TWI405863B - Oxide sintered body and oxide semiconductor thin film - Google Patents

Oxide sintered body and oxide semiconductor thin film Download PDF

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TWI405863B
TWI405863B TW100128488A TW100128488A TWI405863B TW I405863 B TWI405863 B TW I405863B TW 100128488 A TW100128488 A TW 100128488A TW 100128488 A TW100128488 A TW 100128488A TW I405863 B TWI405863 B TW I405863B
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sintered body
oxide
thin film
oxide semiconductor
film
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TW201213579A (en
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Hideo Takami
Kozo Osada
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Jx Nippon Mining & Metals Corp
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Description

氧化物燒結體及氧化物半導體薄膜
本發明是關於對於顯示裝置中的薄膜電晶體、透明電極等的製作有用的氧化物燒結體及透明氧化物半導體薄膜。
透明氧化物半導體是用於液晶顯示裝置、電漿顯示裝置及有機發光顯示裝置等的顯示裝置中的薄膜電晶體的主動層之外,也用於太陽電池及觸控面板等的透明電極。從前已知道以In-Ga-Zn-O類(以下記為「IGZO類」)作為透明氧化物半導體(請參考非專利文獻1),還有為了改善特性而添加錫(Sn)的種類之文獻(請參考專利文獻1及2)。然而這些種類的必須構成元件的鎵(Ga)是稀有元素,由於價格高等的理由而大大制約了在產業上的大量使用。
作為不使用Ga的透明氧化物半導體者,有關於In-Zn-Sn-O類(請參考專利文獻3)。在專利文獻3中,揭露了含銦、錫、鋅及氧且相對於銦的原子數(=[In])與錫的原子數(=[Sn])與鋅的原子數(=[Zn])的合計之上述[Sn]的原子比在超過0.1而不滿0.2時滿足下列原子比1、0.2以上而不滿0.3時滿足下列原子比2。
原子比1
0.1<[In]/([In]+[Sn]+[Zn])<0.5
0.1<[Sn]/([In]+[Sn]+[Zn])<0.2
0.3<[Zn]/([In]+[Sn]+[Zn])<0.8
原子比2
0.01<[In]/([In]+[Sn]+[Zn])<0.3
0.2≦[Sn]/([In]+[Sn]+[Zn])<0.3
0.4<[Zn]/([In]+[Sn]+[Zn])<0.8
【先行技術文獻】 【專利文獻】
【專利文獻1】特開2008-280216號公報
【專利文獻2】特開2010-118407號公報
【專利文獻3】特開2008-243928號公報
【非專利文獻】
【非專利文獻1】Nature 432、p488-492、October 2004
然而,專利文獻3揭露的In-Zn-Sn-O類中,由於體電阻高而會留下在濺鍍時容易發生異常放電的問題。
因此,本發明的目的是提供可不含稀有資源、高價的鎵(Ga)且體電阻小的氧化物燒結體。另外,本發明的另一目的是提供具有與此氧化物燒結體同一組成的氧化物半導體薄膜。
本案發明人找到與鎵同為三價金屬元素的鋁(Al)、四價金屬元素的鈦(Ti)有望作為稀少且高價的元素鎵(Ga)的替代元素,並針對這些元素的原子比、燒結體、膜的製造條件等作精心研究而完成本發明。
本發明在一個面向中是一氧化物燒結體,其是由銦(In)、鋅(Zn)、金屬元素X(其中X表為選自Al及Ti的一種以上的元素)、與氧(O)構成的氧化物燒結體,其中銦(In)、鋅(Zn)、及金屬元素X的原子數比分別滿足0.2≦In/(In+Zn+X)≦0.8、0.1≦Zn/(In+Zn+X)≦0.5、及0.1≦X/(In+Zn+X)≦0.5。
本發明相關的氧化物燒結體在一實施形態中,其相對密度為98%以上。
本發明相關的氧化物燒結體在另一實施形態中,其體電阻(bulk resistance)為3mΩcm以下。
本發明在另一個面向中是一氧化物半導體薄膜,其是由銦(In)、鋅(Zn)、金屬元素X(其中X表為選自Al及Ti的一種以上的元素)、與氧(O)構成的氧化物半導體薄膜,其中銦(In)、鋅(Zn)、及金屬元素X的原子數比分別滿足0.2≦In/(In+Zn+X)≦0.8、0.1≦Zn/(In+Zn+X)≦0.5、及0.1≦X/(In+Zn+X)≦0.5。
本發明相關的氧化物半導體薄膜在一實施形態中,其為非晶質。
本發明相關的氧化物半導體薄膜在另一實施形態中,其載子濃度為1016 ~1018 cm-3
本發明相關的氧化物半導體薄膜在又另一實施形態中,其移動度為1cm2 /Vs以上。
本發明在又另一個面向中是一薄膜電晶體,其具有上述氧化物半導體薄膜來作為主動層。
本發明在另一個面向中是一主動陣列式驅動顯示面板,其具有上述薄膜電晶體。
若根據本發明,可提供可不含鎵(Ga)且體電阻小的氧化物燒結體。本氧化物燒結體對作為濺鍍靶材是有用的。藉由使用本靶材而作濺鍍成膜,可以製作透明氧化物半導體薄膜。
【用以實施發明的最佳形態】 (氧化物燒結體的組成)
本發明相關的氧化物燒結體,是以銦(In)、鋅(Zn)、金屬元素X(其中X表為選自Al及Ti的一種以上的元素)、與氧(O)作為構成元素。但是,本發明相關的氧化物燒結體包含了一般可取得的原料的精製步驟上無法避免被包含進來的元素、氧化物燒結體製程上無法避免而混入的不純物元素等,無法避免而內含的濃度程度例如為各元素為10ppm的程度以下。相對於銦、鋅及金屬元素X的合計原子數之銦的原子數的比例[In]/([In]+[Zn]+[X])較好為0.2~0.8。
若[In]/([In]+[Zn]+[X])不滿0.2,則靶材製作時的相對密度小、體電阻高,而容易發生濺鍍時的異常放電。相反地,若[In]/([In]+[Zn]+[X])超過0.8,濺擊此組成的靶材而完成的膜的載子濃度會過高,作為電晶體的通道區之開關(on-off)比會變小。[In]/([In]+[Zn]+[X])更好是0.25~0.6的範圍、再更好是0.3~0.5的範圍。在此處,分別[In]是表為銦的原子數、[Zn]是表為鋅的原子數、[X]是表為金屬元素X的原子數。
相對於銦、鋅及金屬元素X的合計原子數之鋅的原子數的比例[Zn]/([In]+[Zn]+[X])較好為0.1~0.5。若[Zn]/([In]+[Zn]+[X])不滿0.1,則膜的載子濃度會過大。相反地,若[Zn]/([In]+[Zn]+[X])超過0.5,則膜的載子濃度會過小,靶材製作時的相對密度會變小。[Zn]/([In]+[Zn]+[X])更好為0.15~0.4的範圍、又更好為0.2~0.35的範圍。
相對於銦、鋅及金屬元素X的合計原子數之金屬元素X的原子數的比例[X]/([In]+[Zn]+[X])較好為0.1~0.5。若[X]/([In]+[Zn]+[X])不滿0.1,濺擊此組成的靶材而完成的膜的載子濃度會過高,作為電晶體的通道區之開關(on-off)比會變小。相反地,若[X]/([In]+[Zn]+[X])超過0.5,則膜的載子濃度會過小,靶材製作時的相對密度小、體電阻高,而容易發生濺鍍時的異常放電。[X]/([In]+[Zn]+[X])更好為0.15~0.4的範圍、又更好為0.2~0.35的範圍。
(氧化物燒結體的相對密度)
氧化物燒結體的相對密度,是與濺擊時的表面的焦耳發生相關,若氧化物燒結體是低密度的,將此氧化物燒結體加工為靶材而作濺鍍成膜之時,隨著濺鍍成膜的進行,在表面會逐漸產生銦的低級氧化物之被稱為突起狀的團塊(nodule)的高電阻部分,容易成為之後的濺鍍時的異常放電的起點。在本發明中,可使氧化物燒結體的相對密度為98%以上,若是此程度的高密度,就幾乎沒有濺鍍時的團塊造成的不良影響。相對密度較好為99%以上、更好為99.5%以上。
另外,氧化物燒結體的相對密度,可將根據對氧化物燒結體作加工成為既定形狀後的重量及外觀尺寸而計算出的密度,除以此氧化物燒結體的理論密度而求得。
(氧化物燒結體的體電阻)
氧化物燒結體的體電阻,是與濺鍍時的異常放電的發生容易度相關,若體電阻高則濺鍍時容易發生異常放電。在本發明中,藉由組成的適當範圍、製造條件的適當化等,可使體電阻為3mΩcm以下,若為此程度的低體電阻,就幾乎沒有對濺鍍時的異常放電發生的不良影響。體電阻較好為2.7mΩcm以下、更好為2.5mΩcm以下。
另外,體電阻可藉由四探針法使用電阻率計來測定。
(氧化物燒結體的製造方法)
本發明相關的各種組成的氧化物燒結體,可藉由調整原料之氧化銦、氧化鋅等的各原料粉體的混合比、原料粉體的粒徑、粉碎時間、燒結溫度、燒結時間、燒結氣氛的氣體種類等的條件而取得。
原料粉的平均粒徑較好為1~2μm。平均粒徑若超過2μm,由於難以提升燒結體的密度,若將此原料粉單獨或作成混合粉而進行濕式微粉碎等而將平均粒徑縮小至約1μm左右即可。在濕式混合粉碎前以提升燒結性為目的,進行煆燒亦為有效。另一方面,難以取得不滿1μm的原料,另外,由於尺寸這麼小則容易發生粒子間的凝集而難以處理,燒結前的混合粉的平均粒徑較好為1~2μm。在此處,原料粉的粒徑是指藉由雷射繞射式粒度分佈測定裝置測定的體積分佈中的中位數徑。另外,在可解釋為與本發明均等的範圍內,除了既定的原料粉外亦可添加對燒結體特性不會造成不良影響、具有提升燒結性等的效果的其他成分。較好為將粉碎後的原料混合粉以噴霧乾燥器(spray dryer)等造粒而提高流動性、成形性等之後作成型。成型可使用一般的加壓成形、冷間液均壓加壓等的方法。
之後,燒結成形物而獲得燒結體。燒結較好為在1400~1600℃燒結2~20小時。藉此,可使相對密度為98%以上。燒結溫度不滿1400℃,則難以提升密度;相反地,燒結溫度若超過1600℃,則由於構成成分元素的揮發,燒結體的組成會發生變化、會因揮發而產生空隙而成為密度低的原因等。關於燒結時的氣氛的氣體,可使用大氣,增加對於燒結體的缺氧量而可以減少體電阻。但是有些燒結體的組成可以以氧作為燒結氣氛的氣體而仍可得到充分高密度的燒結體。
(濺鍍成膜)
如上所述而獲得的氧化物燒結體,可藉由施以研削、研磨等的加工而作為濺鍍用靶材,藉由使用此靶材來成膜,可以形成具有與此靶材同一組成的氧化物膜。在家工時,較好為藉由以平面研削等的方法研削表面,使表面粗糙度(Ra)為5μm以下。藉由使表面粗糙度變小,可以減少成為異常放電的原因之團塊發生的起點。
濺鍍用靶材是貼附於銅製等的襯板(backing plate)而設置於濺鍍裝置內,以適當的真空度、氣氛氣體、濺鍍功率等的適當條件來作濺鍍,而可以獲得與靶材幾乎同組成的膜。
濺鍍法的情況,較好為使成膜前的反應室內到達真空度為2×10-4 Pa以下。若壓力過高,則因為殘留氣氛的氣體中的不純物的影響,而有獲得的膜的移動度低的可能性。
關於濺鍍氣體,可使用氬及氧的混合氣體。作為混合氣體中的氧濃度的調整方法者,例如使用100%的氬的氣瓶與氬中的氧為2%的氣瓶,以流量來適當設定分別從各氣瓶供應至反應室的流量,而可進行調整。在此處,混合氣體中的氧濃度,是指氧分壓/(氧分壓+氬分壓),亦等於氧的流量除以氧與氬的合計流量。氧濃度可按照所希望的載子濃度而作適當變更,典型的濃度可以是1~3%、更典型的濃度可以是1~2%。
濺鍍氣體的全壓是0.3~0.8Pa左右。若全壓低於此範圍,則難以產生電漿放電,即使產生電漿放電則電漿不穩定。另外,若全壓高於此範圍,則成膜速度變慢,而發生對產能的不良影響等的問題。
濺鍍功率,在靶材尺寸為6吋的情況,是以200~1200W左右來成膜。濺鍍功率若過小,則成膜速度小、產能差;相反地,若成膜速度過大,則會發生靶材的破裂等的問題。200~1200W若換算為濺鍍功率密度,則為1.1W/cm2 ~6.6W/cm2 ,較好為3.2~4.5W/cm2 。在此處,濺鍍功率密度,是指濺鍍功率除以濺鍍靶材的面積,即使是相同的濺鍍功率,會因為濺鍍靶材尺寸而使濺鍍靶材實際接受的功率不同,而成膜速度不同,故為用以統一地表現施加於濺鍍靶材的功率之指標。
關於從氧化物燒結體完成薄膜的方法,亦可使用真空蒸鍍法、離子噴鍍(ion plating)、PLD(脈衝雷射沉積)法等,但產業上容易使用者,為滿足大面積、高速成膜、放電穩定性等的要件之DC磁控濺鍍(DC magnetron sputtering)法。
在濺鍍成膜時,不一定要加熱基板。因為即使不加熱基板仍可獲得較高的移動度,另外,不需要花費用以升溫的時間、能源等。若未加熱基板而作濺鍍成膜,獲得的膜為非晶質。但是,由於加熱基板亦可以期待與室溫成膜後的退火同樣的效果,故在基板加熱下成膜亦可。
(氧化物膜的載子濃度)
氧化物膜的載子濃度,在將此膜用於電晶體的通道層時,是與電晶體的各種特性有相關。載子濃度若過高,則電晶體的關閉時仍會發生微量的漏電流,而使開關(on-off)比變低。另一方面,若載子濃度過低,則在電晶體流動的電流會變小。在本發明中,藉由組成的適當範圍等,可以使氧化物膜的載子濃度為1016 ~1018 cm-3 ,若為此範圍,則可以製作特性良好的電晶體。
(氧化物膜的移動度)
移動度是電晶體的特性之中最重要的特性之一,較好為氧化物半導體作為電晶體的通道層來使用的競合材料之非晶矽的移動度1cm2 /Vs以上。移動度基本上是愈高愈好。本發明相關的氧化物膜是藉由組成的適當範圍等,可具有1cm2 /Vs以上的移動度,較好為可具有3cm2 /Vs以上的移動度,更好為可具有5cm2 /Vs以上的移動度。藉此,特性會優於非晶矽,進一步提高產業上的可應用性。
本發明相關的氧化物半導體薄膜例如可作為薄膜電晶體的主動層來使用。另外,將使用上述製造方法獲得的薄膜電晶體作為主動元件來使用,而可用於主動矩陣式驅動顯示面板。
【實施例】
以下,一起顯示本發明的實施例與比較例,但這些實施例的提供是用來進一步理解本發明及其優點,而無對本發明作限定的意思。因此,本發明是在本發明的技術範圍,包含全部實施例以外的樣態或變形。
在下列的實施例及比較例中,燒結體及膜的物性是藉由以下的方法來測定。
(a)燒結體的相對密度
藉由重量及外觀尺寸的測定結果、與來自構成元素的理論密度而求得。
(i)燒結體的體電阻
藉由四探針法(JIS K7194),使用NPS公司製型號Σ-5+裝置來求得。
(u)燒結體及膜的組成
使用SII NanoTechnology Inc.公司製型號SPS3000,藉由ICP(感應耦合電漿)分析法來求得。
(e)膜厚
使用階差計(Veeco公司製、型號Dektak8 STYLUS PROFILER)來求得。
(o)膜的載子濃度及移動度
將已成膜的玻璃基板切成10mm的四方形,在四個角落裝上銦電極,並設於霍爾量測裝置(TOYO Corporation公司製、型號Resitest8200)而測定。
(ka)膜的結晶或非晶質構造
使用Rigaku公司製RINT-1100X光繞射裝置來判定結晶性。無法認定背景水準(background level)以上之有意義的峰值的情況,則判斷為非晶質。
(ki)粉體的平均直徑
以島津製作所製SALD-3100來測定平均粒徑。
<實施例1>
秤量氧化銦粉(平均粒徑1.0μm)、氧化鋅粉(平均粒徑1.0μm)、及氧化鋁粉(平均粒徑1.0μm)來使金屬元素的原子數比(In:Zn:Al)成為0.4:0.3:0.3,作濕式混合粉碎。粉碎後的混合粉的平均粒徑為0.8μm。將此混合粉以噴霧乾燥器造粒後,充填於模具,加壓成形後,在大氣氣氛中以1450℃的高溫作10小時的燒結。將獲得的燒結體加工為直徑6英寸、厚度6mm的圓盤狀,並作平面研削而成為濺鍍靶材。針對此靶材,從重量和外觀尺寸的測定結果與理論密度來計算相對密度,其為99.8%。另外,藉由四探針法測定的燒結體的體電阻為2.1mΩcm。藉由ICP(感應耦合電漿)分析法的燒結體組成分析的結果,是In:Zn:Al=0.4:0.3:0.3(原子比)。
將上述製作的濺鍍靶材,使用銦作為銲材而貼附於銅製的襯板,設置於DC磁控濺鍍裝置(ANELVA製SPL-500濺鍍裝置)。玻璃基板是使用CORNING1737,濺鍍條件為:基板溫度25℃、到達壓力:1.2×10-4 Pa、氣氛氣體:99%的Ar與1%的氧、濺鍍壓力(全壓):0.5Pa、投入電力500W,而製作膜厚約100nm的薄膜。在氧化物半導體薄膜得成膜時,未發現異常放電。
進行獲得的膜的霍爾量測(hall measurement),得到載子濃度為5.0×1017 cm-3 、移動度為5.1cm2 /Vs。藉由ICP(感應耦合電漿)分析法的燒結體組成分析的結果,是In:Zn:Al=0.4:0.3:0.3(原子比)。藉由X光繞射的測定的結果,此膜為非晶質。
<實施例2~實施例6>
使原料粉的組成比成為記載於表1的各自的值以外,與實施例1同樣獲得氧化物燒結體及氧化物半導體薄膜。各自的相對密度、體電阻、載子濃度、移動度則如表1所記載。另外,燒結體及膜的組成則分別與原料粉的組成相同。
<比較例1~比較例13>
使原料粉的組成比成為記載於表1的各自的值以外,與實施例1同樣獲得氧化物燒結體及氧化物半導體薄膜。各自的相對密度、體電阻、載子濃度、移動度則如表1所記載。另外,燒結體及膜的組成則分別與原料粉的組成相同。
從在表1記載的結果了解到,本發明的實施例相關的氧化物燒結體是相對密度高、體電阻小。另外,以本發明相關的氧化物燒結體作為濺鍍靶材而成膜的情況,得到具有適當的載子濃度及高移動度的氧化物半導體薄膜。

Claims (8)

  1. 一種氧化物燒結體,其是由銦(In)、鋅(Zn)、金屬元素X(其中X表Ti)、與氧(O)構成的氧化物燒結體,其中銦(In)、鋅(Zn)、及金屬元素X的原子數比分別滿足0.2≦In/(In+Zn+X)≦0.8、0.1≦Zn/(In+Zn+X)≦0.5、及0.2≦X/(In+Zn+X)≦0.5,且其體電阻(bulk resistance)為3mΩcm以下。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之氧化物燒結體,其相對密度為98%以上。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1或2項所述之氧化物燒結體,其為0.2(但0.2除外)≦X/(In+Zn+X)≦0.35、且體電阻(bulk resistance)為2.5mΩcm以下的氧化物燒結體。
  4. 一種氧化物半導體薄膜,其是由銦(In)、鋅(Zn)、金屬元素X(其中X表Ti)、與氧(O)構成的氧化物半導體薄膜,其中銦(In)、鋅(Zn)、及金屬元素X的原子數比分別滿足0.55(但0.55除外)≦In/(In+Zn+X)≦0.8、0.35(但0.35除外)≦Zn/(In+Zn+X)≦0.5、0.2(但0.2除外)≦X/(In+Zn+X)≦0.35,且其為非晶質的氧化物半導體薄膜。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第4項所述之氧化物半導體薄膜,其載子濃度為1016 ~1018 cm-3
  6. 如申請專利範圍第4或5項所述之氧化物半導體薄膜,其移動度為1cm2 /Vs以上。
  7. 一種薄膜電晶體,其具有如申請專利範圍第4至6項任一項所述之氧化物半導體薄膜來作為主動層。
  8. 一種主動陣列式驅動顯示面板,其具有如申請專利範圍第7項所述之薄膜電晶體。
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JP5929911B2 (ja) * 2011-06-15 2016-06-08 住友電気工業株式会社 導電性酸化物およびその製造方法ならびに酸化物半導体膜
CN102779758B (zh) * 2012-07-24 2015-07-29 复旦大学 一种以铟锌铝氧化物为沟道层的薄膜晶体管的制备方法
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