TWI416789B - 一種具催化性之液體燃料 - Google Patents

一種具催化性之液體燃料 Download PDF

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TWI416789B
TWI416789B TW095120470A TW95120470A TWI416789B TW I416789 B TWI416789 B TW I416789B TW 095120470 A TW095120470 A TW 095120470A TW 95120470 A TW95120470 A TW 95120470A TW I416789 B TWI416789 B TW I416789B
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liquid fuel
catalytic
fuel
methanol
organic
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Bing Joe Hwang
Jing Shan Do
Shao Kang Hu
Ching Hsiang Chen
Kuo Jung Wang
Murugesan Senthil Kumar Sakkarapalayam
Subramanyam Sarma Loka
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Bing Joe Hwang
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Description

一種具催化性之液體燃料
本發明係關於一種具催化性的燃料，其係為將具有催化性之離子及/或其鹽類加入液體燃料之中，以提升液體燃料的氧化活性與降低觸媒之毒化。
近年來，人類科技的進步帶動了經濟成長。但大量生產、消費的結果也使得自然環境的復原能力無法負荷，造成公害污染、資源銳減，甚至危害人類的永續發展。其中最受矚目的就是全球溫室效應日益嚴重，以及石油能源日益枯竭等問題。為了避免石油藏量不足所引發的能源危機和核分裂能源的高危險性與其所衍伸的核廢料污染問題，目前世界各國政府無不極力發展更先進的能源科技，到目前為止，有一些可能的方法已經被提出，例如太陽能發電(solar cell)、風力發電(wind power generator)、燃料電池(fuel cell)等替代性的能源方案，除了可以取代現今以石油為主的能源生產系統之外，它們還具有共通的特點，那就是安靜與乾淨，這些對生態環境的親和性成為未來人類對能源利用的重要指標。
在這些新型態能源科技中，又以燃料電池(fuel cell)的發展前景最被看好，燃料電池為一能將化學能直接轉換成電能的裝置，能夠擺脫卡諾循環(Carnot cycle)的限制，發電效率比一般傳統發電方式高、且具有噪音低、污染低、進料多及用途廣等優點。自1839年英國人Grove發現燃料電池(fuel cell)之現象後，於1960年代美國之阿波羅與雙子星等太空船率先應用此技術於其維生系統之能源。由於其夾帶著高效率，無污染之優勢，在重視環保與能源效率的今日，已成為最被看好之能源系統。傳統主要之發電方式，如水力、火力、核能發電或是風力與太陽能等，各有其不同之缺點，如地形之限制(水力、風力與太陽能)、污染問題(火力)和安全之顧慮(核能)。且由於以上大都為集中式之發電系統，所以長程之電力傳輸會造成大量之電力損耗。而燃料通常為氫氣與氧氣(空氣)，其產物為水，無環境污染之虞。除此之外，藉著控制燃料電池組(fuel cell stack)之數量，小至3C 產品，大至社區或大型發電廠，可應用於各種不同之系統。再者，部分種類之燃料電池亦可應用於交通工具上，更可大量降低目前以汽油為主要燃料之汽機車排放之廢氣，改善環境，提高生活品質。
其中以甲醇為燃料的直接甲醇燃料電池(Direct Methanol Fuel Cell,DMFC)最具潛力，因甲醇為較廉價的安全液體燃料，方便儲存及搬運，且甲醇為碳數最少的醇類，電活性大，早於1950年代，就有甲醇直接混合電解液之燃料電池的研究，爾後，經過不斷地改良電極，以及離子交換膜的發現，而於1970年代實用為燈塔，雨量計等之電源。直接甲醇燃料電池在電極觸媒的存在下，會起電化學反應，氧化成二氧化碳及水，故適用移動電源，如電動汽車、電動機車，亦可作為攜帶式電力如行動電話、筆記型電腦，故DMFC已成為未來發展新一代機動車輛及攜帶式電力之趨勢，並成為各國致力研究之目標。
對於DMFC系統而言，通常是以貴金屬白金做為陽極觸媒材料。但其缺點是，甲醇在低溫時於白金上氧化反應不完全會產生一氧化碳(CO)，吸附於白金表面，導致觸媒毒化失活而喪失其氧化能力，進而使得陽極材料電化學的性能大幅下降。
白金觸媒電極由於易受甲醇氧化不完全所導致之毒化，使得單一白金金屬觸媒的發展受到限制，因此如何提高觸媒抗CO的能力將成為主要的研究方向，也因如此讓許多學者進而朝向雙金屬觸媒或是多金屬觸媒方面來研究，然而雙金屬及多金屬觸媒，仍存在修飾之金屬溶出的缺點，使得雙金屬與多金屬觸媒的應用受到限制。
傳統上使用液體燃料之燃料電池，大多使用白金(Pt)或經過渡金屬修飾之白金觸媒，如Pt/C,PtRu/C,PtCo/C等雙金屬或多金屬觸媒，如PtRuSn,PtRuTi,PtRuMo，或以過渡金屬之化合物，來催化液體燃料使其氧化產生氧化電流，然而這些觸媒仍然無法克服CO毒化或修飾金屬(Ru,Ti,Co,Zn,Mo...)溶出的問題，使得觸媒的轉化率隨使用時間而隨之下降。因此，本發明即提出具催化性之液體燃料，用以改善上述觸媒之的缺點。
本發明係提供一種含具有催化性離子及/或其鹽類之液體燃料，可提供燃料電池之使用，其氧化活性優於傳統雙金屬與多金屬合金觸媒，具有較高之液體燃料氧化活性。
本發明所添加之具有催化性離子及/或其鹽類，該催化性離子為包含所有無機離子，又其鹽類包含選自金屬之氧化物、氫氧化物、氮化物、氮氧化物、硫化物、氰化物、鹵化物、有機酸鹽、無機酸鹽及其混合物，其中，鹵化物較佳為氯化物，有機酸較佳為甲酸、乙酸、丙酸等。
本發明所稱之液體燃料，包含所有有機液體燃料，舉例來說包含選自：甲醇、甲酸、乙酸、乙醇、丙醇、C1~C5之烷醇類、C1~C5之有機酸類等及其混合物。
本發明所稱之液體燃料，亦包含具還原性物質之液體燃料，舉例來說包含：N2H4、NaBH4、LiBH4等還原性物質之溶液，該溶劑可為水溶液或有機分子溶液中解離之鹽類。
本發明所添加之具催化性物質之添加量未特別限制，就成本考量僅需微量即可，又針對不同之催化劑，其所需添加量亦有差異，以添加至具有所需之效果為主。例如以本發明之一實施例來說明，當添加10-9M之RuCl3在5%的甲醇有機分子燃料中時，可以將甲醇之氧化電流由0.5mA提升至5mA(Pt/C電極)，顯示本發明所提出之具催化性觸媒，確實可以提高液體燃料的氧化活性，並可以同時克服現今燃料電池觸媒轉化率過低、觸媒毒化以及觸媒失效等問題。
以下茲以本發明之某些具體實施例來說明本發明之效果，非用以限制本發明。
實施例一
1.取0.0031g Johnson-Matthey Pt-black粉末分散於500μL稀釋之0.5%(wt%)之Nafion溶液中。
2.將7μL Nafion溶液滴於0.1964cm2之GCE(glassy carbon fiber)上，並置於80℃的烘箱中乾燥。
3.將電極置於5%甲醇溶液中，並加入10-9M之SnCl2與0.5M硫酸溶液於甲醇溶液中，對照組則使用相同電極，未於甲醇容易中加入具催化性之離子鹽類。
4.循環伏安測試則以Pt-black/GCE做為工作電極(working electrode)、白金電極作為相對電極(counter electrode)及標準甘汞電極作為參考電極，掃描範圍為-0.24V至0.85V，掃描範圍為5mVs-1，測試結果如圖一所示。
在圖一中可以發現加入具催化性之離子鹽類SnCl2，可以增加甲醇之氧化電流，由原本的0.001A上升至0.0013A，氧化電流約可提高30%，顯示SnCl2離子鹽確實可以有效提高有機分子燃料的氧化活性。
實施例二
1.取0.0031g Johnson-Matthey Pt-black粉末分散於500μL稀釋之0.5%(wt%)之Nafion溶液中。
2.將7μL Nafion溶液滴於0.1964cm2之GCE(glassy carbon fiber)上，並置於80℃的烘箱中乾燥。
3.將電極置於5%甲醇溶液中，並加入10-9M之RuCl3與0.5M硫酸溶液於甲醇溶液中，對照組則使用相同電極，未於甲醇容易中加入具催化性之離子鹽類。
4.循環伏安測試則以Pt-black/GCE做為工作電極(working electrode)、白金電極作為相對電極(counter electrode)及標準甘汞電極作為參考電極，掃描範圍為-0.24V至0.85V，掃描範圍為5mVs-1，測試結果如圖二所示。
在圖二中可以發現加入具催化性之離子鹽類RuCl3，可以增加甲醇之氧化電流，由原本的0.001A上升至0.005A，氧化電流約可提高500%，顯示RuCl3離子鹽確實可以有效提高有機分子燃料的氧化活性。
a‧‧‧表示添加10-9M RuCl3於5%甲醇有機燃料中，以鉑黑觸媒GCE電極所作之循環伏安圖譜
b‧‧‧表示5%甲醇有機燃料中，以鉑黑觸媒GCE電極所作之循環伏安圖譜
圖一 添加SnCl2與未添加SnCl2之甲醇溶液之循環伏安圖
(a)添加SnCl2之甲醇溶液之循環伏安圖
(b)未添加SnCl2之甲醇溶液之循環伏安圖
圖二添加RuCl3與未添加SnCl2之甲醇溶液之循環伏安圖
(a)添加RuCl3之甲醇溶液之循環伏安圖
(b)未添加RuCl3之甲醇溶液之循環伏安圖
a‧‧‧表示添加10-9M RuCl3於5%甲醇有機燃料中，以鉑黑觸媒GCE電極所作之循環伏安圖譜
b‧‧‧表示無離子之5%甲醇有機燃料中，以鉑黑觸媒GCE電極所作之循環伏安圖譜。

Claims (5)

  1. 一種具有催化性之液體燃料，其特徵係為添加具有催化性之離子及或其鹽類於液體燃料中，其添加量為10-9M至1M，用以提高液體燃料之氧化活性，且該具有催化性之離子係為非鹼金族之金屬離子。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項之具有催化性之液體燃料，其中，該液體燃料包含選自所有有機液體燃料及其混合物。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第2項之具有催化性之液體燃料，其中，該有機液體燃料包含選自：甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、C1~C5之烷醇類、C1~C5之有機酸類等或其混合物。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第2項之具有催化性之液體燃料，其中，該離子鹽類，為可於水溶液或有機分子溶液中解離之鹽類。
  5. 一種燃料電池，其係使用如申請專利範圍第1至4項中之任一項之具有催化性之液體燃料做為其燃料。
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