olefin
- Prior art date
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims description 116
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 title claims description 9
- 239000011973 solid acid Substances 0.000 title description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 63
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 49
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000010025 steaming Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 9
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- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
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- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
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- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YOBAEOGBNPPUQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[Fe].[Fe] YOBAEOGBNPPUQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009533 lab test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000623 nickel–chromium alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000484 niobium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001706 oxygenating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006213 oxygenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene Chemical compound CCCC=C YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003348 petrochemical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 125000005498 phthalate group Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000036619 pore blockages Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011158 quantitative evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010454 slate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003481 tantalum Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011269 tar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000167 toxic agent Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000003440 toxic substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J38/00—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts, in general
- B01J38/02—Heat treatment
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G11/02—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils characterised by the catalyst used
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- B01J29/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively
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- B01J29/84—Aluminophosphates containing other elements, e.g. metals, boron
- B01J29/85—Silicoaluminophosphates [SAPO compounds]
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/22—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds
- C01B3/24—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds of hydrocarbons
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/22—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds
- C01B3/24—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds of hydrocarbons
- C01B3/26—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds of hydrocarbons using catalysts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C1/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
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- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C4/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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- C10G3/44—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G3/48—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used further characterised by the catalyst support
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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- C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
- C10G3/62—Catalyst regeneration
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
- B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
- B01J2208/00654—Controlling the process by measures relating to the particulate material
- B01J2208/00707—Fouling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2529/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- C07C2529/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites, pillared clays
- C07C2529/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- C07C2529/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2529/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- C07C2529/82—Phosphates
- C07C2529/84—Aluminophosphates containing other elements, e.g. metals, boron
- C07C2529/85—Silicoaluminophosphates (SAPO compounds)
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
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- C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
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Description
本發明係關於一種使用具有低污染程度之催化劑來製造輕烯烴之方法。更具體言之,本發明係關於藉由採用藉由降低催化劑在不當污染物中之暴露而保留所定義活性程度之催化劑來製造輕烯烴,該等不當污染物包括晶態矽石、磷酸鹽、鹼金屬及鹼土金屬。該等污染物自先前技術之反應器內所使用的耐火材料而引入至該等反應器中。
諸如乙烯、丙烯、丁烯及戊烯之烯烴適用於製備種類繁多的終端產物,其包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚異丁烯及其他聚合物、醇類、氯乙烯單體、丙烯腈、甲基第三丁醚與第三戊基甲基醚及其他石油化學品,以及多種諸如丁基橡膠之橡膠。乙烯及丙烯係在生產該等終端產物中尤其有價值之兩種輕烯烴。
存在多種在蒸汽存在、相對高的溫度下進行之催化製程。尤其用於各種催化製程(包括但不限於烯烴裂解及甲醇向烯烴之轉化)之固體酸催化劑在製程及/或再生條件下、在蒸汽存在下經受高溫(通常高於400℃)暴露。在再生條件之情況下,其中催化劑經受氧化條件,當焦碳燃燒時蒸汽形成。通常在汽蒸時發生之催化劑降級係若干過程之組合,諸如沸石脫鋁(或一般地,酸性部位數目減少)、結構崩潰、孔隙阻塞、酸性部位中毒以及其他。催化劑之迅速降級增加所需之置換催化劑之量且可顯著增加操作成本。
除催化劑效能經由焦炭沈積而降級外,吾人不期望地發現在某些條件下,當催化劑暴露於石英反應器中之高溫汽蒸時,催化劑趨向於在短時期之使用後失活。催化劑分析揭示催化劑經將活性反應部位與製程蒸氣隔離之矽石滑層覆蓋。其他研究顯示反應器中所使用之耐火材料係該矽石之來源。吾人已發現導致該催化劑降級之污染物包括用作反應器襯套之市售耐火材料,諸如矽、磷、鹼金屬及鹼土金屬。在高溫下該等元素可變得易於移動且自反應器襯套遷移至催化劑,其隨後導致催化劑降級及失活。蒸汽之存在可大大促進該遷移過程。在本發明以前已意識到諸如在982℃之溫度及1034 kPa或更高之壓力下進行的煤氣化之更多極限反應歷經襯套材料瀝濾及催化劑破壞之問題。然而,輕烯烴生產之反應條件低得多。本申請案描述一種避免揮發性矽石及磷物種引起之酸性部位中毒及/或孔隙阻塞不當作用的方法。
為減少與催化劑上積累之污染物相關之問題,本發明提供一種其中催化劑不暴露於高含量污染物之環境。藉由使用催化劑載體與黏合劑以及藉由避免催化劑在有害污染物中之暴露,催化劑能夠歷經大體較長時間而保持其活性。
本發明提供一種若預期甚至少量蒸汽存在的條件下,藉由選擇適當的用於反應器分隔片、襯套、催化劑黏合劑及載體之材料,尤其藉由不使用含晶態矽石及含大量磷之材料以避免催化劑受到損害且達成較長催化劑壽命的方法。
尤其避免瀝濾矽,磷,諸如鈉、鉀或鋰之鹼金屬或諸如鎂或鈣之鹼土金屬之材料。可使用抗該等材料損失之陶瓷材料。
本發明亦提供一種用於烯烴生產之製程,其中當材料經受由650℃,0 kPa(0 psig)下之汽蒸、100 g/hr之水添加、250 cc/min(0.5 SCFH)氮氣所組成之反應條件歷經100小時時,此材料在反應器中瀝濾低於20,000 ppm之矽,低於1,000 ppm之磷,低於1,000 ppm之鈉,低於500 ppm之鎂及低於500 ppm之鈣。
本發明提供一種系統,藉由該系統,烯烴進料流係利用在不暴露於損害性污染物的情況下能保留其活性之來製得。該烯烴進料流最終轉化為烯烴衍生物,其為自烯烴進料流中之至少一種烯烴、尤其自乙烯或丙烯製得的產物。烯烴衍生物實例之廣義列表包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚異丁烯、直鏈α烯烴及其他聚合物、醛類、醇類、乙酸、丙烯酸、乙酸乙烯酯、氯乙烯單體、二氯乙烯、丙烯腈、甲基第三丁基醚基及第三戊基甲基醚、乙基苯、環氧乙烷、異丙基苯、丙烯醛、烯丙基氯、環氧丙烷及多種諸如丁基橡膠及乙烯丙烯橡膠之橡膠及乙烯、丙烯或丁烯之寡聚物。
本發明適用於產製可自習知製程獲得之烯烴,該等習知製程諸如各種裂解製程(諸如石蠟、石腦油或C4 +
烯烴之裂解)以及催化轉化充氧化合物之製程(包括充氧烯烴及充氧丙烯製程)。
在裂解製程之情況下,其可為非催化或催化製程。一種此非催化製程係蒸汽裂解。蒸汽裂解製程通常在輻射爐反應器中在高溫下進行,歷經短滯留時間,而保持低反應物分壓、相對高的質量速度,且經反應區實現低壓降。可採用熟習此項技術者已知之任何爐。
蒸汽裂解裝置之烴進料可為液相或氣相或其可包含混合液-氣相。蒸汽裂解之最佳原料為乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、石腦油、汽油、氣體凝結物及其混合物。該烴原料在蒸汽裂解裝置中較佳為氣相。
或者,代替蒸汽裂解,可採用其他熟知之裂解製程來生產烯烴。該等其他裂解製程之實例包括熱再生裂解、流化床裂解、流化催化裂解、深度催化裂解及減黏裂解。
在本發明之一種用途中,自充氧進料之催化轉化獲得烯烴。在此製程中,污染物含量顯著低於烯烴形成製程之先前技術中所發現含量。在該製程中所產生之較佳烯烴係乙烯及丙烯。
該充氧原料較佳包含至少一種含有至少一氧原子之有機化合物,諸如脂肪醇、醚、羰基化合物(醛、酮、羧酸、碳酸酯、酯及其類似物)。當該充氧物係醇時,該醇可包括具有1至10個碳原子、更佳1至4個碳原子之脂族部分。適用之充氧化合物的實例包括(但不限於)以下:甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、異丙醇、C4
至C2 0
醇、甲基乙基醚、二甲基醚、二乙基醚、二異丙基醚、甲醛;碳酸二甲酯;二甲基酮;乙酸及其混合物。較佳充氧化合物為甲醇、二甲基醚及其混合物。
充氧物可在對乙烯及/或丙烯具有高度選擇性之小孔分子篩及沸石及非沸石催化劑上轉化為烯烴。在本發明中小孔分子篩較佳。如本文所定義,小孔分子篩具有小於5.0埃之孔尺寸。一般而言,適用之催化劑具有範圍為3.5至5.0埃之孔尺寸。
磷酸矽鋁(SAPO)分子篩通常用於充氧物向烯烴之轉化。該等篩一般包含[SiO2
]、[AlO2
]及[PO2
]四面體單元之三維微孔晶體構架結構。
本發明所使用之磷酸矽鋁分子篩較佳具有相對低之Si/Al2
比。一般而言,Si/Al2
比愈低,對C1
至C4
飽和物選擇性、尤其丙烷選擇性愈低。
經取代之SAPO亦可用於本發明中。該等化合物一般稱作MeAPSO或含金屬之磷酸矽鋁。該金屬可為鹼金屬離子(第IA族)、鹼土金屬離子(第IIA族)及稀土離子。Me較佳表示諸如Zn、Mg、Mn、Co、Ni、Ga、Fe、Ti、Zr、Ge、Sn及Cr之原子。該等原子可經[MeO2
]四面體單元穿插入四面體構架中。[MeO2
]四面體單元視金屬取代物之價態而定帶有淨電荷。當金屬組份具有+2、+3、+4、+5或+6之價態時,淨電荷在-2與+2之間。通常在分子篩之合成期間添加金屬組份以完成金屬組份之併入。然而,亦可使用合成後離子交換。
適用之磷酸矽鋁分子篩包括SAPO-5、SAPO-8、SAPO-11、SAPO-16、SAPO-17、SAPO-18、SAPO-20、SAPO-31、SAPO-34、SAPO-35、SAPO-36、SAPO-37、SAPO-40、SAPO-41、SAPO-42、SAPO-44、SAPO-47、SAPO-56、其含有金屬之形式及其混合物。較佳為SAPO-18、SAPO-34、SAPO-35、SAPO-44及SAPO-47,尤其SAPO-18及SAPO-34,包括其含金屬之形式及其混合物。如本文所使用,術語混合物係組合之同義詞且認為其係具有兩種或兩種以上不同比例、而不考慮物理狀態之組份之物質的組合物。
磷酸鋁(ALPO)分子篩亦可包括於催化劑組合物中。磷酸鋁分子篩係可具有AlPO4
構架之晶體微孔氧化物。其可在構架中具有其他元素,通常具有均勻的範圍為3至10埃之孔尺寸,且能夠使分子物種尺寸選擇性的分離。超過二十四種結構類型已得以報導,其包括沸石拓撲類似物。磷酸鋁中可包括AlPO-5、AlPO-11、AlPO-16、AlPO-17、AlPO-18、AlPO-20、AlPO-31、AlPO-34、AlPO-35、AlPO-36、AlPO-40、AlPO-41、AlPO-42、AlPO-44及ALPO-47。較佳ALPO結構為ALPO-5、ALPO-11、ALPO-18、ALPO-31、ALPO-34、ALPO-36及ALPO-46。
磷酸矽鋁分子篩藉由此相技術中一般已知之熱液結晶法合成。反應混合物藉由將反應性矽、鋁及磷組份與至少一模板混合在一起而形成。一般而言該混合物較佳在自生壓力下經密封且經加熱至至少100℃、較佳100℃至250℃之溫度,直至形成結晶產物。該結晶產物之形成可在任何地方花費約2小時至多達2週的時間。在某些情況下,攪拌或以晶體材料種晶將促進產物之形成。
通常,分子篩產物將在溶液中形成。其可藉由諸如離心或過濾之標準方法回收。該產物亦可經洗滌,藉由相同方法回收,並乾燥。
反應混合物可含有一或多個模板。模板係引導或影響結構之試劑,且通常含有氮、磷、氧、碳、氫或其組合,且亦可含有至少一烷基或芳基,其中烷基或芳基中存在1至8個碳原子。
磷酸矽鋁分子篩通常與其他材料摻混(意即摻合)。當摻合時,所得組合物通常稱作SAPO催化劑,其中催化劑包含SAPO分子篩。
可與分子篩摻合之材料可為各種惰性或催化活性材料,或各種黏合劑材料。該等材料包括諸如以下之組合物:高嶺土及其他黏土,各種形式之稀土金屬、金屬氧化物、其他非沸石催化劑組份、沸石催化劑組份、氧化鋁、氧化鋁溶膠、二氧化鈦、氧化鋯、氧化鎂、氧化釷、氧化鈹或矽石或矽石溶膠及其混合物,而避免使用彼等瀝濾且污染催化劑之材料。該等組合物在降低尤其總催化成本及用作散熱片以在再生期間輔助催化劑防熱,密化催化劑及增加催化劑強度中亦係有效的。
在生產烯烴之其他製程中使用其他催化劑。一類適用於烯烴之生產的催化劑係沸石。沸石為錯合晶體鋁矽酸鹽,其形成藉由共用氧原子連接之AlO2
及SiO2
四面體網路。該四面體之負電性藉由包括諸如鹼金屬或鹼土金屬離子之陽離子得以平衡。在某些沸石之製造中,在合成期間存在諸如四甲銨(TMA)或四丙銨(TPA)之非金屬陽離子。晶體網路形成之間隙空間或通道使得沸石能夠用作分離製程中之分子篩、用作化學反應之催化劑及在種類繁多的烴轉化製程中用作催化劑載體。
沸石包括含有矽石及視情況氧化鋁之材料,及其中矽石及氧化鋁部分由其他氧化物全部或部分置換之材料。舉例而言,鍺氧化物、錫氧化物及其混合物可置換矽石部分。硼氧化物、鐵氧化物、鎵氧化物、銦氧化物及其混合物可置換氧化鋁部分。除非另作說明,否則如本文所使用之術語"沸石"及"沸石材料"應不僅意謂在其晶格結構中含有矽原子,及視情況鋁原子之材料,而亦意謂含有置換該等矽及鋁原子之適當原子的材料。
催化組合物較佳包含1重量%至99重量%、更佳5重量%至90重量%,且最佳10重量%至80重量%之分子篩。
催化劑可經受多種處理以達到所需之物理及化學特徵。該等處理包括(但不必限於)熱液處理、煅燒、酸處理、鹼處理、研磨、球磨研磨、碾磨、噴霧乾燥及其組合。
在本發明之一實施例中,包含充氧物,且視情況包含單獨添加或與該充氧物相混合添加之稀釋劑或烴之進料在反應區或體積中與含有SAPO分子篩之催化劑接觸。該接觸所發生之體積本文稱為"反應器",其可為"反應器裝置"或"反應系統"之一部分。反應系統之另一部分可為"再生器",其包含一體積,其中催化劑上源自烯烴轉化反應之含碳沉澱物(或焦炭)藉由將該催化劑與再生介質接觸而移除。
本發明之產製烯烴產物之方法可包括自諸如油、煤、瀝青砂、葉岩、生物質及天然氣之烴產製該等組合物。用於產製該等組合物之方法在此項技術中已知。該等方法包括醱酵為醇或醚,產製合成氣,接著將該合成氣轉化為醇或醚。合成氣可藉由已知之製程產生,諸如蒸汽重整、自熱重整及部分氧化。
除結合將充氧物轉化為輕烯烴之製程實踐本發明外,本發明適用於烯烴裂解製程,其包括將含有中間重量C4
至C7
烯烴之烯烴進料流催化轉化為含輕烯烴,即C2
至C3
烯烴之裂解產物流。該烯烴進料流可獲自流體催化裂解(FCC)產物流之中間C4
至C8
範圍或獲自蒸汽裂解爐之C4
至C6
流,其含有所需中間重量範圍內之豐富烯烴物種。此外,由Marker,US 5,914,433中所述在磷酸矽鋁分子篩催化劑上將充氧物轉化成輕烯烴之MTO單元之C4 +
產物亦將良好地用於提昇全部製程對輕烯烴的選擇性。對於所有製程而言輕重量烯烴產物增加之產量藉由將C4
至C8
中間重量烯烴輸送至烯烴裂解反應器來提供。視操作條件而定,該等中間重量烯烴可為C4
至C5
-C7
烯烴。
適用於烯烴裂解之催化劑包含MFI家族之晶體矽酸鹽,其可為沸石、矽質岩類或該家族中之任何其他矽酸鹽;或可為MEL家族中之晶體矽酸鹽,其可為沸石或該家族中之任何其他矽酸鹽。MFI矽酸鹽之實例為ZSM-5及矽質岩類。MEL沸石之實例為此項技術中已知之ZSM-11。其他實例為如國際沸石協會所述之硼質岩類D與矽質岩類-2(ATLAS OF ZEOLITE STRUCTURE TYPES,1987,Butterworths)。對於該應用較佳之晶體矽酸鹽具有藉由十個氧環所界定之孔或通道且具有高矽/鋁原子比。
適用之烯烴裂解製程條件包括400℃至600℃、較佳520℃至600℃、更佳540℃至580℃之入口溫度,及10 kPa至202 kPa之絕對烯烴分壓,較佳50 kPa至152 kPa之絕對分壓。進料烯烴經歷快速異構化,其產物分佈接近熱力學平衡之產物分佈。烯烴催化裂解可理解為包含經由鍵斷裂而產生較短分子之製程。
具有高矽/鋁比之晶體矽酸鹽催化劑可達成穩定烯烴轉化,其具有以烯烴計20至50重量%之高丙烯產率。具有高矽/鋁原子比之在本發明之催化烯烴裂解製程中使用的MFI催化劑可藉由自市售晶體矽酸鹽移除鋁來製造。典型的市售矽質岩類具有約120之矽/鋁原子比。該市售MFI晶體矽酸鹽可經汽蒸製程而改質,該汽蒸製程降低晶體矽酸鹽構架中之四面體鋁且將鋁原子轉化為無定形鋁形式之八面體鋁。儘管在汽蒸步驟中鋁原子經自晶體矽酸鹽構架結構中化學移除以形成氧化鋁顆粒,但彼等顆粒導致構架中孔或通道之部分阻塞。此抑制烯烴裂解製程。因此,在汽蒸步驟後,該製程中使用之晶體矽酸鹽經受萃取步驟,其中無定形鋁自該等孔移除且該等微孔體積至少部分地得以恢復。經瀝濾步驟藉由水溶性鋁錯合物之形成將無定形鋁自毛細孔物理移除對MFI晶體矽酸鹽產生全面的脫鋁作用。以此方式,藉由自MFI晶體矽酸鹽構架移除鋁且接著自孔移除自其所形成之氧化鋁,該製程之目標在於實現遍佈催化劑之整個孔表面大體上均勻的脫鋁。此降低催化劑之酸度,且藉此降低裂解製程中氫轉移反應的發生。酸度的降低理想地大體均勻地遍佈該晶體矽酸鹽構架中所界定之孔發生。此係由於在烯烴裂解製程中烴物種可深度進入孔中。因此,酸性部位密度之降低且因此可降低MFI催化劑穩定性的氫轉移反應之降低將貫穿構架中之整個孔結構進行。視包括原料成本及資金/效用成本之若干參數而定,構架矽/鋁比可視需要在大範圍內調整。
已觀察到在具有酸性部位之催化劑中,催化劑隨時間可逐漸失活。該失活尤其已在烯烴裂解、甲醇至烯烴製程及石腦油裂解製程中觀察到。用於量測耐火襯套損失矽石或其他污染物之影響的篩分測試為如下:使用八分之七吋直徑管,且首先將一層35公克之粉碎耐火材料(6至10目)且接著將一層5公克球狀γ氧化鋁(Al2
O3
)以防止材料直接接觸或混合之方式置放於管中。由於歸因於耐火材料之粉碎,條件相比於完整耐火襯套之反應器而言更為極端,因此該實驗結果將係保守評估。在運行中之反應器中,矽石將僅自暴露於蒸汽中且加熱至足夠高溫度之耐火材料部分損失。
該測試程序由使空氣/蒸汽混合物首先經耐火材料且接著經氧化鋁穿經該管組成。接著量測氧化鋁上之矽石沈積。除非另作說明,否則蒸汽速率為400公克/小時。多數測試在460℃(接近反應器之操作溫度)及1103 kPa(遠高於138 kPa之操作壓力)下進行。多數測試之持續時間為50小時。然而,為更好量測暴露時間之影響,某些耐火材料樣品經受24至100小時之測試時間。為進一步評估測試溫度及壓力連同溫度之影響,某些樣品在414 kPa在460℃或650℃下測試50或100小時。在每次測試之前,量測耐火物與氧化鋁中之矽含量。量測矽以使得測試結果將不依賴於分子之實際形式。測試後,再次量測氧化鋁之矽含量,其差異為測試期間所得到之量。
經測試之材料、測試條件及結果之列表展示於表1中。該數據展示矽石損失之速率及潛能部分依賴於所存在之矽石的量。低矽石材料不損失大量矽石,然而相當大量之矽石不必意謂高矽石損失速率。由於矽石可以若干不同形式存在,其中某些相比於其他更可能在測試條件下瀝濾,初始矽石含量不與沈積於催化劑上之矽石的量相關聯。"游離"矽石可損失,而"連接"矽石不損失。某些矽石將在聚集顆粒之內部且將不可能暴露於蒸汽中並瀝濾出。耐火物之水合及/或燃燒亦可降低游離矽石之量,因為精細顆粒連接於所得之混凝凝膠中且因此影響損失潛能。因此,儘管初始矽石含量為一指標,但僅其不足以確定矽石將自耐火物瀝濾之可能性。
作為80%矽質岩類(五矽型(pentasil-type)沸石,Si/Al比為200),20%矽石黏合劑之烯烴裂解催化劑在反應器中585℃下經受不同時間段的1%蒸汽/N2
之汽蒸。其他條件亦得以測試,包括1.7%蒸汽,H2
載氣及650℃溫度。催化劑在以下條件下測試:40%異丁烯/60%異丁烷進料,585℃入口溫度,48.3 kPa壓力,及16 hr- 1
LHSV進料速率。當催化劑失活時,如所預期若催化劑之問題在於某些諸如若發生沸石脫鋁之催化劑之崩解,則失活速率不降低(意即0與14天、14與28天、及28與42天之間的變化未降低)。儘管當汽蒸在無石英之金屬反應器中進行時其他一或多種失活機制可能促使催化劑之效能惡化,但結果完全不同。在類似條件下,歷經14及27天汽蒸僅觀察到輕微失活。即使蒸汽之百分數對於第二實驗略微較低-0.7%對1.0%,亦認為該差異並不顯著且並非經改良之穩定性的主要促進因素。
已發現反應器中石英及其他含石英材料、諸如晶片或玻璃綿之存在係在催化劑失活中最顯著之因素。然而,吾人發現與晶體石英不同,無定形矽石不導致催化劑損害。該結論由觀察到未遭受失活之催化劑用於烯烴裂解反應中且含有無定形矽石作為黏合劑而支持。石英揮發本身對於作為烯烴裂解催化劑之具有低數目酸性部位之催化劑而言顯示較大程度之負面作用,而對於具有較高數目之部位的催化劑而言,該效應可較不明顯或甚至不存在。藉由氨TPD(程溫脫附)對在第一汽蒸實驗中失活之催化劑之表徵(表2)揭示布倫斯特酸(Broensted acid)部位之數目連續減少。因此,證明催化劑測試與氨TPD之間的良好相關性。
第二實例描述在520至720℃下石英反應器中MTO催化劑在再生期間之實質損害。表徵數據概括於表2中。720℃再生樣品幾乎損失20至100埃範圍內之所有中等空隙。XPS展示表面Si/Al比已極大增長且SEM顯微照片(未圖示)展示在催化劑表面出現一包覆層。若干石英反應器之檢查展示預熱部分中明顯的矽石侵蝕跡象,進而證實矽石污染之來源。
在實踐本發明中,防止固體酸性催化劑在蒸汽之存在下提前失活可藉由謹慎選擇用於分隔片之材料、催化劑載體材料、反應器襯套及反應器中之其他材料來進行。石英與其他形式之晶體矽石之使用應尤其限於當預期蒸汽存在時之彼等情況下。
第三實例描述混合甲醇與經噴霧乾燥之磷酸鋁材料對烯烴SAPO-34催化劑之有害作用。在測試條件下單獨使用之此MTO催化劑展示4.6小時之壽命(達到進料99%轉化率之時間)。當該催化劑與經噴霧乾燥之磷酸鋁材料混合時,催化劑僅展示0.5小時之壽命。發生磷自磷酸鋁向催化劑之遷移且導致催化劑上酸性部位的中毒。測試條件包括展示於表2中之條件:
溫度:入口處435℃壓力:34.5 kPa WHSV:2.5 hr- 1
(g CH3
OH/g SAPO-34)進料:80重量% CH3
OH+20重量% H2
O催化劑裝載量:10公克磷酸鋁:5公克
第四實例證實矽對烯烴裂解催化劑之負面影響。一系列矽沈積實驗以以下方式進行。六甲基環三矽氧烷(HMCTS)經摻料為典型烯烴裂解進料(意即FCC LCN,輕裂解石腦油)。HMCTS之量經計算使得0.1重量%及1.0重量%之Si(以矽計)在4小時運行期間沈積於OCP催化劑上’假定HMCTS 100%的吸附OCP催化劑上。進料中HMCTS之濃度對於0.1與1.0%之矽沈積而言以矽計分別為28與280 ppm。該摻料進料在以下條件下經由OCP催化劑通過:570℃之溫度,48.3 kPa之壓力,8.8 hr- 1
之WHSV。矽沈積後,樣品藉由紅外光譜(IR)研究。特徵Si-CH3
譜帶之缺少展示HMCTS確實在580℃部分地或全部地分解。為完成HMCTS向矽石之分解,使用空氣/氮氣混合物在585℃下進行煅燒步驟。在沈積/煅燒後對催化劑表面上所存在之矽的量進行定量評估係複雜的,由於OCP催化劑自化學分析之觀點係99%之矽石,且因此經沈積/煅燒添加少量矽石將不改變其化學組成。在以下條件下使用實驗工廠測試對矽沈積之損害作用進行評價:40%異丁烯/60%異丁烷進料,585℃入口溫度,48.3 kPa壓力及13.5 hr- 1
WHSV進料速率。表3中提供之數據包括使用新鮮催化劑之比較實驗。數字係每20小時運行之平均值。
由於轉化率與丙烯/乙烯產量兩者均下降,所以矽對OCP催化劑之損害作用係明顯的。產量降低之程度與沈積之矽的量相關,意即觀察到1%矽沈積之催化劑比0.1%沈積催化劑之失活更大。
在實踐本發明中,催化劑使用2年後,儘管暴露於污染物中較佳至少保留60%活性部位、更佳至少保留75%之活性部位,甚至更佳至少保留90%之活性部位且最佳在催化劑上至少保留95%之活性部位且不因污染物而中毒。類似地,相應於95%之部位保留之表4中之數字係"最佳情況",90%保留(意即數字將係兩倍高)係"更佳情況"且70或60%保留係"較佳情況"。在本發明之實踐中,在使用2年後,催化劑上須保留95%的活性部位(意即未中毒)。在該等實例中,考慮三種污染物-磷、矽石與鈉(對於前兩者,活性物種之性質的認識並不完全,因此將其以磷與矽計算);及兩種不同類型之反應-烯烴裂解及甲醇至烯烴催化劑。烯烴裂解催化劑比甲醇至烯烴催化劑具有顯著較少的活性部位。在催化石腦油裂解中亦存在低數目之活性部位。經計算一種典型催化劑將藉由暴露於表4所展示之量的污染物/有毒物中而受到顯著影響。
用於確定待使用之可接受耐火材料的替代性方法如下:藉由首先粉碎耐火材料且篩分出3.5至8目部分來製備耐火樣品。接著將樣品浸入去離子水中(100 g耐火物/1 L去離子H2
O)且在超音浴中將其處理60分鐘。接著該樣品經過濾以移除水且在120℃下乾燥隔夜(15小時)。汽蒸程序包含首先在諸如由Special MetaLs Corporation,Huntington,West Virginia,USA製造之Incoloy 600之藉由鎳鉻合金製得的鋼反應器之底部裝載5公克含低矽石之γ氧化鋁(<150 ppm Si、<10 ppm P、<50 ppm Na、<10 ppm Ca、<10 ppm Mg)。接著在γ氧化鋁之頂部裝載40公克上文經所預處理之耐火材料。該耐火物接著在650℃,0 kPa,100 g/hr之水添加,250 cc/min N2
下汽蒸100 hr。下一步驟係包含汽蒸後藉由N2
純化乾燥樣品的分析方法。接著將樣品冷卻且將耐火材料與γ氧化鋁謹慎分離以確保γ氧化鋁中無耐火物顆粒。使用碳化硼研缽及研杵將γ氧化鋁研磨為精細粉末以避免Si及其他元素污染。接著將該經研磨之γ氧化鋁樣品送至ICP分析(Si、P、Na、Ca及Mg)。對起始γ氧化鋁樣品進行相同的分析且計算汽蒸前後之差異。
該實驗包括將市售耐火材料(來自Resco Products PA之Resco AA-22S,或來自Vesuvius,OH之Actchem 16344CA)與SAPO-34催化劑混合。使用三種催化劑樣品。在第一實例中,指定為樣品A之25公克經噴霧乾燥的MTO催化劑在650℃、414 kPa及100 g H2
O/hr之條件下汽蒸100小時。樣品B包含與5公克(40-60目)市售耐火材料(來自Vesuvius,OH之Actchem 16344CA)混合且接著在650℃、414 kPa及100 g H2
O/hr之條件下汽蒸100小時之25公克經噴霧乾燥之MTO催化劑。樣品C係與5公克(40-60目)市售耐火材料(來自Resco Products,PA,OH之Resco AA-22S)混合且接著在650℃、414 kPa及100 g H2
O/小時之條件下汽蒸100 hr之25公克經噴霧乾燥的MTO催化劑。
經由篩分將催化劑自耐火材料分離後,樣品A、B及C在與表2相同的條件下在標準實驗工廠測試中進行效能測試。
三種催化劑之效能列於下表中。HOS代表達到99%(CH3
OH+CH3
O CH3
)轉化率所需時間。在99%(CH3
OH+CH3
O CH3
)轉化率下報導各組份之選擇性。
自以上數據,顯然市售耐火材料與MTO催化劑之混合對MTO催化劑並未造成損害。該等耐火材料具有低速率之Si、P、Na、Ca或Mg瀝濾速率。
現已對本發明進行完全描述,熟習此項技術者將瞭解在不偏離本發明之精神及範疇之情況下,本發明可在處於所主張之內容中之大範圍參數內進行。
Claims (5)
- 一種保留用於烯烴生產之催化劑的酸性催化劑部位之方法,該方法包含在反應區內提供催化劑環境,其中將自該反應區之表面或其內含物之催化劑污染物的沈積降低至不會損害該催化劑之活性的程度,其中該反應區係用於在包括於350℃至650℃之溫度操作該反應區之反應條件下使用酸性催化劑,其中該反應區包含至少一反應器且其中該反應器表面包含抗催化劑污染物損失的材料,該污染物係選自由矽、磷、鹼金屬及鹼土金屬組成之群,且其中當該材料在650℃、0kPa、100g/hr之水添加、250cc/min之氮下經受汽蒸100小時時,該材料瀝濾低於20,000ppm之矽、低於1,000ppm之磷、低於1,000ppm之鈉、低於500ppm之鎂及低於500ppm之鈣。
- 一種包含反應區之系統,其中該反應區係供在包括於350℃至650℃之溫度操作該反應區之反應條件下使用酸性催化劑,其中該反應區包含至少一反應器且其中該反應器表面包含抗催化劑污染物損失的材料,該污染物係選自由矽、磷、鹼金屬及鹼土金屬組成之群。
- 如請求項2之系統,其中當該材料在650℃、0kPa、100g/hr之水添加、250cc/min之氮下經受汽蒸100小時時,該材料瀝濾低於20,000ppm之矽、低於1,000ppm之磷、低於1,000ppm之鈉、低於500ppm之鎂及低於500ppm之鈣。
- 如請求項2之系統,其中當該材料在650℃、0kPa、100g/hr之水添加,250cc/min之氮下經受汽蒸100小時時,該材 料瀝濾低於1,000ppm之矽、低於10ppm之磷、低於10ppm之鈉、低於5ppm之鎂及低於5ppm之鈣。
- 如請求項4之系統,其中該反應區含有抗該等催化劑污染物損失之陶瓷材料。
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-
2005
- 2005-06-30 US US11/171,799 patent/US8129576B2/en active Active
-
2006
- 2006-06-26 EA EA200800179A patent/EA012489B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-06-26 JP JP2008520265A patent/JP5069681B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-06-26 KR KR1020087002515A patent/KR101017666B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-06-26 NZ NZ564396A patent/NZ564396A/en unknown
- 2006-06-26 WO PCT/US2006/024816 patent/WO2007005374A2/en active Application Filing
- 2006-06-26 AU AU2006266137A patent/AU2006266137A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-06-26 MX MX2008000165A patent/MX2008000165A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2006-06-26 ZA ZA200800258A patent/ZA200800258B/xx unknown
- 2006-06-26 BR BRPI0613094-1A patent/BRPI0613094A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2006-06-26 CN CN2006800002496A patent/CN101031503B/zh active Active
- 2006-06-28 AR ARP060102778A patent/AR056401A1/es active IP Right Grant
- 2006-06-28 MY MYPI20063068A patent/MY139019A/en unknown
- 2006-06-30 TW TW095124036A patent/TWI434734B/zh active
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2007
- 2007-12-30 EG EGNA2007001484 patent/EG25088A/xx active
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2009
- 2009-12-07 US US12/632,302 patent/US20100081564A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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NZ564396A (en) | 2011-03-31 |
WO2007005374A3 (en) | 2007-03-29 |
JP5069681B2 (ja) | 2012-11-07 |
KR101017666B1 (ko) | 2011-02-25 |
AR056401A1 (es) | 2007-10-10 |
TW200709851A (en) | 2007-03-16 |
US20070004953A1 (en) | 2007-01-04 |
MY139019A (en) | 2009-08-28 |
EA200800179A1 (ru) | 2008-04-28 |
ZA200800258B (en) | 2009-08-26 |
EG25088A (en) | 2011-08-08 |
WO2007005374A2 (en) | 2007-01-11 |
JP2008544855A (ja) | 2008-12-11 |
BRPI0613094A2 (pt) | 2012-10-09 |
KR20080031041A (ko) | 2008-04-07 |
AU2006266137A1 (en) | 2007-01-11 |
CN101031503A (zh) | 2007-09-05 |
MX2008000165A (es) | 2008-03-11 |
EA012489B1 (ru) | 2009-10-30 |
US8129576B2 (en) | 2012-03-06 |
CN101031503B (zh) | 2012-01-04 |
US20100081564A1 (en) | 2010-04-01 |
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