TW201635450A - 半導體元件封裝的熱處理方法 - Google Patents

半導體元件封裝的熱處理方法 Download PDF

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TW201635450A
TW201635450A TW104114852A TW104114852A TW201635450A TW 201635450 A TW201635450 A TW 201635450A TW 104114852 A TW104114852 A TW 104114852A TW 104114852 A TW104114852 A TW 104114852A TW 201635450 A TW201635450 A TW 201635450A
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Abstract

本發明之半導體元件封裝的熱處理方法,全氟化合物的高壓過熱蒸汽注入至處理腔體內,並在大氣環境下快速地換變成飽和蒸汽,而該飽和蒸汽則會在半導體元件的所有表面凝結形成薄膜。凝結薄膜的溫度會很接近但不會超過全氟化合物在常壓下的沸點,因此飽和蒸汽的潛熱轉換至半導體元件的表面是很均勻的。

Description

半導體元件封裝的熱處理方法
本發明係有關一種熱處理方法,更特別有關一種半導體元件封裝的熱處理方法。
大部分現行半導體封裝構造的熱處理方法,是利用傳導、對流以及輻射的方式,使用熱盤、氣體或液體、以及紅外線、雷射和燈泡,將熱量傳遞至封裝構造上。前述的熱處理方法,可用在半導體生產製程中,例如固化膠體、進行迴焊、熱接合、以及快速熱製程。
請參考第3圖,其顯示一個包含有異質晶片組合(薄矽晶片131、厚矽晶片137及堆疊矽晶片133)和基板135(例如矽晶圓或有機基板)之半導體元件121。第3-1圖顯示微小金屬接點147係設置在薄矽晶片131和基板135之間。這些金屬接點147包含有薄矽晶片131的銅柱141、銲錫或中間金屬層143以及基板135的銅墊145。
第4及4-1圖顯示一種輻射熱製程以快速熱製程進行的方法。紅外線燈泡151產生輻射光,並將熱量藉由輻射的方式傳遞至晶片131、133、137表面以及基板135上。此時晶片131、133、137表面及基板135上的熱量,會利用傳導的方式傳遞進入晶片131、133、137和基板135的內部。 然而,輻射光並無法直接穿過晶片,而且輻射光不能到達的陰影區域,也無法從輻射光接收熱量。
第5及5-1圖顯示一種對流熱製程以熱風進行熱製程的方法。風槍161產生熱氣流,並利用熱風將熱量傳遞至晶片131、133、137表面以及基板135上。此時晶片131、133、137表面及基板135上的熱量,會利用傳導的方式傳遞進入晶片131、133、137和基板135的內部。然而,熱風的分佈係取決於晶片的結構和形狀。
第6圖顯示一種傳導熱製程以熱盤進行熱製程的方法。熱盤加熱器173包含有一熱盤,其內部係設置有複數根電極171。熱盤加熱器173利用電極產生熱量,並利用傳導的方式將熱量傳遞至晶片131、133、137表面以及基板135上。然而,不均勻的接觸表面將造成熱量傳遞至基板135並不均勻。
前述進行熱製程將熱量傳遞至半導體元件121的方法會有下面的現象:較高的最高溫度、多變的溫度分佈以及由於翹曲和基板135與異質晶片組合間的熱膨脹係數不匹配,致使溫度曲線不容易控制。前述將熱量傳遞至半導體元件121的方法,會造成半導體封裝製程期間的良率降低,並導致封裝完成後的晶片有較差的性能。
有鑑於此,便有需要提出一種方案,以解決上述問題。
本發明之目的在於提供一種半導體元件封裝的熱處理方法,其沒有傳統熱處理方法的缺點。換言之,本發明所提供之方法能夠在熱製程中保持較低的最高溫度、穩定並減少溫度分佈的變化,並且可在製 程期間降低基板及異質晶片組合之翹曲程度。
根據本發明之半導體元件封裝的熱處理方法,全氟化合物的高壓過熱蒸汽注入至處理腔體內,並在大氣環境下快速地換變成飽和蒸汽,而該飽和蒸汽則會在半導體元件的所有表面凝結形成薄膜。凝結薄膜的溫度會略低於全氟化合物在常壓下的沸點,因此飽和蒸汽的潛熱轉換至半導體元件的表面是很均勻的。
本發明之另一目的在於提供一種半導體元件的差別熱處理方法,其中飽和蒸汽係籠罩半導體元件的頂部,而半導體元件的底部則沈浸在較低溫度的液態全氟化合物中。如此的差別加熱法可以減小在熱處理期間,基板的翹曲以及基板與異質晶片組合間因熱膨脹係數不匹配所造成的應力,因此可以改善半導體封裝構造的製造良率。
為了讓本發明之上述和其他目的、特徵、和優點能更明顯,下文特舉本發明實施例,並配合所附圖示,作詳細說明如下。
100‧‧‧處理腔體
101‧‧‧隔熱壁
103a‧‧‧氣體散佈板
103b‧‧‧氣體散佈板
105‧‧‧溢流槽
107a‧‧‧頂針
107b‧‧‧頂針
109‧‧‧導管
111‧‧‧導管
113‧‧‧真空泵浦
115‧‧‧多孔板
118‧‧‧排氣裝置
121‧‧‧半導體元件
131‧‧‧薄矽晶片
133‧‧‧堆疊矽晶片
135‧‧‧基板
137‧‧‧厚矽晶片
141‧‧‧銅柱
143‧‧‧中間金屬層
145‧‧‧銅墊
147‧‧‧金屬接點
151‧‧‧紅外線燈泡
161‧‧‧風槍
171‧‧‧電極
173‧‧‧熱盤加熱器
181‧‧‧薄膜
183‧‧‧飽和蒸汽
191‧‧‧低溫液態傳熱液
195‧‧‧間隙
200‧‧‧過熱蒸汽產生單元
201‧‧‧預熱槽
203‧‧‧導管
205‧‧‧過熱蒸汽產生器
207‧‧‧導管
300‧‧‧凝結過濾單元
301‧‧‧傳熱液槽
303‧‧‧凝結過濾槽
305‧‧‧導管
307‧‧‧導管
309‧‧‧導管
311‧‧‧導管
400‧‧‧凝結補償單元
401‧‧‧腔體
403‧‧‧導管
500‧‧‧控制單元
H‧‧‧沈浸加熱器
L‧‧‧液位感測器
P‧‧‧壓力感測器
T‧‧‧溫度感測器
第1圖為本發明之半導體元件封裝的熱處理方法之系統方塊圖。
第2圖為本發明之半導體元件封裝的熱處理方法之系統的詳細配置圖。
第3圖為習知半導體元件之剖視圖。
第3-1圖為第3圖之局部放大圖。
第4圖顯示習知進行輻射熱製程的方法。
第4-1圖為第4圖之局部放大圖。
第5圖顯示習知進行對流熱製程的方法。
第5-1圖為第5圖之局部放大圖。
第6圖顯示習知進行傳導熱製程的方法。
第7圖顯示進行本發明之半導體元件封裝的熱處理方法的示意圖。
第8圖顯示進行本發明之半導體元件封裝的差別熱處理方法的示意圖。
液態全氟化合物(perfluorinated compound;PFC),例如由Solvay Solexis所生產的Galden、3M公司所生產的Fluorinert、以及由DuPont公司所生產的Krytox,具有下列特性:高的介電強度、可接受的熱傳導率、以及化性不活潑和很安全,因此從2000年代起,將液態全氟化合物做為傳熱液(heat transfer fluid;HTF),在半導體領域已越來越受歡迎。其主要的應用如下:
(1)在半導體元件製程中,傳熱液係做為致冷器的冷媒,在製程過程中去除多餘的熱量。在半導體元件進行測試時,盛裝傳熱液的容器被冷卻或加熱至設定溫度,半導體元件則浸入傳熱液中,以測試其完整性。另外,當結束測試時,半導體元件在測試過程中所產生的熱量,也可以用傳熱液帶走。
(2)傳熱液也可以將其加熱至沸騰,利用沸騰的蒸汽把銲錫熔化,以將半導體元件焊接至電路板上。此種熱傳製程係所謂的冷凝熱傳, 其進行製程的溫度係很接近、但絕不會超過傳熱液的沸點。
(3)傳熱液也可將半導體元件及其他元件或系統在運作過程中所產生的熱量帶走,以將其冷卻。
本發明係使用液態全氟化合物特殊的特性,發展出一套半導體封裝構造的熱處理方法,其在熱製程中能夠保持較低的最高溫度、穩定並減少溫度分佈的變化,並且可在製程期間降低基板135(例如矽晶圓或有機基板)及異質晶片組合(薄矽晶片131、厚矽晶片137及堆疊矽晶片133)之翹曲程度。為了增加熱轉換效率,本發明還憑藉過熱蒸汽法,增加傳熱液的熱含量。在另一方面,本發明還提出沈浸式差別加熱法(immersion differential heating method)來降低基板135的翹曲。本發明的相關描述和說明,將詳細記載於下面的實施例中。
請參考第1圖,其顯示本發明之半導體元件封裝的熱處理方法之系統方塊圖。處理腔體100係為一種可密閉的容器,藉由凝結飽和蒸汽來對第3圖所示的半導體元件121進行熱處理。過熱蒸汽產生單元200係用來加熱液態傳熱液,使之產生傳熱液的高壓過熱蒸汽。此處所謂的過熱蒸汽,係指蒸汽的溫度高於在處理腔體100內的傳熱液的沸點。凝結過濾單元300係將飽和或未飽和的傳熱液蒸汽進行過濾和冷凝,並將之輸送到凝結過濾槽303(如第2圖所示)。凝結補償單元400係將受控的低溫液態傳熱液注入至處理腔體100內,以調整處理腔體100內蒸汽的凝結速率。控制單元500係利用相關的溫度、壓力和液位感測器,來控制和操作整個系統。本發明之系統係可設計成密閉迴路(close loop)系統,以確保可重複使用傳熱液。
第3圖顯示一個包含有異質晶片組合(薄矽晶片131、厚矽晶 片137及堆疊矽晶片133)和基板135(例如矽晶圓或有機基板)的半導體元件121。請參考第2圖,其顯示本發明之半導體元件封裝的熱處理方法之系統的詳細配置圖。半導體元件121放置在處理腔體100內進行熱處理。本發明之系統能夠包含處理腔體100、過熱蒸汽產生單元200、凝結過濾單元300、凝結補償單元400和控制單元。處理腔體100係供待處理的半導體元件121放置用。過熱蒸汽產生單元200係提供高壓過熱蒸汽給處理腔體100,以在熱處理期間與半導體元件121交互作用。凝結過濾單元300係從處理腔體100接收凝結的傳熱液和飽和蒸汽。凝結補償單元400係用來調整處理腔體100內的蒸汽凝結速率與飽和蒸汽的潛熱。控制單元500則利用相關的溫度、壓力和液位感測器,來控制和操作整個系統。
處理腔體100係為一種可密閉的腔體,設置有隔熱壁101,其中半導體元件121能夠放置在設於溢流槽105上方的多孔板115上。導管207係將過熱蒸汽從過熱蒸汽產生器205引入至處理腔體100內。氣體散佈板103a、103b設置在處理腔體100內,並分別位在溢流槽105的相對兩側,也就是將溢流槽105包夾在兩者之間,其能夠使氣體或蒸汽流均勻地分佈在兩氣體散佈板103a、103b之間。頂針107a、107b係與自動控制設備協同作用,來執行半導體元件121的載入與載出。導管309係將處理腔體100內凝結的傳熱液,輸送至凝結過濾槽303。導管311係將蒸汽和氣體輸送至凝結過濾槽303。導管111係利用真空泵浦113將處理腔體100內的蒸汽和氣體排放至排氣裝置118。導管109係將專用的氮氣輸送至處理腔體100內。當處理腔體100的門打開時,自動控制設備係將半導體元件121從半導體存放夾取出,並放置在處理腔體100內。頂針107a、107b這時上升,並突出多孔板115。半導 體元件121則利用自動控制設備放置在頂針107a、107b的頂端,而後頂針107a、107b下降,讓半導體元件121放置在多孔板115的上表面。當處理腔體100的門關閉時,真空泵浦113將處理腔體100內的空氣抽出,而後氮氣被注入處理腔體100內。前述步驟可使處理腔體100內保持少氧環境,接著就可以準備開始對半導體元件121進行熱處理。而後導管207上的閥門打開,傳熱液的過熱蒸汽注入處理腔體100內。導管311上的閥門也被打開,排出氣體和蒸汽至凝結過濾槽303,並且導管309上的閥門和泵浦也開啟,將液態的傳熱液排出至凝結過濾槽303。除此之外,導管403上的閥門和泵浦也開啟,以將受控制的低溫液態傳熱液注入至溢流槽105,來準確地控制蒸汽的凝結速率。
過熱蒸汽產生單元200包含有過熱蒸汽產生器205和預熱槽201。導管305將存放在傳熱液槽301內的液態傳熱液,輸送至預熱槽201。預熱槽201加熱該液態傳熱液至比傳熱液沸點還低的預定溫度,而後導管203將加熱後的傳熱液輸送至過熱蒸汽產生器205。過熱蒸汽產生器205利用高效率的沈浸加熱器來加熱注入的液態傳熱液,使之產生高壓過熱蒸汽,而後再利用導管207將過熱蒸汽注入至處理腔體100,使成為飽和蒸汽;其中過熱蒸汽輸送至處理腔體100後,會通過設置在導管207於處理腔體100的出口端與溢流槽105之間的氣體散佈板103a,而後才到達待測半導體元件121的周圍。
凝結過濾單元300包含有凝結過濾槽303和傳熱液槽301。導管311係將處理腔體100內的蒸汽和氣體輸送至凝結過濾槽303,其中待處理半導體元件121周圍的蒸汽和氣體在輸送至凝結過濾槽303前,會通過設置 在導管311於處理腔體100的入口端與溢流槽105之間的氣體散佈板103b。導管309係將處理腔體100內凝結的傳熱液,輸送至凝結過濾槽303。導管305則將存放在傳熱液槽301和凝結過濾槽303內的液態傳熱液,輸送至預熱槽201。
凝結補償單元400具有密閉的腔體401,設置有隔熱壁401,其中腔體401可通過導管307用來容納來自凝結過濾槽303的傳熱液,並將傳熱液加熱至預定的溫度。管線403上的泵浦則將腔體401內的傳熱液打入溢流槽105,藉此調整處理腔體100內的蒸汽凝結速率與飽和蒸汽的潛熱。
控制單元500係根據所有液位計、溫度計和壓力計所傳來的信號,利用電腦程式,來操作所有的閥門、泵浦和加熱器,以控制整個系統的運作。
請參考第7圖,半導體元件121放置在頂針107a、107b的頂端,這時頂針107a、107b已上升,使半導體元件121的底部不會與處理腔體100內的液態傳熱液接觸。從過熱蒸汽產生器205注入的過熱蒸汽會轉變成飽和蒸汽183,並在大氣環境(常壓)下快速地充滿整個處理腔體100。此時,處理腔體100內部的所有器件,包括半導體元件121、隔熱壁101、頂針107a、107b以及氣體散佈板103a、103b的表面,會覆蓋一層由傳熱液凝結的薄膜181。但在溢流槽105,由於盛裝了來自凝結補償單元400的液態傳熱液,因此將不會形成有薄膜。飽和蒸汽183會在溫度接近但不超過傳熱液沸點的情況下,轉換其潛熱所包含的熱量至凝結薄膜181的整個表面。因此,利用此蒸汽凝結熱量轉換所施加在半導體元件121表面上的熱量,會是非常均勻,而且沒有受到形狀的限制。此時,處理腔體100內的低溫液態傳熱液 能夠消耗許多飽和蒸汽183的潛熱,因此能夠調整飽和蒸汽183的凝結速率。
請參考第8圖,半導體元件121放置在多孔板115上,半導體元件121的底部並與來自凝結補償單元400的低溫液態傳熱液191接觸,以實施差別加熱法。半導體元件121的頂部因未與低溫液態傳熱液191接觸,飽和蒸汽183可以很均勻地將熱量轉換至半導體元件121的頂部。而半導體元件121沈浸在低溫液態傳熱液191的部分,也會從低溫液態傳熱液191接受均勻的熱量。通常低溫液態傳熱液191的溫度會比傳熱液的沸點低上許多,其溫度是根據基板135能忍受翹曲的程度而定。本發明的差別加熱法可以減小在熱處理期間,基板135的翹曲以及基板135與異質晶片組合間因熱膨脹係數不匹配所造成的應力。注入溢流槽105內的低溫液態傳熱液191會從多孔板115邊緣與溢流槽105壁之間的間隙195溢流至溢流槽105外,因此間隙195的寬度較佳是小於基板135的厚度,如此能使液態傳熱液191的溢流較平順。
雖然本發明已以前述實施例揭示,然其並非用以限定本發明,任何本發明所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者,在不脫離本發明之精神和範圍內,當可作各種之更動與修改。因此本發明之保護範圍當視後附之申請專利範圍所界定者為準。
100‧‧‧處理腔體
101‧‧‧隔熱壁
103a‧‧‧氣體散佈板
103b‧‧‧氣體散佈板
105‧‧‧溢流槽
107a‧‧‧頂針
107b‧‧‧頂針
109‧‧‧導管
111‧‧‧導管
113‧‧‧真空泵浦
115‧‧‧多孔板
118‧‧‧排氣裝置
121‧‧‧半導體元件
183‧‧‧飽和蒸汽
191‧‧‧低溫液態傳熱液
200‧‧‧過熱蒸汽產生單元
201‧‧‧預熱槽
203‧‧‧導管
205‧‧‧過熱蒸汽產生器
207‧‧‧導管
300‧‧‧凝結過濾單元
301‧‧‧傳熱液槽
303‧‧‧凝結過濾槽
305‧‧‧導管
307‧‧‧導管
309‧‧‧導管
311‧‧‧導管
400‧‧‧凝結補償單元
401‧‧‧腔體
403‧‧‧導管
500‧‧‧控制單元
H‧‧‧沈浸加熱器
L‧‧‧液位感測器
P‧‧‧壓力感測器
T‧‧‧溫度感測器

Claims (14)

  1. 一種半導體元件封裝的熱處理方法,包含下列步驟:將一半導體元件放置在一處理腔體內;以及在該處理腔體內產生一液態化合物的飽和蒸汽,並讓該飽和蒸汽覆蓋該半導體元件,其中該飽和蒸汽的潛熱藉由凝結熱轉換被轉換至該半導體元件的表面。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之熱處理方法,其中在該處理腔體內產生飽和蒸汽的步驟包含:提供一過熱蒸汽產生器來產生該液態化合物的過熱蒸汽,其中該過熱蒸汽的溫度係高於在該處理腔體內的該液態化合物的沸點;以及將該過熱蒸汽注入該處理腔體內,使之轉變成該飽和蒸汽。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第2項所述之熱處理方法,其中產生該過熱蒸汽的步驟包含:提供一預熱槽來加熱該液態化合物至一預定溫度,其中該預定溫度係低於在該處理腔體內的該液態化合物的沸點;將該加熱後的液態化合物從該預熱槽注入至該過熱蒸汽產生器內;該過熱蒸汽產生器加熱該注入的液態化合物,使之成為該過熱蒸汽。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第2項所述之熱處理方法,其中該過熱蒸汽係透過一第一導管注入該處理腔體內,該熱處理方法還包含:將一第一氣體散佈板設置在該處理腔體內,並使該第一氣體散佈板位在該半導體元件與該第一導管在該處理腔體的出口端之間。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第3項所述之熱處理方法,還包含:提供一凝結過濾槽來接收來自該處理腔體的該液態化合物的蒸汽;利用該凝結過濾槽來凝結及過濾所接收到的該蒸汽,使之成為該液態化合物;以及將該液態化合物從該凝結過濾槽輸送至該預熱槽。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第5項所述之熱處理方法,其中該蒸汽係透過一第二導管注入該凝結過濾槽內,該熱處理方法還包含:將一第二氣體散佈板設置在該處理腔體內,並使該第二氣體散佈板位在該半導體元件與該第二導管在該處理腔體的入口端之間。
  7. 如申請專利範圍第5項所述之熱處理方法,還包含:提供一傳熱液槽將該液態化合物供應至該預熱槽。
  8. 如申請專利範圍第1或5項所述之熱處理方法,還包含:提供一凝結補償單元將該液態化合物供應至該處理腔體,藉此來吸收該飽和蒸汽的潛熱。
  9. 如申請專利範圍第5項所述之熱處理方法,還包含: 將來自該凝結過濾槽的該液態化合物供應至一凝結補償單元;以及將該液態化合物從該凝結補償單元供應至該處理腔體,藉此來吸收該飽和蒸汽的潛熱。
  10. 如申請專利範圍第5項所述之熱處理方法,還包含:利用該凝結過濾槽接收來自該處理腔體的該液態化合物。
  11. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之熱處理方法,還包含:提供一凝結補償單元將該液態化合物供應至該處理腔體,藉此來吸收該飽和蒸汽的潛熱:以及將一多孔板設置在該處理腔體內來承載該半導體元件,並使該半導體元件的底部與來自該凝結補償單元的該液態化合物接觸,而該半導體元件的頂部則未與來自該凝結補償單元的該液態化合物接觸。
  12. 如申請專利範圍第11項所述之熱處理方法,其中該半導體元件包含有一基板來承載一晶片,該基板係與來自該凝結補償單元的該液態化合物接觸。
  13. 如申請專利範圍第12項所述之熱處理方法,還包含:將一溢流槽設置在該處理腔體內,以接收來自該凝結補償單元的該液態化合物,其中該多孔板係設置在該溢流槽上方,注入該溢流槽的該液態化合物係從該多孔板邊緣與該溢流槽壁之間的間隙溢流至該溢流槽外,該間隙的寬度係小於該基板的厚度。
  14. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之熱處理方法,其中該液態化合物係為全氟化合物。
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