TW415048B - Low stress method and apparatus of underfilling flip-chip electronic devices - Google Patents

Low stress method and apparatus of underfilling flip-chip electronic devices Download PDF

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Publication number
TW415048B
TW415048B TW088106587A TW88106587A TW415048B TW 415048 B TW415048 B TW 415048B TW 088106587 A TW088106587 A TW 088106587A TW 88106587 A TW88106587 A TW 88106587A TW 415048 B TW415048 B TW 415048B
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Taiwan
Prior art keywords
wafer
semiconductor
assembly
patent application
dielectric layer
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Application number
TW088106587A
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English (en)
Inventor
Sunil Nmi Thomas
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Texas Instruments Inc
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Publication of TW415048B publication Critical patent/TW415048B/zh

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  • Encapsulation Of And Coatings For Semiconductor Or Solid State Devices (AREA)

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415048 A7 B7 經濟部t央標準局貝工消費合作社印製 五、發明説明() 廣義而言’本發明與積體電路總成的領域有關,更明 確地說’與降低具有低介電常數之介電層的半導體晶片與 基底倒襄組合時機械應力的方法有關。 •炉 T.* 發明背景 眾所皆知’將具有積體電路的半導體晶片構裝到印刷 電路基板上疋以焊塊(solder bump)連接。半導體晶片上的 積體電路與印刷電路基板間有一間隙。焊塊延伸跨過間 隙’連接積體電路晶片上的接墊與印刷電路基板上的接墊 以固定晶片’並電氣導通印刷電路基板與晶片間的電氣信 號、電源與接地電位。晶片所用的半導體材料與印刷電路 基板所用的典型材料,兩者間的熱脹係數(CTE)差異非常 大;例如’以矽為材料的半導體與以FR-4塑膠為材料的 基板間,CTE的差異大約在丨個數量級。 當使用或測試期間,晶片/基板總成會承受熱循環, CTE差異所導致的結果是產生機械應力。這些應力彳頃向使 焊塊連接疲勞產生裂痕,最後導致總成失效。為強化焊接 不致影響電氣連接,習慣上會在間隙中填充聚合材料,以 密封住焊塊並填滿半導體與基板間的任何間隙。例如,IBM 公司發展的著名“C-4”處理,矽晶片與陶瓷基板間的所有 空間都填滿聚合材料。 典型上’是在焊塊回流使積體電路晶片與印刷電路基 板接合後再施加密封材料β聚合物的前質(precursor),有 時稱之為“底部填料”,先置於晶片四周的基板上,接著被 (請先聞讀背面之注意事項再ο本頁) t
、-'B 丁 本紙張尺度逋用中國國家標準(CNS > A4规格(210X 297公釐) A7 B7___ 五、發明説明() 毛細力吸入間隙中。前質被加熱,聚合材料聚合並“硬化” 形成密封材料。此碌化所需的升溫與溫度循環也會產生機 械應力,對晶片與焊接也是有傷害。應力可能會將焊接層 分,破壞晶片的鈍態’或使裂縫傳播到電路結構1¾'一般 來說,積體電路的層結構對裂痕的敏感度隨著各層厚度變 薄急速增加。 -裝 •訂 嫁 經濟部中央標準局貝工消費合作社印製 已有人提出減少或減輕熱應力對總成有害影響的技術 方法,藉以延長總成的使用壽命。例如,1998年2月24曰 的美國專利 5,720,100(Skip〇r et al.,“Assembly Having a Frame Embedded in a Ploymeric Encapsulant and Method for Forming Same”)中描述的方法是在硬化聚合物的前質之 前’先嵌入陶瓷或礬土製成的框,以使積體電路晶片大致 是置於框上。在硬化期間或稍後的熱循環期間,框提供增 強的機械強度,藉著局部約束基板與密封材料以降低應力 的影響,框是固定於基板,因此,框成為基板整體的一部 分。此方法過於昂貴且不能避免出現於首位的應力。直到 現在’對於熱引發之應力的問題’以及它對機械性脆弱的 隔離體或金屬-半導體結構有害的影響,都還没有一種值 得出示的解決方案。 此外,整個半導體工業不斷付出極大的努力藉縮短RC 時間常數以提高多層金屬積體電路的速度,較佳的方法是 降低層間及層内的電容C而非電阻R。降低c的方法是發展 低介電常數的材料或結構來製造隔離層,额外的好處是減 小毗鄰信號線間的感庳電壓或串擾,這對數位信號處理元 -4- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) A4規格(210X297公釐] " -- 415048 A7 B7
五、發明説明( 件特別重要。 製造低介電常數之薄層的方法描述於1997年3月4日% 美國專利 5,607,773(Ahlburn et al.,“Method of Forming a
Multilevel dielectric”)。文中教導電漿生成之四·£氣'基矽 院0^11^61;1171〇11:11〇3出〇&16,丁£〇8)氧化物與含石夕的氫倍半氧 石夕焼•(hydrogen silsesquioxane,HSQ)層交替沈積與硬化的 方法。HSQ膜的介電常數比電漿TEOS氧化物或臭氧TEOS 氧化物的介電常數低。因此,介電膜的密度與多孔性經由 吸收或釋出水分來影響介電常數。其它方面的努力是研究 有機材料或化學蒸氣沈積聚合物所形成的薄層。所有這些 努力(以及甚至硬氧化物)都充分地顯示膜的厚度在變薄’ 致使層對機械應力的敏感度大幅增加。此趨勢在大面積的 晶片特別顯著,因為應力水準會隨著離開晶片中心的距離 而增加。元件在構裝到客戶的電路板期間,或元件在操作 或在溫度循環與測試期間,薄層上的裂痕很容易發展’因 而造成元件損壞。 因此,出現對選擇组裝材料與製造方法的需要’要能 提供無應力、簡單且成本低的方法,適甩於大ΐ晶片半導 體產品的晶片與基板的組裝。同時,該方法應具有彈性’ 可應用到各種材料以及各種不同的製程,以增進半導體元 件的可靠度。這些增進最好可以在不必投資新製造機具的 情況下,使用現有的設備達成。 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS > A4規格(2丨0X297公釐) 415048
、發明説明( 經濟部中央標率局貝工消費合作社印«» 本發明包括半導體球柵陣列封裝、晶片尺寸封裝、以 藉大幅降低製造顧的應力以增進機械的可 二。本發明對於所有使用低介電常數及高度機ά«碎之 :隔離層的半導體產品特別重要,經常是用於多層架構 °本發明定義焊附與底部填充的處理規則,以及製造薄 介電層中不會有裂痕之晶片/基板總成的方法。 半導體總成’如球柵陣列封裝,包含熱脹係數(CTE) 不同的材料,匕們緊密地機械耦合在—起,甚至相互固結。 CTE以ppm/t:表示’矽大约是2 3,各種金屬從43到17 〇, 各種塑膠從16.0到25.0。因此,這些總成無論何時藶經溫 度的變化,溫度增加或降低的改變,都會引發這些耦合在 一起之材料間不同的膨脹與收縮,致使在組件各部分中建 立了伸張與壓縮應力。如果封裝是均勻的層狀結構,在每 一獨立層中的應力可能可以利用模式分析。不過,封裝不 是均勻的層,層不均勻的情況造成應力集中。此外,封裂 是經由一連串的熱處理步驟組合’它在各不同層間建立了 應力。經證實’要量化這些應力,並定出最大應變與應力 的位置’藉由測試結構的有限元素分析與量測是不可避免 的。 在已知的技術中,這些最大的應變與應力會造成嚴重 的可靠度衰退》晶片之多層連接層中特別易碎的薄隔離 層、半導體上的鈍性層、靠近晶片角落的塑膠材料、位於 晶片與封裝角落附近的焊接等都有危險。本發明的處理方 -6 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準< CMS >A4规格(2丨0X297公釐)
415048 A7 B7 五、發明説明() 法消除了首位的應力’且允許徹底地增進產品的可靠度。 為設計設備’本發明應用某些流體動力定律以及可變 形媒體’並將其延伸到複雜的半導體產品製造情況。 以在不同部分具有不同截面q之管中流動的奇备、形媒 體而言’單位時間流過每一個截面的可變形媒體量直接正 比於此截面中的q與與速度v : q v = const. 在管中,可變形媒體在最小截面處的流速最快。 流體的速度v與它的壓力相關: 1/2 v2 + p = const. 流體的速度大則它'的壓力小。因此,在較小截面處.的 壓力小於較大截面處的壓力。 不同長度的管長1分隔管中不同的截面部分,必須考 慮沿的管長的壓力降;壓力降視層流對於擾動的特性而 定。 可變形媒體在半徑r長度1的管中以速度v流動,平均 整個管截面’所經歷的壓力降p是摩擦所造成。就理想狀 經濟部中央標準局貝工消費合作社印聚 況而言’例如忽略流體的慣性,HAGEN與POISEUILLE發 現層流 p = 81v/r2(=動態黏滯力) 媒體沿著管長度的壓力降直接正比於平均速度的一次 方,反比於管徑的平方。 反言之,擾流的關係是 p = lv2/r (=密度,=無單位的數字,與從 -Ί - 本紙張尺度適用中A4規格(21〇><297公釐) 經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印製 A7 _B7_ 五、發明説明() 層流轉移到擾流的REYNOLD標準 有關) 媒體沿著管長度的壓力降直接正比於平均速度的平 方,反比於管徑一次.方。 本發明包括在需要的位置分配可變形媒體的裝置,在 單位時間内,在所有分配管出口的可變形媒體量都要相 等。由於分配管是以不同長度的橫管連接,因此必須修改 每一個出口(“管嘴”)的截面以補償沿著這些不同長度的壓 力降,俾使單位時間離開管嘴的可變形媒體的量相等。由 於使用的可變形媒體較黏稠,且媒體是塑膠前質與散布均 勻且濃密的固體填充料的混合物,因此實際的解很複雜。 設備的重要設計特徵是從曲線圖中得到,以媒體的流動特 性(聚合物前質、填充料、溫度、黏滯力)做為參數。為在 重複的距離Ο間距I配置管嘴,要組裝於基板上之晶片的 外緣總數也是另一個參數。 本發明的目的是藉選擇焊接的溫度曲線以及底部瑱充 的方法,相互增進半導體球栅陣列與晶片尺寸封裝的可靠 度。 本發明的另一項目的是提供設備的設計與處理方法, 它們具有彈性,因此它們能應用到數種產品系列,且具有 普遍性,因此它們能應用於數種未來的產品。 本發明的另一項目的是提供低價、高速的製造與組裝 方法。 本發明的另一項目的是使重大投資成本最小,且可使 -8- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) Α4規格(210X297公釐) vm tv^i I (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再o本頁)
、1T 線. 415048 at B7 五、發明説明() 用現有製造設備。 (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再本頁) 這些目的經由本發明的設備設計與方法流程,以及量 產方法來達成。已成功地使用各種修改以滿足產品的幾何 形狀與材料的選擇。’… 本發明的一種實施例是提供底部填充製程中改變溫度 的方法,根據有限元素分析,將晶片之介電層内以及組裝 之焊球接合的應力,降至總成能安全操作的值。 本發明的另一種實施例包括控制溫度與量測溫度的裝 置,適合實際用於本發明的製造方法以量產應力低的總 成。 本發明另一種實施例包括多控制分配可變形媒體的裝 置。 本發明還有一種實施例是多控制分配裝置的分配率與 管嘴到中央給料管的距離及管嘴截面有關,俾產生所欲的 分配率,例如所有管嘴都相同的分配率。 從以下對本發明較佳實施例的描述,並配合附圖及申 請專利範圍中所宣告的新穎特徵,將可明白本發明代表的 進步技術。 ‘ 中 央 標 i 合 作 社 圖式概沭 圖1是積體電路晶片使用焊球附著於基板的簡單戴面 略圊,晶片與基板間的間隙以聚合的密封材料填充 即 圖2是圖1的部分放大圖,強調薄層結構中的某些 -9 - 本紙張尺度適用中國囷家樣準(CNS) A4規格(210>;297公疫 415048 A7 B7 五、發明説明() 圖3描繪以標準組裝方法之倒裝晶片球柵陣列元件中 溫度與應力的時間圖。 請 先 聞 背 之 注 圖4描繪根據本發明組裝方法之倒裝晶片球柵陣列元 件中溫度與應力的時.間圖。 ’ 一 圖5是根據本發明之方法模式的結果,圖中所繪的是 矩(力矩)是總成冷卻溫度的函數。 圖6略示根據本發明之方法,用於量產之裝置中溫度 控制與量測的特徵。 圖7略示使用單分·配管嘴的傳統底部填充方法。 圖8略示根據本發明的多管嘴分配設備,以均一的速 率分配可變形材料填充元件的底部。 訂 圖9比較圖8之分配設備中所使用之管嘴的截面。 圖10歸納根據本發明之分配率、分配管嘴與中央給料 管之距離及管嘴截面間的關係。 線 附錄圖1是根據本發明所定義之處理參數得到的剪應 力與剪力的模式結果。 附錄圖2是根據本發明所定義之處理參數得到的剝離 (力距)應力與剝離(力距)力的模式結果。 經濟部中央樣準局貝工消費合作社印製 較佳實施例詳細說明 本發明提供能使微電子總成(如圖1所示)中機械應力 最小的方法。圖2是圖1之部分總成的放大,圖中顯示薄層 結構的某些細節。積體電路晶片10,以矽為佳,包括活性 表面11與非活性表面12,兩者皆為平面且相互平行。許多 -10- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS > A4規格(210X297公釐) 415048 A7 B7 五、發明説明() 經濟部中央標準局貝工消費合作社印製 接墊I3,最好是由鋁Ha及耐火金屬(如鈦或鎢)以及貴金 屬(如紅、金、鉑等)結合而成,配置於活性表面丨丨。晶片 10構裝於基板14上’與許多接塾15連接,但兩者間零分開 一間隙16。基板14最好是由FR-4或玻璃_環氧樹脂^氣成; 接塾15最好是由可焊接的銅製成’焊塊17附著於晶片1〇, 焊塊橫跨間隙’電氣地與機械地連接晶片上的接塾13與基 板上的接塾15 *低?jin·錯-錫合金的焊塊17的炼點經過選擇, 使焊料能在實用的溫度回流。 以矽晶片而言’在圖1與2中的保護覆蓋層19最好是氮 化矽’典型的厚度範圍在800到1200奈米。在最新式的高 速積體電路本身内,多層金屬層中使用的隔離層最好是低 介電常數的介電層。此類介電層例如氫倍半氧石夕烷 hydrogen silsesquioxane(HSQ)基的旋附玻璃;或者是三夾 層結構,第一層膜是電漿生成的四乙氧基矽烷 tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS)氧化物,接著的第二層膜是 無機多孔的低密度HSQ氧化矽所構成,再接著的第三層膜 疋電策生成的TEOS氧化物或是甲妙氧烧(methylsiloxane) 基的旋附玻璃。典型三夾層的厚度範圍最好是從300到700 奈米°另一種選擇是由有機材料所構成的層。無論是那一 種情況,其目標都是產生介電常數在大約4.0到3.0間的介 電層。 間隙16填充聚合的密封材料18,它延展於整個印刷電 路基板,大約是以晶片為周界。密封材料18通常稱其為“底 部填充”材料,其主要目的是降低總成中的機械應力;另 -11 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CMS > A4規格(210X297公釐) 請 先 閲 讀 之 注 意
I # 装 絲 A7 B7 經濟部4-央標準局負工消費合作社印裝 415048 五、發明説明() 一個目的是為保護晶片的活性表面^為明瞭有關底部填充 之習知技術的不適當及本發明的重要,必須研究機械應力 的起源。 矽是晶片10的較佳半導體材料,它的CTE在hf3ppm/ °C,不過,典型基板14的CTE在15到22ppm/t:,總成中金 屬的CTE在4,3到17.0ppm/°c之間變化。這些材料在球栅陣 列封裝中相互緊密地機械耦合在一起,甚至固結在一起, 圖3中繪製的溫度曲線是組裝時間的函數,溫度以。c量測, 時間的單位為分鐘。在同一圖中’應力(任意單位)是由同 ~~封裝的有限元素模式決定,也是組裝時間的函數。 在圖3中所示的標準組裝流程的前20分鐘,焊塊的回 流是在溫度曲線中標示為30的一段,而對應的應力曲線是 段31。溫度到達最高點22〇。〇(參考編號30a)是因為要超過 低熔點錫-鉛合金的熔點183°C (錫的重量百分比為63)。在 焊塊嫁化及開始冷卻時的應力都為零’如圖中的參考點3ia 所示,而且在到達熔點183°C之前都保時在零。總成繼續 冷卻,應力開始出現(3lb)且快速增加。當到達室溫(3〇b), 應力的水準到達(31c) ’已高到裂痕損害已加害到總成中 結構最弱的部分,特別是焊接結合處、晶中片的多層介電 膜、或圖1及2中所示的保護覆蓋膜19。圖1及2中的積體電 路晶片10現已安置於基板14上,因此每一個基板接墊15都 與晶片接墊13對齊,焊塊介於其間。以本例而言,晶片之 活性表面11與基板間的間隙16最好是在25到150微米之 間。 -12 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家摞準(CNS ) A4规格(210X297公釐)
A7 B7 經濟部中央標準局負工消費合作社印裝 五、發明説明() 在標準的製程中,接下來的步驟是對總成再加溫以將 聚合物前質18底部填充到間隙16内。總成移到底部填充的 工作站’溫度增加到75至90°C (圖3中參考編號32)以降低 塑勝前質的黏滯力。標準的分配程序是使用單管;g射, 如圖7中所示。通常,是在基板14上毗鄰晶片10的周界分 配一或數滴塑膠前質。接著前質被毛細力吸入間隙16内, 直到從晶片表面到基板間及焊球四周的間隙16完全充滿為 止’沒有留下空洞’空洞會引發其它的失效機制。 雖然在分配溫度時總成内的應力下降,如圊3中從3lc 到33a下斜的應力數據所示。不過,一旦總成移到下一個 工作站冷卻到室溫(32b),應力再度增加到值(33b),與先 前的冷卻循環(31c)—樣高。在這些應力水準之下,裂痕 繼續損害晶片中結構較弱的介電膜。再移到下一個工作 站’溫度再度上升(34)到120到18(TC之間以聚合或“硬化,, 聚合物前質。經過60到120分鐘後,將完成密封的總成缓 慢地回到室溫(36)。 在硬化循環期間’應力值再度變小(35),但當冷卻周 期期間應力再一次增加。由於密封材料具有干擾與吸收應 力的特性’因此它們仍保持在可接受的低到中水準(37)。 最後所得到的密封材料典型上顯現的CTE在大約ι8到 30ppm/eC,比矽晶片的CTE值近’乎大了一個數量級。 根據本發明’很仔細地修改了上述的製造方法以避免 在首位出現應力。根據以下描述的應力模式的結果,圖4 顯示新组裝流程的新溫度·時間與應力_時間圖。在2〇分鐘 -13- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標率(CNS ) A4規格(210X297公後)
415048 A7 B7 經濟部中央標準局貝工消費合作社印裝 五、發明説明() 的焊接回流周期40期間,要超過低熔點鉛-錫合金的炼點 183°C到達220°C(大約60到120秒,如圖4中的參考編號4〇a 所示)。應力曲線41顯示應力水準為零(41a),一直到達溶 點溫度183 C,應力都保時在零水準41a。在接下束的冷卻 期間’焊塊固化’但總成仍保持在80至140°C之間的高溫, 在90到100°C之間較佳(如圖4中的參考編號40b所示)。在 此段期間,應力從零水準41a稍增加到的非臨界值41b,遠 低於可能危及晶_片之結構脆弱的介電層或焊接點的水準, 固化的焊塊高度最在25到到150微米之間,經常大約是1〇〇 微米。 重點是不允許總成繼續冷卻到室溫,而是在整侗底部 填充的周期中,都保持在固定的高溫(圖4中的42),此周 期至少20分鐘。根據本發明的裝置描述於以下的圖6,底 部填充製程的設備描述於圖8、9、10。現請再參閱圖〖及2〔 聚合物前質分配於基板14毗鄰晶片1〇的周緣。聚合物前質 是由可熱或輕射能量硬化的材料構成,最好是由無水-硬 化的聚合物前質構成,例如環氧樹脂。它通常包含催化劑, 例如胺的化合物,以及填充料,例如二氧化矽(或礬土)。 Dexter Hysol公司供應的FP4527就是適合的材料。在底部 填充的循環期間不要冷卻,總成中的應力仍保持在低水準 43(圖4)。 此外,本發明的裝置在底部填充程序完成之後不需要 冷卻到室溫》總成仍停留在相同的反應室中,直接繼續增 溫到底部填充的前質聚合(“硬化,’)所需的溫度44〇在此時 -14- 本紙張尺度逍用中國國家標率(CNS ) A4规格(21〇x297公竣) 諳 先 閲 讀 背 © 之 注 意 事 再 r t Γ
I 415048 A7 —1 I 一 _________B7 五、發明説明(、 " -----_ =範圍(大約6G到12G分鐘),應力降到非f低的水準 夂之後密封材料完全硬化’可以在冷卻周期將溫 至溫46 ’同時應力僅稍增加到值47,遠低於會對結構 之介電膜或烊接點造.成任何損壞的危險。如所希.-£:整個 總成的應力近乎是均勻分布,而且大部分都被密封材料吸 收。 為定義能將半導體晶片焊接於基板上時所產生之過量 應力的破壞影響降至最小的有效且實用製程,焊球(或焊 塊)的高度或直徑為0j毫米,選擇最糟的位置’即晶片·基 板總成的角落做有限元素分析。最糟的位置已於早先在單 元失效分析中,以有裂痕的焊接點或有裂痕的介電層或保 護隔離層增加以確認β剪應力及剝離(張)應力的大小經過 刀析’疋從谭塊周緣的一點橫過對角線到相對點之位置的 函數。以應力做為參數繪製與冷卻溫度相關的圖(22〇到2〇 °0:與22〇到180°C做比較,其間有數項選擇)。附錄圖1顯示 剪應力的圖’附錄圖2顯示剝離(張)應力的圖。 兩圖的共同特徵都是橫過焊塊的直徑出現了極大的應 力’量測單位為百萬帕(Mpa),從靠近總成中央一側的負 值改變到遠離中央一側的正值。溫度變化幅度大者,剪應 力與張應力到達最大值,只有當溫度變化幅度適度者,應 力值才會縮小到可以接受的水準,例如從220到lOtrc。從 此項結果可得到冷卻循環的結束溫度在l〇〇°C附近是具吸 引力且切合實際的》在附錄圖1中顯示來自剪應力的剪力 與冷卻循環結束溫度的關係。附錄圖2中顯示,來自張應 -15- 本紙張尺度適财關家標準(CNS)八4祕(21{)><297公疫) A7 B7 415048 五、發明説明() 力的剝離力是冷卻循環結束溫度的函數。在兩種情況中, 從焊接點及介電層之機械強度的觀點來看’結束溫度在100 °C附近所致使的力完全可以忍受。 附錄的圖綜述於圖5。圖5是分析焊塊/焊球位置 關於中心點由合力乘以橫過焊塊介面之位移所產生的矩 (力矩)。同樣地,選擇封裝中位在角落情況最糟的焊球分 析’焊球的高度或直徑是0.1毫米。可以很清楚看到,焊 塊/焊球周緣的矩到達最大值,但如果冷卻循環的最終溫 度值保持在大約lOOt,就可以降到可以忍受的值。圖5中 的合矩(力矩)以牛頓乘毫米(Nmm)表示,是冷卻循環最終 溫度的函數。當冷卻循環的最終溫度值保持在大約l〇(TC 附近,合矩就可到達可接受的值。即使是機械性最脆弱的 焊接點或介電層,都可以忍受在此冷卻溫度所經歷的矩(力 矩)。從材料、製程與設備、及量產的限制等觀點來看, 溫度範圍從90到130°C是非常實際的。因此,本發明之冷 卻循環的較佳最終溫度大約是l〇〇°C。對某些產品而言, 較佳的冷卻溫度是1〇〇它;此值用於圖4中。 圖6顯示本發明實施例的半導體球柵陣列封裝及基板 與倒裝晶片總成6〇a的處理容器,它提供圖4描繪之製程所 要求的溫度循環與控制。在具有氣體及濕度控制之大氣的 容器61内’可以在一連串的鎢鹵素燈62a上同時放置許多 (到數百個)單元。輻射熱施加到基板60b的背面。可以只 使用燈施加輻射熱,也可使用反射器62b以提升效率。鎢 _素燈的型式描述於96年11月6日提出的專利申請案 -16 - 本紙張X度適用中國國家橾準(CNS)八4規格(21〇><297公釐) 415048 A7 B7 五、發明説明() 08/734,691,它接續自94年6月7曰提出的申請案 08/255,197 ’ 名稱為“〇pticai Die Bonding for Semiconductor 請 先 閱 讀 背 之 注 意 事 項 再
Devices” ’以及97年n月2〇曰提出的專利申請案 訂 60/066,268 ’ 名稱為 “Wafer-Scale Assembly of 6hirp-Size Package ”,皆讓予德州儀器公司。使用輻射能熱源與鎔 爐不同之處是可以快速升溫,以也可更均勻且更容易控制 加熱與冷卻循環。輻射加熱可以很平順地從環境溫度轉變 到所欲的高溫,且熱反應很快速。輻射能以由光學熱源放 射的近紅外光為佳,例如白熱燈(鎢絲填充氙氣的鹵素 燈)。例如,已發現矽能快速吸收近紅外光,該光的波長 從0_8微米到大約2.8微米。此外,不會吸收近紅外光的選 擇性反射表面,可將熱限制於封裝本身;藉在載台或其它 暴露於光下的非活性區域使用選擇性反射表面,在封裝加 熱的同時’其它部分可以停留在較低的溫度。因此,封裝 可以快速加熱到焊球60c開以熔化與回流的溫度(典型上是 183。〇。 線 經濟部中失標準局負工消費合作社印装 本發明的重要特徵是加熱與前質分配步驟都是在單一 裝置中進行,且是單一作業,不需要移動,因此不會有任 何失準或遭受微粒污染的危險,這些在傳統的鏈鑪加熱作 業中都很容易發生。跟隨在焊料回流步驟之後的是底部填 充步驟,且兩步驟結合,不僅只是代表組裝前之零件的加 熱。 使用閉路溫度控制的策略以控制組裝中之晶片的溫度 曲線。改變跨接於燈上的電壓即可改變封裝的溫度,因為 -17- 本紙浪尺度逋用中國國家標準(CNS > A4規格(210X297公釐) 115048 A7 B7 經濟部中央標準局員工消费合作社印裂 五、發明説明( 燈所產生的熱量與施加的電壓成正比。使用非接觸式或接 觸式熱電耦或高溫溫度計63監視總成的即時溫度,並將資 訊饋送至溫度控制器64,根據封裝之實際溫度與既定封裝 溫度間的差,藉以修正跨於燈上的電壓。可以在氣體 的環境中進行加熱與冷卻的步驟,例如乾氮氣或經過過濾 的氣體,提供額外的製程控制,並防止微粒落於元件表面。 在快速升溫曲線的較佳實施例中,架構了質量特別輕 的反射器總成(圖6中的參考編號62b),使用重量輕的堅固 骨架與薄片金屬的反射器面。反射器的内表面是高度拋光 的鋁(對於所使用的波長範圍具有高反射率及低吸收率)。 反射組件的外表面是經過處理的耐高溫黑表面,以增加從 外表面的放射率與再輻射,因此反射器總成具有快速冷卻 的能力。 在標準製程中,許多附有焊球70b的晶片70a及基板71 置於支撐台上,如略圖7中所示。附單管嘴73的注射器72 位於晶片70a的周緣。以些許壓力分配聚合物前質74,俾 使管嘴上形成滴點75。滴點從管嘴分離後施加於晶片周 緣。如前所述,基板71已預先加熱,前質被毛細力吸入晶 片70a與基板71間的間隙。一或數滴的聚合物前質形成總 成的束帶76。之後,毛細管72移動到下一個晶片與基板, 以便生產下一個總成。整個製程耗去相當多時間且不易控 制。 圖8是描繪本發明實施例的略圖。可控制可加熱的台 面80可接受與固定極多的基板81。每一個基板是由電氣絕 -18- 本紙張尺度逍用中國國家標準^⑽一姑^㈠⑴^^了公嫠)
(請先閱讀背面之注意事項苒本I •裝 線- 415048 at _______B7 五、發明説明() 緣的材料;1^成,且有許多接線條及金屬的接塾圖案。每一 個基板上排列了一片半導體積體電路晶片82a,諸如數位 信號處理器、微處理器、類比電路、邏輯元件或記憶體元 件。每一個晶片82a所具有的金屬接墊圖案與基设ϋ上的 接墊圖案是鏡像關係’且每一個接墊上附著一顆焊球82b。 附有焊球82b的晶片82a與各自的基板對齊,俾使每一個烊 球分別位於各自的基板接墊上。 使用圖6所描述的設備與控制將熱能供應給晶片與基 板,並於稍後從晶片與基板將熱能收回,以獲得圖4中所 描述之本發明的溫度·時間曲線。當焊球82b到達它們的 '熔 點度(低炼點錯-錫合金為183 °C ),它們在控制下回流, 以便得到一高度’定義隔開晶片與基板間的間隙(例如〇1 宅米)。總成根據圖4中所描述的程序冷卻’以使焊料固化, 但總成仍保持在90到130°C之間。較佳的溫度大約是1〇〇 °C。在此溫度’總成内的機械應力仍保持在低值(見圖5), 遠低於在脆弱結構(例如焊接點及介電膜)中引入裂痕的危 險。 圖8所示是多管分配聚合物前質之裝置,在總成上方 移動。此裝置包括中央給料管83,聚合物前質或其它任何 可變形媒體84在些許壓力下經由其供應《橫管85連接中央 給料管83與許多分配管86 圖8所示的範例中有3支分配 管’但可以配置任何數量的分配管。每一個分配管86到中 央給料管83的距離都明確定義。每一個分配管86的尾端是 管嘴87。 -19- 本紙張尺度適用中國囷家標準(CNS ) Α4規格(210X297公嫠) A7 B7 H5048 五、發明説明( -裝- 本發明極重要的一點是每〆個分配管86之管嘴87、 面與到中央給料管83之中心線的距離相關。分配管的位戴 距離中央管愈遠,其管嘴的截面愈大。圖9顯示圖8中3置 分配管的關係。根據此關係,玎以使所有分配管备&聚= 物前質或任何其它可變形媒體84的速率都相同。當然合 量產方法而言這是基本條件。更定量來說,圖1〇顯示^ 的分配率,以毫克/秒(mg/s)為單位是某指定分配管$砍 央給料管之距離(單位是毫米)的函數。圖1〇中每中 的參數是管嘴截面,單位是干方毫米(mm2) » •訂 經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印製 雖然小滴的形成與供應讲速且可靠之量產所需底,士 充量的所欲分配率視所選擇之町變形媒體的材料布定(例 如液體,黏稠的聚合物前質,添加二氧化矽、寒土或無欠 物的環氧樹脂基材料),其理論也已經由可變形媒體戋节 體動力的古典理論發展。在前文發明概述中曾引用的方程U 式,是量化管中流動之可變形媒體層流與擾流的壓力滴。 流體流過不同管長從一序列出口離開的流體量,在相同的 單位時間内必須相同’因此每個出口的截面必須修改以 補償不同的管長。適合所選流體的設計特徵,可從圖10的 曲線中得到最佳結果。 將管嘴配置在與待底部填充之基板上晶片之重複距離 (“間距”)對齊的位置,對構建多管嘴的分配設備有利。如 圖8所示的範例,其中管嘴分布的位置,可使每次的分配 動作供應给每隔一個晶片。在完成第一組基板上晶片的底 部填充後,分配設備前進到下一個鎖階(lockstep) ’鎖階 -20- 本紙張尺度逋用中國國家橾芈(CNS ) A4規格(210X297公釐) 415048_B7_ 五、發明説明() 的間距與產品對齊,並開始下一組的底部填充。按此方法, 即使是極大量的產品也能在很短的時間内完成量產。 雖然本發明是參考實施例說明,但是不能將此說明解 釋成對本發明的限制。熟悉此方面技術的人士參考笨說明 後也可明瞭說明之實施例以及本發明其它實施例的各種修 改與組合。因此,所附申請專利範圍也包括任何這些修改 或實施例。 (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填,;'4頁) 裝. 訂 線 經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印製 2 本紙張尺度適用中國国家標準(CNS ) A4規格(210X297公釐)

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  1. 經濟部中央標隼局男工消費合作社印装 415048 戠 C8 _ — _D8 六、申請專利範圍 ' -- 1· 一種半導體總成,包括: 半導體電路晶片,其上至少具有—種電氣連接圖案, 以及至少一層低介電常數的平面介電層; 該至少一層介電層位於機械應力水準不同的^咸·; 該至少一種連接圖案還具有許多第一金屬接墊; 電氣絕緣的基板具有許多第二金屬接塾; 極多的焊球將該許多第一接墊連接到該許多第二接墊 ,藉以將該晶片構裝於該基板上,兩者間隔開一間隙 ’且僅產生低水準的機械應力;以及 聚合物的密封材料填充該間隙,籍以將該所有機械應 力水準降至該半導體總成的安全操作值以下。 2. 根據申請專利範圍第丨項的半導體總成,其中該介電層 包括無機材料。 曰 3. 根據申請專利範圍第2項的半導體總成,其中該介電層 包括氫倍半氧矽烷基的旋附玻璃。 4. 根據申請專利範圍第2項的半導體總成,其中該介電層 包括三夾層結構’第一層膜是由電漿生成的四乙氧基 碎烷氧化物構成,接著是無機多孔低密度氫倍半氧珍 烧氧化矽構成的第二層膜,再接著是電漿生成的四乙 氧基矽烷氧化物構成的第三層膜。 5. 根據申請專利範圍第【項的半導體總成,其中該介電層 包括有機材料。 6·根據申請專利範園第5項的半導體總成,其中該介電層 是甲石夕氧烧(methylsiloxane)基的旋附破璃0 -22- *^紙張从適财關家標準((:叫八4制^(210\297公釐)" " ~~--- (請先閱讀背面之法意^項再填寫本頁}
    ABCD 經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印裝 415048 六、申請專利範圍 7. 根據申請專利範圍第1項的半導體總成,其中該介電層 具有4.0到大約3.0的低介電常數。 8. 根據申請專利範圍第1項的半導體元件,其中該聚合的 密封材料包括添加礬土及無水物的環氧樹脂墓材料。 9. 根據申請專利範圍第1項的半導體元件,其中該半導體 晶片包括矽、砷化鎵或其它任何慣闬於電子元件產品 中的半導體材料。 10. —種製造半導體總成的方法,包括: 提供具有積體電路的半導體電路晶片; 該晶片至少具有一層低介電常數的隔離材料,其中該 至少一層介電層位於機械應力水準不同的區域; 提供該晶片許多第一金屬接墊; 提供電氣絕緣的基板; 該基板具有許多第二金屬接墊; 許多第一接墊每一個附著一個焊球,且組裝的焊球分 別與該許多第二接墊對齊; 供應熱能給該半導體晶片與該基板,藉以使焊料回流 構成焊接點•該晶片被構裝於該基板5兩者間分隔·— 間隙,構成一總成; 冷卻該總成,從回流溫度降到高於室溫的溫度,並使 該高溫保持在大體上固定的水準,藉以使該至少一層 介電層與該焊接點内的該機械應力水準保持在能使該 半導體總成安全操作的低值; 在該高溫以聚合物前質填充該間隙; -23 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家揉準(CNS ) A4規格(210X297公釐) (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁)
    ABCD 經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印製 415048 六、申請專利範圍 供應額外的熱能供硬化該聚合物前質,藉以構成聚合 的密封材料;以及 將整個總成以指定的速率冷卻到室溫,藉以使該機械 應力水準保持在該半導體總成能安全操作的摄。 11. 根據申請專利範圍第10項的方法,其中該高溫在90到 130°C之間。 12, 根據申請專利範圍第10項的方法,其中該高溫大約為 100〇C。 -24- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) A4規格(21〇X297公釐) (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填⑥本頁)
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