TW201704439A - 研磨用組成物及研磨方法 - Google Patents
研磨用組成物及研磨方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201704439A TW201704439A TW105105306A TW105105306A TW201704439A TW 201704439 A TW201704439 A TW 201704439A TW 105105306 A TW105105306 A TW 105105306A TW 105105306 A TW105105306 A TW 105105306A TW 201704439 A TW201704439 A TW 201704439A
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- polishing
- acid
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- metal
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09G—POLISHING COMPOSITIONS; SKI WAXES
- C09G1/00—Polishing compositions
- C09G1/02—Polishing compositions containing abrasives or grinding agents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B37/00—Lapping machines or devices; Accessories
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
- C09K3/14—Anti-slip materials; Abrasives
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/302—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to change their surface-physical characteristics or shape, e.g. etching, polishing, cutting
- H01L21/304—Mechanical treatment, e.g. grinding, polishing, cutting
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/31—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to form insulating layers thereon, e.g. for masking or by using photolithographic techniques; After treatment of these layers; Selection of materials for these layers
- H01L21/3205—Deposition of non-insulating-, e.g. conductive- or resistive-, layers on insulating layers; After-treatment of these layers
- H01L21/321—After treatment
- H01L21/32115—Planarisation
- H01L21/3212—Planarisation by chemical mechanical polishing [CMP]
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
- Mechanical Treatment Of Semiconductor (AREA)
Abstract
本發明係提供一種使用於含有標準電極電位為-0.45V以上0.33V以下之過渡金屬的研磨對象物的研磨,研磨對象物也不易產生蝕刻或腐蝕的研磨用組成物。研磨用組成物係含有研磨粒及金屬保護用有機化合物。金屬保護用有機化合物係具有:與含有標準電極電位為-0.45V以上0.33V以下之過渡金屬的研磨對象物相互作用之官能基的相互作用官能基、及作為抑制研磨粒接近研磨對象物之官能基的抑制官能基。
Description
本發明係有關於研磨用組成物及研磨方法。
使用於金屬的研磨的研磨用組成物中,為了抑制研磨用組成物所造成之金屬的蝕刻或腐蝕,而添加有防腐蝕劑或界面活性劑(例如參照專利文獻1)。然而,隨金屬種類的不同,防腐蝕劑或界面活性劑有時會促進蝕刻或腐蝕。尤其是,標準電極電位為-0.45V以上0.33V以下之過渡金屬,由於具有所謂對水、酸、錯合劑、氧化劑等藥劑之耐性較弱的性質,因而有容易促進蝕刻或腐蝕的傾向。
〔專利文獻1〕日本特開2009-81300號公報
因此,本發明係解決如上述之習知技術所具有的問題,茲以提供一種使用於含有標準電極電位為-0.45V以上0.33V以下之過渡金屬的研磨對象物的研磨,研磨對象物也不易產生蝕刻或腐蝕的研磨用組成物及研磨方法為課題。
為解決前述課題,本發明一形態之研磨用組成物係一種研磨含有標準電極電位為-0.45V以上0.33V以下之過渡金屬的研磨對象物之研磨用組成物,其係以含有研磨粒及金屬保護用有機化合物,前述金屬保護用有機化合物係具有:與研磨對象物相互作用之官能基的相互作用官能基、及作為抑制研磨粒接近研磨對象物之官能基的抑制官能基為要旨。
又,本發明另一形態之研磨方法係以使用上述一形態之研磨用組成物研磨研磨對象物為要旨。
根據本發明之研磨用組成物及研磨方法,含有標準電極電位為-0.45V以上0.33V以下之過渡金屬的研磨對象物不易產生蝕刻或腐蝕。
就本發明一實施形態詳細加以說明。本實施形態之研磨用組成物係一種研磨含有標準電極電位為-0.45V以上0.33V以下之過渡金屬的研磨對象物之研磨用組成物,係含有研磨粒及金屬保護用有機化合物。該金屬保護用有機化合物係具有:與研磨對象物相互作用之官能基的相互作用官能基、及作為抑制研磨粒接近研磨對象物之官能基的抑制官能基。
只要使用本實施形態之研磨用組成物研磨含有標準電極電位為-0.45V以上0.33V以下之過渡金屬的研磨對象物,則研磨對象物不易產生蝕刻或腐蝕。以下詳細說明其理由。
使用於金屬的研磨的研磨用組成物中,為了抑制研磨用組成物所造成之金屬的蝕刻或腐蝕,添加防腐蝕劑或界面活性劑。例如,使用於銅的研磨的習知研磨用組成物中,有時添加可與銅形成鹽的苯并三唑作為防腐蝕劑。由於在銅的表面可形成苯并三唑之銅鹽的被膜,而能夠抑制銅的蝕刻或腐蝕。
然而,若為標準電極電位為-0.45V以上0.33V以下之過渡金屬時,由於苯并三唑等含氮系防腐蝕劑中的氮原子會發揮作為錯合物的配基之作用,含氮系防腐蝕劑與過渡金屬反應,容易生成脆弱之化合物或水溶性的錯合物。如此,由於一般的含氮系防腐蝕劑有促進過渡金屬的蝕刻或腐蝕之傾向,因此,有無法在使用於標準電極電位為-0.45V以上0.33V以下之過渡金屬的研磨的研磨用組成
物中添加一般的含氮系防腐蝕劑的情形。
又,一般認為界面活性劑會基於其電荷或化學結構,利用與研磨對象物的靜電吸附、親水-親水相互作用或疏水-疏水相互作用而形成保護膜。然而,在陰離子性界面活性劑的情況下,界面活性劑所具有之官能基的酸解離常數pKa若較低,則官能基之作為酸的作用會過強,因此會與標準電極電位為-0.45V以上0.33V以下之過渡金屬反應而促進脆弱之化合物或水溶性的化合物的生成。另一方面,界面活性劑所具有之官能基的酸解離常數pKa若較高,則官能基會與研磨用組成物中的氫離子反應,喪失官能基的活性,因而不易與過渡金屬的表面產生相互作用(化學吸附)。又,在陽離子性界面活性劑的情況下,由於電性斥力,而不易產生與標準電極電位為-0.45V以上0.33V以下之過渡金屬的相互作用(化學吸附)。
本實施形態之研磨用組成物由於含有具有:作為與研磨對象物相互作用之官能基的相互作用官能基、及作為抑制研磨粒接近研磨對象物之官能基的抑制官能基的金屬保護用有機化合物,藉由相互作用官能基及抑制官能基的作用,在研磨對象物的表面形成金屬保護用有機化合物的被膜作為保護膜。詳言之,藉由相互作用官能基與研磨對象物的相互作用,相互作用官能基便在不會腐蝕研磨對象物的表面的情況下化學吸附於研磨對象物的表面,同時根據抑制官能基的疏水性,使金屬保護用有機化合物在研磨對象物的表面上排列而形成被膜(分子排列膜)。
藉此,可使研磨對象物的表面改質,從而不易產生蝕刻或腐蝕(例如表面粗糙)。
以下,就本實施形態之研磨用組成物,更詳細加以說明。此外,以下所說明之各種操作或物性的測定,除非特別明述,否則均在室溫(20℃以上25℃以下)、相對濕度40%以上50%以下的條件下進行。
可應用於使用本實施形態之研磨用組成物的研磨的研磨對象物為含有標準電極電位為-0.45V以上0.33V以下之過渡金屬者。作為標準電極電位為-0.45V以上0.33V以下之過渡金屬,可舉出例如鐵(Fe)、鎳(Ni)、鈷(Co)、鎢(W)。研磨對象物可由此等過渡金屬中的至少1種所構成,也可含有此等過渡金屬中的至少1種。
本實施形態之研磨用組成物所含有之研磨粒的種類不特別限定,例如可使用含有二氧化矽的研磨粒。二氧化矽的種類不特別限定,可舉出例如膠體二氧化矽、發煙二氧化矽、溶膠凝膠法二氧化矽等。此等二氧化矽可單獨使用1種,也可併用2種以上。又,此等當中,較佳為膠體二氧化矽、發煙二氧化矽。
膠體二氧化矽能以如下述之周知之方法來製造。可舉出例如作花濟夫著「溶膠-凝膠法的科學」
(Agne-shofu股份有限公司之刊物)之第154~156頁所記載之藉由烷氧基矽烷的水解的方法;日本特開平11-60232號公報所記載之將矽酸甲酯或矽酸甲酯與甲醇的混合物朝由水、甲醇及氨或氨與銨鹽所構成的混合溶媒中滴下而使矽酸甲酯與水反應的方法;日本特開2001-48520號公報所記載之將矽酸烷基酯以酸觸媒水解後添加鹼觸媒並加熱,來進行矽酸的聚合而使粒子生長的方法;日本特開2007-153732號公報所記載之在烷氧基矽烷的水解時以特定的量使用特定之種類的水解觸媒的方法等。又,亦可舉出藉由使矽酸鈉進行離子交換來製造的方法。
又,作為發煙二氧化矽的製造方法,可舉出採用將四氯化矽氣化,使其在氫氧焰中燃燒之氣相反應的方法。再者,發煙二氧化矽能以周知之方法調成水分散液,作為調成水分散液的方法,可舉出例如日本特開2004-43298號公報、日本特開2003-176123號公報、日本特開2002-309239號公報所記載之方法。
再者,作為膠體二氧化矽,可使用表面固定有有機酸的膠體二氧化矽。作為有機酸的實例,可舉出磺酸、羧酸、亞磺酸、及膦酸。
如欲將磺酸固定於膠體二氧化矽,能以例如“Sulfonic acid-functionalized silica through quantitative oxidation of thiol groups”,Chem.Commun.246-247(2003)所記載的方法來進行。具體而言,藉由使3-巰基丙基三甲氧基矽烷等具有硫醇基之矽烷偶合劑與膠體二氧
化矽之表面的羥基反應而使其偶合後,以過氧化氫將硫醇基氧化,可得到磺酸固定於表面的膠體二氧化矽。
本實施形態之研磨用組成物所含有之研磨粒的平均一次粒徑可取5nm以上,較佳為10nm以上,更佳為15nm以上。研磨粒的平均一次粒徑若為上述之範圍內,則可提昇研磨對象物的研磨速度。另一方面,本實施形態之研磨用組成物所含有之研磨粒的平均一次粒徑可取400nm以下,較佳為300nm以下,更佳為200nm以下,再更佳為100nm以下。研磨粒的平均一次粒徑若為上述之範圍內,則容易藉由研磨而獲得低缺陷且面粗糙度較小的表面。
又,當研磨後之研磨對象物的表面殘留有大粒徑之研磨粒的情形成為問題時,較佳以使用不含大粒徑之小粒徑(例如平均一次粒徑為200μm以下)的研磨粒的研磨用組成物研磨。
此外,研磨粒的平均一次粒徑可由根據例如氮氣吸附法(BET法)所測得的比表面積來算出。
研磨用組成物中的研磨粒的含量可取0.005質量%以上,較佳為0.01質量%以上,更佳為0.05質量%以上,再更佳為0.1質量%以上。研磨粒的含量若為上述之範圍內,則可提昇研磨用組成物對研磨對象物的研磨速度。
另一方面,研磨用組成物中的研磨粒的含量可取50質量%以下,較佳為30質量%以下,更佳為20質量%以
下。研磨粒的含量若為上述之範圍內,則可降低研磨用組成物的製造成本。又,可減少研磨後之研磨對象物的表面上所殘留之研磨粒的量,得以提昇研磨對象物的表面的潔淨性。
本實施形態之研磨用組成物所含有之金屬保護用有機化合物係具有:作為與研磨對象物相互作用之官能基的相互作用官能基、及作為抑制屬研磨用組成物中所含之研磨成分的水、氧化劑、氧化金屬溶解劑、研磨粒等接近研磨對象物之官能基的抑制官能基。
相互作用官能基的酸解離常數pKa較佳為1以上6以下。相互作用官能基的酸解離常數pKa若為上述範圍內,研磨對象物的表面不會產生蝕刻或腐蝕,藉由相互作用官能基與研磨對象物的相互作用,可使金屬保護用有機化合物化學吸附於研磨對象物的表面。
相互作用官能基的種類不特別限定,可舉出例如磷酸基(H2PO4-)、羧基(-COOH)、磺酸基、苯磺酸基、山梨醇酐基、聚丙二醇基、甘油基、丙二醇基、三唑基、甜菜鹼基、4級銨基。此等當中,相互作用官能基較佳為磷酸基(H2PO4-)及羧基(-COOH)的至少一者。
就磷酸基、羧基、磺酸基、苯磺酸基而言,可為胺鹽、金屬鹽等鹽。例如若為羧基,則可為鈉鹽(-COONa)、鉀鹽(-COOK)等。
又,作為相互作用官能基與研磨對象物之間所產生之相互作用的種類,較佳為離子鍵、共價鍵、及氫鍵的至少一種化學鍵。
抑制官能基的種類不特別限定,可舉出苯基等的芳基(含縮合環);月桂基、己基庚基、十二基、十八基等的烷基;油基、烯丙基等的烯基;-(OCH2CH2)n-之化學式表示之聚氧乙烯基。烷基亦包含聚合物骨架的長鏈烷基。此等當中,較佳為碳數1以上20以下之烷基、上述化學式中的n為1以上10以下之整數的聚氧乙烯基。
具有上述範圍之鏈長的烷基及聚氧乙烯基的金屬保護用有機化合物,由於容易藉由疏水性相互作用而在研磨對象物的表面發生自排列,而能夠在研磨對象物的表面形成強固的保護膜。若增長屬親水基之聚氧乙烯基的鏈長,則會降低保護膜的疏水性而使作為保護膜的機能降低,因此,表示聚氧乙烯基的鏈長之上述化學式中的n較佳取10以下之整數。
作為具有此類相互作用官能基及抑制官能基之金屬保護用有機化合物的具體例,可舉出月桂酸、月桂醇磷酸酯、十二烷基聚氧乙醚-2磷酸酯、Pareth-3磷酸酯、Pareth-6磷酸酯、Pareth-9磷酸酯等。此等月桂酸、月桂醇磷酸酯、十二烷基聚氧乙醚-2磷酸酯、Pareth-3磷酸酯、Pareth-6磷酸酯、Pareth-9磷酸酯非僅為酸,亦可為金屬鹽(例如鈉鹽)等的鹽。
此外,十二烷基聚氧乙醚-2磷酸酯為磷酸與十二烷基聚氧乙醚-2的單酯,十二烷基聚氧乙醚-2為十二醇的聚乙二醇醚。又,Pareth-3磷酸酯為磷酸與Pareth-3的酯,Pareth-3為對碳數12以上15以下之脂肪族醇加成環氧乙烷而得之脂肪族醇的聚乙二醇醚,其平均加成莫耳數為3。再者,Pareth-6磷酸酯為磷酸與Pareth-6的酯,Pareth-6為對碳數12以上15以下之脂肪族醇加成環氧乙烷而得之脂肪族醇的聚乙二醇醚,其平均加成莫耳數為6。更且,Pareth-9磷酸酯為磷酸與Pareth-9的酯,Pareth-9為對碳數12以上16以下之脂肪族醇加成環氧乙烷而得之脂肪族醇的聚乙二醇醚,其平均加成莫耳數為9。
本實施形態之研磨用組成物中,為提昇其性能,亦可視需求添加pH調整劑、氧化金屬溶解劑、氧化劑、水溶性聚合物(可為共聚物;又,亦可為此等的鹽、衍生物)、防腐蝕劑、分散助劑、防腐劑、防黴劑等的各種添加劑。
本實施形態之研磨用組成物的pH值可藉由pH調整劑的添加來調整。透過研磨用組成物之pH的調整,可控制研磨對象物的研磨速度或研磨粒的分散性等。為了將研
磨用組成物的pH值調整成期望值而視需求使用的pH調整劑可為酸及鹼任一種;又,亦可為彼等的鹽。pH調整劑的添加量不特別限定,只要適宜調整而使研磨用組成物成為所期望的pH即可。
作為pH調整劑的酸的具體例,可舉出無機酸、或單羧酸、有機硫酸等的有機酸。作為無機酸的具體例,可舉出鹽酸、硫酸、硝酸、氫氟酸、硼酸、碳酸、次磷酸、亞磷酸、磷酸等。又,作為單羧酸的具體例,可舉出甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、2-甲基丁酸、正己酸、3,3-二甲基丁酸、2-乙基丁酸、4-甲基戊酸、正庚酸、2-甲基己酸、正辛酸、2-乙基己酸、苯甲酸、乙醇酸、水楊酸、甘油酸、葡萄糖酸、乳酸、二乙醇酸、2-呋喃羧酸、2,5-呋喃二羧酸、3-呋喃羧酸、2-四氫呋喃羧酸、甲氧基乙酸、甲氧基苯基乙酸、苯氧基乙酸等。再者,作為有機硫酸的具體例,可舉出甲磺酸、乙磺酸、羥乙磺酸等。此等酸可單獨使用1種,也可組合使用2種以上。
此等當中,就無機酸而言,基於研磨速度提昇之觀點較佳為硫酸、硝酸、磷酸等;就有機酸而言,較佳為乙醇酸、葡萄糖酸等。
另外,作為pH調整劑的鹼的具體例,可舉出氫氧化四級銨化合物等的有機鹼、氫氧化鉀等的鹼金屬之氫氧化物、及鹼土金屬之氫氧化物等。此等當中,由取得容易性而言較佳為氫氧化鉀、氫氧化四級銨化合物。此等鹼可單
獨使用1種,也可組合使用2種以上。
作為鹼金屬的具體例,可舉出鉀、鈉等。又,作為鹼土金屬的具體例,可舉出鈣、鍶等。再者,作為鹽的具體例,可舉出碳酸鹽、碳酸氫鹽、硫酸鹽、乙酸鹽等。更者,作為四級銨的具體例,可舉出四甲基銨、四乙基銨、四丁基銨等。
就氫氧化四級銨化合物而言,係包含氫氧化四級銨或其鹽,作為具體例,可舉出氫氧化四甲基銨、氫氧化四乙基銨、氫氧化四丁基銨等。
又,可以為了替代上述的酸、或、與上述的酸組合而使用酸之銨鹽或鹼金屬鹽等的鹽作為pH調整劑。尤其是,若使用弱酸與強鹼的鹽、強酸與弱鹼的鹽、或弱酸與弱鹼的鹽時,可望達到pH的緩衝作用;甚而使用強酸與強鹼的鹽時,可藉由少量的添加達到電導度的調整,而非僅為pH的調整。
本實施形態之研磨用組成物中,為促進研磨對象物的溶解則亦可添加氧化金屬溶解劑。作為氧化金屬溶解劑,可舉出例如草酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、戊二酸、己二酸、庚二酸、馬來酸、鄰苯二甲酸、蘋果酸、伊康酸、檸檬酸、酒石酸、乙二胺四乙酸、氮基三乙酸、羥基乙基乙二胺三乙酸、三伸乙四胺六乙酸、二伸乙三胺五乙酸等的多元羧酸。
再者,作為氧化金屬溶解劑,可舉出例如2-胺基乙基膦酸、1-羥基乙叉-1,1-二膦酸、胺基三(伸甲基膦酸)、乙二胺肆(伸甲基膦酸)、二伸乙三胺五(伸甲基膦酸)、乙烷-1,1-二膦酸、乙烷-1,1,2-三膦酸、甲烷羥基膦酸、1-膦酸丁烷-2,3,4-三羧酸等的有機膦酸。
再者,作為氧化金屬溶解劑,可舉出例如1,3-二酮等的酮類、酚衍生物、氨。
再者,作為氧化金屬溶解劑,可舉出例如甲胺、二甲胺、三甲胺、乙胺、二乙胺、三乙胺、乙二胺、單乙醇胺、N-(β-胺基乙基)乙醇胺、己二胺、二伸乙三胺、三伸乙四胺、哌嗪酐、哌嗪六水合物、1-(2-胺基乙基)哌嗪、N-甲基哌嗪、胍等的胺。
再者,作為氧化金屬溶解劑,可舉出例如甘胺酸、α-丙胺酸、β-丙胺酸、N-甲基甘胺酸、N,N-二甲基甘胺酸、2-胺基丁酸、正纈胺酸、纈胺酸、白胺酸、正白胺酸、異白胺酸、苯基丙胺酸、脯胺酸、肌胺酸、鳥胺酸、離胺酸、牛磺酸、絲胺酸、蘇胺酸、高絲胺酸、酪胺酸、蠶豆苷、麥黃酮、3,5-二碘酪胺酸、β-(3,4-二羥基苯基)丙胺酸、甲狀腺素、4-羥基脯胺酸、半胱胺酸、甲硫胺酸、乙硫胺酸、羊毛硫胺酸、胱硫醚、胱胺酸、磺基丙胺酸、天門冬胺酸、麩胺酸、S-(羧甲基)半胱胺酸、4-胺基丁酸、天門冬醯胺、麩醯胺、氮雜絲胺酸、精胺酸、刀豆胺酸、瓜胺酸、δ-羥基離胺酸、肌酸、組胺酸、1-甲基組胺酸、3-甲基組胺酸、色胺酸等的胺基酸。
此等氧化金屬溶解劑可單獨使用1種,也可組合使用2種以上。
本實施形態之研磨用組成物中,為了使研磨對象物的表面氧化則亦可添加氧化劑。作為氧化劑的具體例,可舉出過氧化氫、過乙酸、過碳酸鹽、過氧化脲、過氯酸鹽、過硫酸鹽、硝酸等。作為過硫酸鹽的具體例,可舉出過硫酸鈉、過硫酸鉀、過硫酸銨等。此等氧化劑可單獨使用1種,也可組合使用2種以上。
本實施形態之研磨用組成物中,亦可添加能與研磨對象物的表面或研磨粒的表面作用的水溶性聚合物(可為共聚物;又,亦可為此等的鹽、衍生物)。作為水溶性聚合物、水溶性共聚物、此等的鹽或衍生物的具體例,可舉出聚丙烯酸鹽等的聚羧酸、聚膦酸、聚苯乙烯磺酸等的聚磺酸、黃原膠、海藻酸鈉等的多糖類、羥乙基纖維素、羧甲基纖維素等的纖維素衍生物、聚乙二醇、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、山梨醇酐單油酸酯、具有一種或多種之氧伸烷基單元的氧伸烷基系聚合物等。此等可單獨使用1種,也可組合使用2種以上。
本實施形態之研磨用組成物中,為了抑制研磨對象物的表面的腐蝕亦可添加防腐蝕劑。作為防腐蝕劑的具體例,可舉出胺類、吡啶類、四苯基鏻鹽、苯并三唑類、三唑類、四唑類、苯甲酸等。此等防腐蝕劑可單獨使用1種,也可組合使用2種以上。
本實施形態之研磨用組成物中,為使研磨粒之凝聚體更容易達到再分散亦可添加分散助劑。作為分散助劑的具體例,可舉出焦磷酸鹽或六偏磷酸鹽等的縮合磷酸鹽等。此等分散助劑可單獨使用1種,也可組合使用2種以上。
本實施形態之研磨用組成物中亦可添加防腐劑。作為防腐劑的具體例,可舉出次氯酸鈉等。防腐劑可單獨使用1種,也可組合使用2種以上。
本實施形態之研磨用組成物中亦可添加防黴劑。作為防黴劑的具體例,可舉出2-甲基-4-異噻唑啉-3-酮、5-氯-2-甲基-4-異噻唑啉-3-酮等的異噻唑啉系防腐劑;噁唑啶-2,5-二酮等的噁唑啶等。又,可舉出對氧基苯甲酸酯類、苯氧乙醇等。
本實施形態之研磨用組成物亦可含有水、有機溶劑等的液態介質。液態介質係發揮作為分散或溶解研磨用組成物之各成分(研磨粒、金屬保護用有機化合物、添加劑等)的分散媒或溶媒之機能。作為液態介質可舉出水、有機溶劑,可單獨使用1種,也可混合使用2種以上,係以含有水為佳。惟,基於抑制妨害各成分之作用的觀點,較佳使用盡可能不含有雜質的水。具體而言,較佳為以離子交換樹脂去除雜質離子後再通過過濾器而去除掉異物的純水或超純水、或者蒸餾水。
本實施形態之研磨用組成物的製造方法不特別限定,例如,可藉由將研磨粒、與金屬保護用有機化合物、與視需求添加之各種添加劑,在水等的液態介質中予以攪拌、混合來製造。例如,可藉由將由二氧化矽構成的研磨粒、及作為金屬保護用有機化合物的月桂酸鈉、與pH調整劑等的各種添加劑,在水中予以攪拌、混合來製造。混合時的溫度不特別限定,較佳為10℃以上40℃以下,為了提昇溶解速度,亦可進行加熱。又,混合時間亦不特別限定。
使用本實施形態之研磨用組成物的研磨對象物的研磨
可依據使用於一般的研磨的研磨裝置或研磨條件來進行。可使用例如單面研磨裝置或兩面研磨裝置。
例如,當研磨對象物採用過渡金屬製之基板,且使用單面研磨裝置進行研磨時,係使用稱作「載具(carrier)」的保持具保持基板,並將貼附有研磨布的壓盤按壓於基板的單面,一面供給研磨用組成物一面使壓盤旋轉來研磨基板的單面。
又,使用兩面研磨裝置研磨過渡金屬製之基板時,係使用稱作「載具」的保持具保持基板,並將貼附有研磨布的壓盤自基板的兩側分別按壓於基板的兩面,一面供給研磨用組成物一面使壓盤旋轉來研磨基板的兩面。
使用任一種研磨裝置時,均是藉由摩擦(研磨布及研磨用組成物與過渡金屬的摩擦)所產生的物理作用與研磨用組成物對過渡金屬所造成的化學作用來研磨基板。
作為研磨布,可使用聚胺基甲酸酯、不織布、麂皮等各種的材質者。又,除了材質不同以外,亦可使用硬度或厚度等的物性各自不同者。再者,含研磨粒者、不含研磨粒者皆可使用,但較佳使用不含研磨粒者。
再者,研磨條件當中對於研磨荷重(對研磨對象物施載之壓力)不特別限定,可取0.7kPa以上69kPa以下。研磨荷重若為此範圍內,可發揮充分的研磨速度,並可抑制因荷重造成研磨對象物破損、或於研磨對象物的表面產生傷痕等缺陷的情形。
又,研磨條件當中對於研磨速度(線速度)
不特別限定,可取10m/分以上300m/分以下,較佳為30m/分以上200m/分以下。研磨速度(線速度)若為此範圍內,可獲得充分的研磨速度。又,可抑制研磨對象物的摩擦所致之研磨布的破損,甚而可使摩擦充分傳遞至研磨對象物,可抑制所謂研磨對象物呈滑溜的狀態,而能夠充分地進行研磨。
更且,研磨條件當中對於研磨用組成物的供給量,係隨研磨對象物的種類、研磨裝置的種類、研磨條件而異,但只要為可在研磨對象物與研磨布之間無不均而全面性地供給研磨用組成物所需的足夠量即可。研磨用組成物的供給量較少時,可能無法將研磨用組成物供給至研磨對象物全體、或研磨用組成物乾燥凝固而於研磨對象物的表面產生缺陷。反之研磨用組成物的供給量較多時,除了不經濟以外,尚有過量的研磨用組成物(尤為水等的液態介質)妨害摩擦而阻礙研磨之虞。
此外,在使用本實施形態之研磨用組成物進行研磨的正式研磨步驟之前,也可設有使用其他的研磨用組成物進行研磨的預備研磨步驟。若於研磨對象物的表面有加工損傷或有輸送時所劃出的傷痕等時,將這些傷痕在單一研磨步驟中磨成鏡面需耗費大量時間而不經濟,此外也有損及研磨對象物的表面的平滑性之虞。
因此,透過事先藉由預備研磨步驟來去除研磨對象物表面的傷痕,可縮短使用本實施形態之研磨用組成物的正式研磨步驟中所需要的研磨時間,可有效地獲得優良的鏡
面。作為預備研磨步驟中所使用的預備研磨用組成物,較佳使用研磨力比本實施形態之研磨用組成物更強者。具體而言,較佳使用比起本實施形態之研磨用組成物所使用的研磨粒,硬度較高且平均一次粒徑較大的研磨粒。
預備研磨用組成物所含有之研磨粒的種類不特別限定,可舉出例如碳化硼、碳化矽、氧化鋁(alumina)、氧化鋯、鋯石、氧化鈰、氧化鈦等。此等可單獨使用1種,也可組合使用2種以上。此等研磨粒當中,碳化硼、碳化矽係特佳作為預備研磨用組成物所含有的研磨粒。又,碳化硼、碳化矽亦可含有鐵或碳等的雜質元素。
預備研磨用組成物所含有之研磨粒的平均一次粒徑可取0.1μm以上,較佳為0.3μm以上。又,預備研磨用組成物所含有之研磨粒的平均一次粒徑可取20μm以下,較佳為5μm以下。隨著預備研磨用組成物所含有之研磨粒的平均一次粒徑縮小,係更容易獲得低缺陷且面粗糙度較小的表面。此外,預備研磨用組成物所含有之研磨粒的平均一次粒徑能以例如雷射繞射/散射式粒徑分布測定裝置來測定。作為此裝置的實例,可舉出堀場製作所股份有限公司製之“LA-950”。
又,預備研磨用組成物中的研磨粒的含量亦可取0.5質量%以上,較佳為1質量%以上。隨著研磨粒的含量增多,更可提昇預備研磨用組成物對研磨對象物的研磨速度。另一方面,預備研磨用組成物中的研磨粒的含
量也可取40質量%以下,較佳為30質量%以下。隨著研磨粒的含量減少,可降低預備研磨用組成物的製造成本。
再者,預備研磨用組成物的較佳之pH係與本實施形態之研磨用組成物的pH同樣地因研磨對象物的種類、研磨粒的種類、研磨粒的平均一次粒徑、研磨粒的製造歷程等而異。預備研磨用組成物的pH係與本實施形態之研磨用組成物的pH同樣地可藉由酸、鹼、或彼等的鹽來調整。
再者,預備研磨用組成物係與本實施形態之研磨用組成物同樣地亦可視需求含有各種添加劑,例如可含有再分散劑。作為再分散劑,可舉出平均一次粒徑為0.2μm以下的微粒子、或對本實施形態之研磨用組成物視需求而添加的水溶性聚合物、水溶性共聚物、或此等的鹽。
平均一次粒徑為0.2μm以下的微粒子的種類不特別限定,可舉出例如氧化鋁、氧化鋯、鋯石、氧化鈰、氧化鈦、二氧化矽、氧化鉻、氧化鐵、氮化矽、氮化鈦、硼化鈦、硼化鎢、氧化錳等。此等微粒子可單獨使用1種,也可併用2種以上。又,亦可使用由上述中的2種以上之物質的混合物所構成的微粒子。
此等當中,由容易取得且為低成本而言,較佳為金屬氧化物,更佳為氧化鋁(例如α-氧化鋁、中間氧化鋁、發煙氧化鋁、氧化鋁溶膠或此等的混合物)、水合氧化鋁(例如水鋁石)、氫氧化鋁、二氧化矽(例如膠體
二氧化矽、發煙二氧化矽、溶膠凝膠法二氧化矽)。
此微粒子的平均一次粒徑,基於取得容易性之觀點,較佳為0.005μm以上,更佳為0.01μm以上。又,微粒子的平均一次粒徑較佳為0.5μm以下,更佳為0.2μm以下,再更佳為0.1μm以下。微粒子的平均一次粒徑若為上述之範圍內,不僅可降低成本,亦不易引起研磨粒自身的沉降,而可進一步提高預備研磨用組成物的研磨粒的再分散性。
又,本實施形態之研磨用組成物可在使用於研磨對象物的研磨之後經回收,而再使用於研磨對象物的研磨。作為再使用研磨用組成物的方法的一例,可舉出將由研磨裝置排出的研磨用組成物回收於儲槽中,使其再度朝研磨裝置內循環而使用於研磨的方法。若循環使用研磨用組成物,則可減少以廢液排出之研磨用組成物的量,而能夠減少環境負擔。又,由於可減少使用之研磨用組成物的量,而能夠抑制研磨對象物的研磨所需的製造成本。
當再使用本實施形態之研磨用組成物之際,宜添加因使用於研磨而消耗或損失的研磨粒、金屬保護用有機化合物、添加劑等的一部分或全部作為組成調整劑後再使用。作為組成調整劑,可使用以任意的混合比率混合研磨粒、金屬保護用有機化合物、添加劑等而成者。藉由追加添加組成調整劑,便可將研磨用組成物調整成適合再使用的組成,而可進行適當的研磨。組成調整劑所含有之研磨粒、金屬保護用有機化合物、添加劑的濃度為任意
者,不特別限定,只要依據儲槽的大小或研磨條件適宜調整即可。
再者,本實施形態之研磨用組成物可為一液型,亦可為以任意的比率混合研磨用組成物之成分的一部分或全部而成的二液型等的多液型。又,在研磨對象物的研磨中,可以直接使用本實施形態之研磨用組成物的原液來進行研磨,但也可以使用將原液以水等的稀釋液稀釋例如10倍以上的研磨用組成物之稀釋物來進行研磨。
以下示出實施例及比較例,對本發明更具體地加以說明。
將經磺酸基進行表面修飾之由膠體二氧化矽構成的研磨粒(平均一次粒徑35nm)、與各種金屬保護用有機化合物、與作為液態介質的水、與作為添加劑的檸檬酸、聚丙烯酸、過氧化氫混合,使研磨粒分散於水中,製成實施例1~21及比較例1~70的研磨用組成物。此等研磨用組成物中的研磨粒的含量為0.2質量%,金屬保護用有機化合物的含量為0.25質量%,檸檬酸的含量為0.1質量%,聚丙烯酸的含量為0.01質量%,過氧化氫的含量為0.7質量%,其餘部分為水。
此外,表1~4所記載之「POE(5)-1-己基庚基醚」的「POE」係指「聚氧乙烯」,「(5)」意指聚氧乙烯基之氧乙烯單位的平均重複數為5之意。對於
「POE(20)-山梨醇酐單油酸酯」及「POE(60)-山梨醇酐四油酸酯」亦同。
測定使具有金屬被膜之基板接觸實施例1~21及比較例1~70的研磨用組成物時所產生之氧化反應的深度。氧化反應的深度係指金屬被膜的蝕刻量(深度)與金屬被膜的表面所生成之氧化膜的厚度的合計值。可藉由測定金屬被膜的減少量,同時對基板進行X射線光電子分光法(XPS)的深度方向分析(縱深分析)來測定氧化膜的厚度,並將金屬被膜的減少量與氧化膜的厚度相加,來測定氧化反應的深度。
惟,在實施例1~21及比較例1~70中,氧化反應的深度並非以如上述之方法來測定,而是以電化學測定進行基板的定電壓電解,由1分鐘內所流通的電流值基於法拉第定律來算出。具體而言,係使用Solarton公司製之恆電位儀(Model 1280Z),以參考電極的電位為基準測定對作用極施加達+1.12-0.059×pH之電壓時的電流時間曲線,並由其電流時間曲線的積分值來測定電量。此時,作用極係使用形成有各金屬被膜的空白晶圓,對極係使用白金板,參考電極則使用銀-氯化銀電極。
將氧化反應的深度的測定結果示於表1~4。並且,算出相對於金屬的種類相同且未添加金屬保護用有機化合物的比較例之氧化反應的深度的比(〔實施例之氧化反應的深度〕/〔比較例之氧化反應的深度〕),將其作為氧化反應的進行率(單位為%)示於表1~4。再者,
氧化反應的進行率若為50%以下時,係評為金屬保護用有機化合物的添加效果極為良好而以◎號表示之;若超過50%且未達90%時,係評為金屬保護用有機化合物的添加效果良好而以○號表示之;若為90%以上時,則評為金屬保護用有機化合物的添加效果不足而以×號表示之。
進而,針對實施例7~11及比較例18,測定腐蝕電位。若與未添加金屬保護用有機化合物的比較例相比腐蝕電位較高,則可判斷為透過金屬保護用有機化合物的添加而獲得腐蝕之改善。腐蝕電位可使用Solarton公司製之恆電位儀(Model 1280Z)來測定。腐蝕電位係根據在浸漬電位±1.0V的範圍內,以5mV/sec的掃描速度掃描電壓所得到的泰費曲線求得。將結果示於表5。
由表1~4可知,實施例1~21的氧化反應的進行率未達90%,金屬保護用有機化合物的添加效果極為良好或良好。相對於此,比較例(比較例1,10,18,33,41,49,50,61除外)的氧化反應的進行率為90%以上,金屬保護用有機化合物的添加效果不足。
Claims (6)
- 一種研磨用組成物,其係研磨含有標準電極電位為-0.45V以上0.33V以下之過渡金屬的研磨對象物之研磨用組成物,其特徵為:含有研磨粒及金屬保護用有機化合物,前述金屬保護用有機化合物係具有:與前述研磨對象物相互作用之官能基的相互作用官能基、及抑制前述研磨粒接近前述研磨對象物之官能基的抑制官能基。
- 如請求項1之研磨用組成物,其中前述相互作用官能基的酸解離常數pKa為1以上6以下。
- 如請求項1或請求項2之研磨用組成物,其中前述相互作用官能基為磷酸基(H2PO4-)及羧基(-COOH)的至少一者。
- 如請求項1或請求項2之研磨用組成物,其中前述抑制官能基為碳數1以上20以下之烷基、或-(OCH2CH2)n-之化學式表示之聚氧乙烯基,前述化學式中的n為1以上10以下之整數。
- 如請求項1或請求項2之研磨用組成物,其中前述相互作用為離子鍵、共價鍵、及氫鍵的至少一種化學鍵。
- 一種研磨方法,其係使用如請求項1~5中任一項之研磨用組成物研磨研磨對象物。
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