TWI314637B - Process of liquefying a gaseous, methane-rich feed to obtain liquefied natural gas - Google Patents

Process of liquefying a gaseous, methane-rich feed to obtain liquefied natural gas Download PDF

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Publication number
TWI314637B
TWI314637B TW093101358A TW93101358A TWI314637B TW I314637 B TWI314637 B TW I314637B TW 093101358 A TW093101358 A TW 093101358A TW 93101358 A TW93101358 A TW 93101358A TW I314637 B TWI314637 B TW I314637B
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Taiwan
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refrigerant
heat exchanger
cold
main heat
liquefied
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TW093101358A
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English (en)
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TW200422573A (en
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Willem Hupkes
Pei Jung Lin
Roland Pierre Silve
Kornellis Jan Vink
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Shell Int Research
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0022—Hydrocarbons, e.g. natural gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/0052—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by vaporising a liquid refrigerant stream
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/0052—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by vaporising a liquid refrigerant stream
    • F25J1/0055—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by vaporising a liquid refrigerant stream originating from an incorporated cascade
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0211—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/0212—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as a single flow MCR cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0211—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/0214—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as a dual level refrigeration cascade with at least one MCR cycle
    • F25J1/0215—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as a dual level refrigeration cascade with at least one MCR cycle with one SCR cycle
    • F25J1/0216—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as a dual level refrigeration cascade with at least one MCR cycle with one SCR cycle using a C3 pre-cooling cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0244—Operation; Control and regulation; Instrumentation
    • F25J1/0245—Different modes, i.e. 'runs', of operation; Process control
    • F25J1/0249—Controlling refrigerant inventory, i.e. composition or quantity
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0244—Operation; Control and regulation; Instrumentation
    • F25J1/0252—Control strategy, e.g. advanced process control or dynamic modeling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
    • F25J1/0262—Details of the cold heat exchange system
    • F25J1/0264—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams
    • F25J1/0265—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams comprising cores associated exclusively with the cooling of a refrigerant stream, e.g. for auto-refrigeration or economizer
    • F25J1/0268—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams comprising cores associated exclusively with the cooling of a refrigerant stream, e.g. for auto-refrigeration or economizer using a dedicated refrigeration means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0281—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc. characterised by the type of prime driver, e.g. hot gas expander
    • F25J1/0283—Gas turbine as the prime mechanical driver
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0285—Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same refrigerant compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings
    • F25J1/0287—Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same refrigerant compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings including an electrical motor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0292—Refrigerant compression by cold or cryogenic suction of the refrigerant gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0298—Safety aspects and control of the refrigerant compression system, e.g. anti-surge control

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)

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1314< 月/日修(更)正替換頁 玖、發明說明： [發明所屬之技術領域] 本發明係關於一種液化氣態、富含曱燒之進料以獲得 液化產品之方法。液化產物通常是液化天然氣。尤其本發 明係關於控制此液化方法。 [先前技術] 液化方法包含以下步驟： (a)提供高壓之氣態、富含甲烷之進料至位於主要熱交 換器溫熱端之主要熱交換器的第一管側，以蒸發冷棟劑A 卻、液化及過冷卻此氣態、富含甲烷之進料，以獲得液化 物流，從主要熱交換器的冷端將液化物流移出主要熱交換 器’並將液化物流當作液化產品送至儲槽； ⑻從位於主要熱交換器溫熱端之主要熱交換器 移出蒸發冷凍劑； ⑷於至少-個冷;東劑壓縮機中壓縮蒸發冷;東劑， 得高塵冷來劑； ⑷部分冷凝高壓冷;東劑，並於分離器中將部分冷 冷壤劑分離成液態重質冷殊劑館份與氣態輕質冷柬劑館份 =於主要熱交換器之第二f側過冷卻重f ，以獲得經過冷卻重質冷㈣丨物流，於減壓下將重質^ 劑物流導入位於主要熱交換器中點之主要”東 ’並使重質冷凍劑物流於殼側内蒸發；以及、、的殼側 ⑺於主要熱交換器之第三管侧冷卻、液化及過冷卻至 1314637 少部分的輕質冷凍劑餾分’以獲得經過冷卻之輕質冷来劑 物流，於減壓下將輕質冷凍劑物流導入位於主要熱交換器 冷端之主要熱交換器的殼側，並使輕質冷凍劑物流於殼側 内蒸發。 質冷凍劑餾分 以及富含甲烷 主要熱交換器 溫度差；以及 0 冷凍劑的整體 然而，申請人 成是很麻煩的 國際專利申請公開號第99m 448號揭露控制液化的 方法。於習知控制方法中，係使用—種基於模型預測控制 的先進處理控制器來測定一組操作變數的同步控制行為， 以當控制一組控制變數中之至少一個時，使一組參數中之 至少一個最適化；其中該組操作變數包括重 的質量流速、輕質冷凍劑餾分的質量流速， 進料的質量流速；其中該組控制變數包括於 熱的溫度差以及於主要熱交換器中點的 其中一組欲適化之變數包括液化產品之產量 此習知方法被認為是有利的，因為混合 組成沒有被操作來最適化液化產品之產量。 現已發現到個別地控制混合冷凍劑的整體組 [發明内容] 本發明之—目的係在提供—種㈣方法，其中包含經 混合冷凍劑之整體組成的控制。 為此目的’液化氣態、富含^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 、 田3 τ[之進枓以獲得液化產 物之方法之特徵在於該方法更包 3 6周i冷凍劑的組成盥數 量並控制液化方法，其使用— 種基於核型預測控制的先進 處理控制器來測定一組操作變素 卞文數的同步控制行為，以當控 12 1314637 制一組控制變數中之至少一個時，使一組參數中之至少一 個最適化；其中該組操作變數包括重質冷凍劑餾分的質量 流速、輕質冷凍劑餾分的質量流速、冷凍劑成份之補充數 s、所移除之冷凍劑數量、冷凍劑壓縮機之容量以及富含 甲炫•進料的質量流速；其中該組控制變數包括位於主要熱 交換器溫熱端的溫度差、與液化天然氣溫度有關的變數、 進入步驟（d)分離器之冷凍劑組成、主要熱交換器之殼内的 壓力、步驟（d)分離器内之壓力以及步驟（d)分離器内之液體 尚度；以及其中一組欲最適化之變數包括液化產品之產量 _ 於說明書與申請專利範圍中，術語“操作變數，，是指 可被先進處理控制器操作之變數，而術語“控制變數，，是 =必須被先進處理控制器保持在預設值（設定值）或預 :範圍（疋範圍）内之變數。措詞“最適化變數”是指 最大化或最小化變數，並將變數維持在預設值。
杈型預測控制或基於預測控制的模型是一種習知技 ’例如請見Perry，s Chemical 取祕〇处，第 Γγ i 8-27頁。模型預測控制的重要特徵在於' 用Μ型與控制變數 ^ μ 歎之了侍的罝測來預測未來的處理行為 计异控制器的輸出以使 ’’’’ 預測之嘩“ H“曰數取適化，該性能指數為) 預測之决差與所計算之 的線性或二次函數…變動伽⑽⑽加1⑽ ，且預 ' ;母—絲#瞬㈤，會t複控制計> ，且預測值是基於目前旦 r ^ 種包含—組7主 里一值來更新。適當的模型為- 裡 ▲可表達操作變數 双耵匕制變數的步階回應之結j 13 1314637 之經驗步階回應模型（empirical step_resp〇nse m〇dei)。 可由個別的最適化步驟得到欲最適化之參數之最適值 ，或者可將欲最適化之變數包含於性能函數中。 ▲在應用模型預測控制之前，首先測定操作變數的㈣ 變化對欲最適化之變數及對控制變數之影響。此產生一組 步階回應係數。此組步階回應係數形成液化方法之模型預 測控制之基礎。 在正常操作過程中，控制變數之預測值則會為了一些 未來控制而經常計算。對於這些未來控制變動，計算性能 指數。性能指數包括二項，第一項表示每一控制變動中預 測誤差之未來控制變動的總和，而第二項表示每一控制變 動中操作變數變化之未來控制變動的總和。對每一控制變 數而言，預測誤差為控制變數之預測值與控制變數之參考 值間之差異。將預測誤差乘以加權因子，並將控制變動的 操作變數變化皆乘以變動抑制因子。此處所討論之性能指 數即為線性。 或者這些項可為平方項之加總，於此例中，性能指 數為二次方的。 此外，可對操作變數、操作變數的變化以及控制變數 作限制。其可產生一個別的方程組，該方程組可在性能指 數最小化的同時被解出。 可以兩種方式進行最適化，一種方式是在性能指數的 取小化之外個別地最適化，第二種方式是於性能指數中最 適化。 14 1314637 當個別地進行最適化時，欲最適化之變數被包括在每 控制變動中之預測块差的控制變數中’而此最適化可 到控制變數之參考值。 或者，於性能指數之計算中進行最適化’而此可得到 具有適當加權因子之性能指數之第三項。於此例中，控制 變數之參考值係預先設定為穩態值，其維持為常數。 考慮到為獲得未來控制變動之操作變數值所作的限制 1性能指數最小化。然而’僅執行下一個控制變動。然 後，再重新開始未來控制變動之性能指數之計算。 具有步階回應係數的模型與模型預測控制中所需方程 式為控制液化方法所執行之電腦程式的一部份。裝載有言 :-種可處理模型預測控制的程式之電腦程式被稱為先= 處理控制器。因為電腦程式是商業可得的，我們將不詳細 讨論此種程式。本發明是更關於選擇變數。 [實施方式] 現將參照所附之顯示液化天然氣工薇的流 說明本發明。 式术 液化天i氣的工廠包含具有溫熱端3、冷端5及中點7 的主要熱交換1卜主要熱交換器i的器壁8界定出咬 10:於殼側H)中，設置有從溫熱端3延伸至冷端5之第 官側13、從溫熱端3延伸至中點7之第二管側15，及 從溫熱端3延伸至冷端5之第三管側丨6。 及 於正常操作過程中，於提升壓力下將氣態、富含曱烷 的進料是經由在主要熱交換器溫熱端3的供應導管：： 15 1314637 應至主要熱交換器1的第-管側u。流經第-管側13的 進料則被在㈣1G内蒸發之冷㈣所冷卻、液化斑過冷 部。所得液化物流於主要熱交換器丨的冷端5 “導管^ 移出。將液化物流送至儲槽（土 _ 僧（未顯不），在此，液化物流 於大氣壓力下以液化產品儲存。 :發的冷冰劑從溫熱端3經由導管25移出主要熱交換 益1的设側1 〇。為調整洽洁卞 、 整體組成’成份像是氮氣 甲^乙烧與丙院可分別經由導管2仏鳩，％與
Hi25之冷凍劑中。導管26a至26d裝有適當可控制 :二25 #成份流動的閥件（未顯示）。冷凍 為混合冷康劑或多成份冷凍劑。 稱 总於冷凍劑壓縮機3〇中，壓縮蒸發的冷凍劑以得到 移出的咼壓冷凍劑。冷凍劑壓縮機3〇是由適當 .驅動，例如梦古扣制站1 巧建 。 衮有起動-輔助馬達（未顯示）的氣體渦輪 ‘ g 32内的高壓冷凍劑於空氣冷卻器42内冷 於熱交換哭 並
、°° 3中部分冷凝，以得部分冷凝的冷凍劑。〜 氣冷卻器49 ~r m ^ ^
^用熱交換器取代，於熱交換器中冷康 海水冷卻。 用U 同壓冷凌劑經由入口裝置46導入為分離容器45形φ 的分離器。於八她〜夕式 ;刀離谷器4 5中，部分冷凝的冷涑劑被八 液態重質A唾士丨& 刀成 、. 7 /東淛餾分以及氣態輕質冷凍劑餾分。液態重 f凍劑餾分從分離容器45的底部經由導管47移出， 態輕質冷滚劑顧分經由導管48移出乳 16 1314637 為調節冷凍劑的數量，重質冷凍劑可經由裝有閥 的導管49排出。 3 ,重質冷床劑餾分於主要熱交換器1的第二管側15過冷 部，以得到過冷卻之重質冷凍劑物流。過冷卻之重質冷凍 劑物流經由導管50移出主要熱交換器i，並得以在為膨服 閥51形式的膨脹裝置中膨脹。於減壓下，其於主要熱交 換器i之中點7經由導管52與噴嘴53導入主要熱交換： 1的殼側10。重質冷凍劑物流得以於減壓下於殼側蒸 發’藉此冷卻管側13, 15與16内的流體。 為調節冷凍劑的數量，齑能查晳火 %的導管54排出， 貝冷输經由裝有間 經由導官48移出的氣態輕f冷凌劑餘分流至主要熱交 得：二的第三f側16，並於此冷卻、液化與過冷卻，以獲 :導Π7之:出f主冷/劑物流。過冷卻之輕質冷康劑物流經 的膨脹裝置；膨脹t換器b並得以於膨脹閥58形式 端5經由導it 下，其於主要熱交換器1之冷 。_質冷:噴嘴60導入主要熱交換器1的殼側10 側13，15與16内的流體。 斤知液化物流從導管23移出主要埶交換考1，# ,ώ $ 閃蒸器70。導其” 、 女…、又換裔1，並流至 以容今斤士 Β上裝有為膨脹閥71形式的膨脹裝置， 口裝置ζ的減低’以致於減塵下經由閃蒸器70内的人 氣壓。膨脹：二:得液化物流。此減壓適當地大致等於大 服間71亦調節總流量。 17 1314637 廢氣從閃蒸$ 70頂部經由導 端閃蒸壓縮器（夫A t 5移出。廢氣可於終 液彳卜纟& ~ 以传到尚壓燃料氣體。 液化產物從閃蒸器70底部經 儲槽（未顯示）。 由導g 80移出，並流至 第個目的是使流經導管8 〇的y v 化，豆伤茲+ 的液化產物之生產量最大 化其係猎由膨脹閥71來操控。 預測控制的先進處理控 操作變數的同步控制行 之至少一個時，使液化 為達成此目的，使用基於模型 制器來控制液化方法，以測定—組 為，以當控制至少一組控制變數中 產物之產量最適化。 :組操作變數包括流經導管52(膨脹閥 ，分的質量流速、流經導管57(膨脹閱Μ)的；； 冷凍劑餾分的質量流速、冷;東劑 ' 其^ 术劁成伤補充之數量（經由導 二:至26d提供）、從導管49流出和/或從導管μ排出 的冷涑劑數量、冷康劑壓縮機3〇的容量以及流經導管2〇 "膨脹Μ 71操控）的富含甲燒進料的f量流速。於另 —具體實例中，膨脹渦輪（未顯Μ可置於膨 游的導管23中。 '—、這些操作變數中’重質冷凍劑餾分的質量流速、輕質 冷凍劑餾分的質量流速、冷凍劑成份補充之數量，及流出 或排出的冷床劑數量是有關於存貨或混合冷凌劑數=的 操作變數。 里 冷凍劑壓縮機30 (或數個壓縮機，其當使用超過一個 壓縮機時）的容量是以冷凍劑壓縮機的速度、冷凍劑壓縮 18 1314637 機入〇導引葉片的角度、或是冷珠劑壓縮機的速度與入口 導引葉片的角度兩者來決定。因此，冷凍劑壓縮機的操作 變數容量為冷凍劑壓縮機的速度、冷凍劑壓縮機入口導引 葉片的角度、或是冷凍劑壓縮機的速度與入口導引葉片的 角度兩者。 、該組控制變數包括主要熱交換器1之溫熱端3的溫度 差（即在導管20内之流體的溫度與導管25内之溫度的差 異）。 '適當地’控制另外之變數，其為中，點7的溫度差，亦 即為位於中點7夕μ , 於 ” 弟一官侧13内液化的氣體溫度與於位 J 之主要熱交換态1之殼側1 〇内之流體溫度的差 說明書與申請專利範圍中，此溫度差係指第-中點 /皿度差。 適當地’控制另外之變數，其為中 即為位於中點7之篦一其 又左π C9 μ λ Ε側13内液化的氣體溫度與經由 子g 5 2 入之重暂、、日入 書與申請專利範圍中山、 J左共於況明 。 '显度差異係稱為第二中點溫度差 點7之第一管側13内 適當地，又一 液化的氣體溫度。 控制變數為位於中 該組控制變數亦包
At 個關於液化天缺翁的声。|_丨 外，該組控制變數台人％ …轧的狐度。在丨 的冷束劑之組成 10内的壓力、以及分離容器4 3進入分離容器45 、主要熱交換11 1之殼側 内的液體高度。 19 1314637 該組欲最適化之變數包含液化產物之產量。 藉由選擇這些變數，可使用此基於模/預測控制的先 進處理控制來達成主要熱交換器1的控制。
申請人已經發現可達成一種有效且快速的控制，其容 許最適化液化產物之產量、控制主要熱交換器内之温度分 布，以及控制冷凍劑的組成與冷凍劑的數量或存貨。X 、本發明之本質在於領悟到混合冷凍劑的組成與存貨是 無法與液化產物之產量的最適化分離的。 控制變數之一為主要熱交換器 甘*β 裔1之，皿熱端3的溫度差 、、為導官20内之流體溫度與導管25内之溫度間之差里 熱端；的溫度保持在預定極限之内（最小極限值* ，大極限幻，以確保沒有液態冷錢可經 ^ 殼側10排出。 S u從 適當地’控制另一變數，其為中點7的溫度 位 、中點7之第-管側13内液化 之主尊献六械叫 J孔Μ /皿度與位於中點7 中‘’’、又、為1之殼側10内之流體溫度的差異。第一 ·.，溫度差應維持於預定範圍内。 ^ 一 適當地，控制另一蠻動， 於中點7之第# 數-為中點7的溫度差，即位 導入之重質混合冷珠劑物流 導官53 應維持於預定範圍内。 -第-中點溫度差 L田地又—控制變數為位於中 液化的氣體1 、甲點7之第一官側13内 4氣體皿度’且此溫度應保持在預定值以下。 控制變數之_ 1 > …〃、液化天然氣溫度有關的變數。適當 20 1314637 地，此為經由導管23移出主要熱交換器i的液化天然氣 咖度。或者’與液化天然氣溫度有關的變數為流經導管75 的廢氣量。 適富地’除了液化產物之產量之外，該組欲最適化之 數包括冷;東劑的氮含量與冷凍劑的丙烷含量，其中氮含 量被最小化，而丙烧含量被最大化。 如釗所述’最適化可分別進行，或於性能指數的計算 中進行。在後者例子中，以預定加權因子加權欲最適化之 變數。兩種方法皆容許操作員作選擇以使產量最大化或最 適化冷凍劑組成。 本發明之另一目的為使壓縮機之利用最大化。為此目 的，液化天然氣之產量被最大化直到達到壓縮機限制。因 此，該組控制變數更包括驅動冷凍劑壓縮機3〇 (或多個冷 康劑壓縮機，假使使用-個以上的冷康劑壓縮機）所需動 力。 另外冷凍劑壓縮機的速度亦為控制變數，因為其可 被降低直到位於溫熱端3之溫度差的最大值達到最大極限 值。 在熱交換器中，高塵冷康劑被部分冷凝。於此或一些 其他的（未顯示）#交換器中’熱係藉由輔助冷床劑（例 如丙烷）的間接熱交換而移除，輔 稍助冷凍劑於熱交換器的 殼側中於適當壓力下蒸發。 蒸發的輔助冷凍劑係在適當 ，延，像是氣體渦輪92所 驅動的輔助壓縮機90中壓縮。輔祕、人+ 輞助冷凍劑於空氣冷卻機 21 1314637 中冷凝’其中空氣為外部冷卻劑。在提升壓力下所冷凝 之輔助冷凍劑係經由具膨脹閥99的導管97流通至熱交換 器43的殼側。經冷凝的輔助冷凍劑得以於低壓下蒸發， 而瘵發的辅助冷凍劑再經由導管1〇〇回到輔助壓縮機Μ 中。應瞭解可利用超過一個的輔助壓縮機，其可以平行或 串聯方式配置。 空氣冷卻機95可以熱交換器取代，其中冷;東劑以 冷卻。 % 為整合輔助冷珠劑之循環控制與主要熱交換器ι的控 ^該、’且細作變數更包含輔助冷凍劑壓縮機90或多個壓 ::機的容量，而該組控制變數更包含驅動輔助冷康劑壓縮 縮機之利用。 動力…^式’可最大化丙貌壓 劑壓縮機9。(或多個塵縮機，假使使用一個 機=Γ㈣縮機時）的容量係由輔助冷凌劑壓縮 2的速度、輔助冷來劑壓縮機入口導引葉片的角 β 冷凍劑壓縮機的速度與入口導引 —疋 因此，辅助冷康劑I縮機的操作變數容旦=者所決定。 縮機的速度、輔助冷綠 是冷决劑壓縮機的速度與入 备、的角度、或 等5丨桊片的角度兩者。 在圖式所顯示之具體實施例中， 有閥術的導管49排出，而氣態輕質冷：:=經由設 54a的導管54排出。或者，Ό入 7 J可由设有闕 縮機3G下游的㈣3^/“冷㈣;可從位於冷凌㈣ …出。在此方式中，亦可調節冷珠 22 1314637 劑的數量。 【圖式簡單說明】 (一） 圖式部分 圖1為顯示液化天然氣工廠之流程圖 (二） 元件代表符號 1 熱交換器 3 溫熱端 5 冷端 7 中點 8 器壁 10 殼側 13 第一管側 15 第二管側 16 第三管側 20 供應導管 23 導管 25 導管 26a 導管 26b 導管 26c 導管 26d 導管 30 壓縮機 32 導管 35 氣體渦輪 23 1314637 42 空氣冷卻機 43 熱交換器 45 分離器容器 46 入口裝置 47 導管 48 導管 49 導管 49a 閥 50 導管 51 膨脹閥 52 導管 53 噴嘴 54 導管 54a 閥 57 導管 58 膨服閥 59 導管 60 喷嘴 70 閃蒸器 71 膨脹閥 72 入口裝置 75 導管 80 導管 81 高度 24 1314637 90 輔助壓縮機 92 氣體渦輪 95 空氣冷卻機 97 導管 99 膨脹閥 100 導管 25

Claims (1)

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/日修(%正替換頁 拾、申請專利範圍 1、一種液化氣態、富含甲烷之進料以獲得液化產品 之方法，該液化方法包括以下步驟： (a)提供高壓之氣態、富含甲烷之進料至位於主要熱交 換器溫熱端之主要熱交換器的第一管側，以蒸發冷凍劑來 冷卻、液化及過冷卻該氣態、富含甲烧之進料，以獲得液 化物流，從主要熱交換器的冷端將液化物流移出主要熱交 換器，並將液化物流當作液化產品送至儲槽； (b) 從位於主要熱交換器溫熱端之主要熱交換器的殼侧 移出蒸發冷凍劑； (c) 於至少一個冷凍劑壓縮機中壓縮蒸發冷凍劑，以獲 得高壓冷;東劑； (d) 部分冷凝高壓冷凍劑，並於分離器中將部分冷凝之 冷來劑分離成液態重質冷㈣⑽與氣態㈣冷耗館份 (e)於主要熱交換器之第二管側過冷卻重質冷殊劑館分籲 ’以獲得過冷卻之重質冷;東劑物流，於減壓下將重質冷凍 劑物流導入位於主要熱交換器中點之主要熱交換器的殼側 ’並使重質冷凍劑物流於殼側内蒸發；以及 ⑴於主要熱交換器之第三管側冷卻、液化及過冷卻至 少部分的輕質冷;東劑潑分’以獲得過冷卻之輕質冷珠劑物 流，於減壓下將輕質冷凍劑物流導入位於主要熱交換器冷 端之主要熱交換器的殼側’並使輕質冷_物流於殼侧内 26 1314 mr? 曰修(0正替換頁 蒸發’其特徵在於
該方法更包含調整冷凍劑的組成與數量並控制液化方 =，其使用一種基於模型預測控制的先進處理控制器來測 定組操作變數的同步控制行為，以當控制一組控制變數 中之至少一個時，使一組參數中之至少一個最適化，其中 忒組刼作變數包括重質冷凍劑餾分的質量流速、輕質冷凍 劑镏分的冑量流速、冷來劑成份之補充數量、所移除之冷 凍劑數量、冷凍劑壓縮機之容量以及富含甲烷進料的質量 机速，其中該組控制變數包括位於主要熱交換器溫熱端的 恤度差與液化天然氣溫度有關的變數、進入步驛（d)分離 器之冷凍劑組成、主要熱交換器之殼内的壓力、步驟（d)分 離器内之壓力以及步驟（d)分離器内之液體高度，以及其中 欲最適化之該組變數包括液化產品之產量。 2、 如申請專利範圍第丨項之方法，其特徵在於該組 控制變數更包含第一中點溫度差。
3、 如申請專利範圍帛丨項之方法，其特徵在於該組 控制變數更包含第二中點溫度差。 4、 如申請專利範圍第i項之方法，其特徵在於該組 控制變數更包含於中點之第一管側中所液化之氣體的溫度 5、 如申請專利範圍第i項之方法’其特徵在於與液 化天然氣之溫度有關之變數為從主要熱交換器移出之液化 天然氣之溫度。 6、 如申請專利範圍第丨項之方法’其更包含降低液 27 1314声f月/ _/)正替換頁 ’ I 丨 _|J · 化物流之壓力以獲得送至儲槽之液化產品與廢氣，其特徵 在於與液化天然氣溫度有關之變數為廢棄之數量。 7、 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法，其特徵在於調節 冷凍劑之數量包含抽出氣態冷凍劑。 8、 如申請專利範圍第丨項之方法，其特徵在於調節 冷凍劑之數量包含排出液態冷凍劑。 9、 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法，其中該冷凍劑包 含氮氣與丙烷，其特徵在於該組欲最適化之變數更包含冷 凍劑之氮氣含量與冷凍劑之丙烷含量，其中氮氣含量被最 _ 小化，而丙烷含量被最大化。 10、 如申請專利範圍項之方法’其特徵在於該組 控制變數更包含驅動冷凍劑壓縮機所需的動力。 11、 如申請專利範圍第i至10項中任一項之方法， 其特徵在於冷凍劑壓縮機之操作變數容量為冷凍劑壓縮機 之速度、冷凍劑壓縮機之入口導引葉片角度，或二者。 12、 如申請專利範圍第i至1〇項中任一項之方法，馨 其中在至少-個熱交換器中，藉由與在適當壓力下蒸發之 輔助冷束劑的間接熱交換來進行部分冷凝高壓冷來劑，而 其中蒸發的輔助冷珠劑係於至少—_助冷涞劑壓縮機中 壓縮，並藉由與外部冷卻劑熱交換而冷凝，其特徵在於誃 組操作變數更包含輔助冷凍劑壓縮機 於該 ^ Μ及該植控 制變數更包含驅動該輔助冷凍劑壓縮機所需之動力。、' 13、 如申請專利範圍第i至1〇 ° ^ 項之方法， 28 1314 1314
其特徵在於輔助冷凍劑壓縮機之操作變數容量為輔助冷凍 劑壓縮機之速度，輔助冷凍劑壓縮機之入口導引葉片角度 ，或二者。 拾壹、圖式： 如次頁
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CN1745285A (zh) 2006-03-08
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US20040255615A1 (en) 2004-12-23
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