TW201634117A - 結晶微孔材料介導之ｃ-含氧化合物至ｃ-含氧化合物的轉換 - Google Patents

結晶微孔材料介導之ｃ-含氧化合物至ｃ-含氧化合物的轉換 Download PDF

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TW201634117A
TW201634117A TW104119956A TW104119956A TW201634117A TW 201634117 A TW201634117 A TW 201634117A TW 104119956 A TW104119956 A TW 104119956A TW 104119956 A TW104119956 A TW 104119956A TW 201634117 A TW201634117 A TW 201634117A
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撒拉凡南慕魯剛 舒慕賈菲爾
蘇比瑞 伊朗斯 撒達巴
艾斯班 塔爾寧
馬丁 史班斯伯格 荷爾姆
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托普索公司
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Abstract

本發明提供一種自包含C1-3含氧化合物之組成物製備C4含氧化合物之方法，其中該方法在包含小孔或中孔結構之結晶微孔材料存在下進行。

Description

結晶微孔材料介導之C 1-3 含氧化合物至C 4 -含氧化合物的轉換
C4含氧化合物(例如C4糖，諸如赤藻糖、異赤藻糖及赤藻酮糖)之選擇性及高產製備可證明對於其在化學行業中用於製備例如：C4多元醇；羥乙酸甲酯乙烯酯或可自其獲得之產物；2-羥基-4-甲氧基丁酸或其鹽或酯，諸如2-羥基-4-甲氧基丁酸甲酯之用途有價值。
製備C4含氧化合物之已知方法包括羥乙醛之醇醛自縮合。已觀察到醇醛縮合對於C4含氧化合物之製備不具有選擇性；當C4產物繼續反應以形成具有更大數目之碳原子之含氧化合物時觀察到產物之混合物。為了控制反應對C4含氧化合物之選擇性，需要形成C4含氧及矽酸鹽或硼酸鹽複合物，或使用C4含氧選擇性催化劑。
使用矽酸鹽錯合物用於選擇性形成C4含氧化合物之實例包括在矽酸鈉水溶液存在下醇醛縮合羥乙醛；Science(2010)327，第984-986頁。在反應期間形成矽酸鹽-C4糖複合物，因此控制反應之選擇性。另一實例包括在硼酸鹽緩衝液存在下縮合羥乙醛。獲得C4含氧化合物(C4糖)之 高產率(86%)；J.Am.Chem.Soc.(2011)133，第9457-9468頁。
C4含氧選擇性催化劑之實例包括藉由在純手性二肽催化劑存在下醇醛縮合羥乙醛製備C4含氧化合物。C4含氧化合物產物之產率高達63%；PNAS(2006)103，第12712-12717頁。或者，可使用鋅-脯胺酸催化劑。C4糖產物之總產率為約51%。C6糖以約30%之產率形成；Org.Biomol.Chem.(2005)3，第1850-1855頁。
自羥乙醛替代製備C4含氧化合物包括在製備2-羥基-4-甲氧基-丁酸酯(C4)及羥乙酸甲酯乙烯酯(C4)中所提議的丁醣瞬時中間物。反應在類沸石催化劑存在下進行。類沸石材料為Sn-BEA，一種十二員環孔結構；Green Chemistry(2012)14，第702-706頁。
替代類沸石材料(諸如十員環孔結構化類沸石(例如Sn-MFI或Ti-MFI))可用以使C2含氧化合物異構化。此類類沸石已經用於將乙二醛異構化成羥乙酸。羥乙酸之產率為約90%；Green Chemistry(2014)16，第1176-1186頁。
本發明之目標為提供一種自包含C1-3含氧化合物之組成物製備C4含氧化合物之方法，其中該方法對於C4含氧化合物之產生具有選擇性且產物以高產量獲得。
現已發現羥乙醛可在包含小孔或中孔結構之結晶微孔材料存在下選擇性轉化為C4含氧化合物。反應以高產率進行。另外，反應可能在額外化合物存在下進行以選擇性形成所需C4含氧化合物。
本發明藉由一種自包含C1-3含氧化合物之組成物製備C4含氧 化合物之方法進一步定義，其中該方法在包含小孔或中孔結構之結晶微孔材料存在下進行。
C4含氧化合物可稱為C4糖或碳鏈長度為四個碳原子之含氧化合物。C4含氧化合物之分子式可為C4H8O4。C4含氧化合物亦可描述為丁醣。C4含氧化合物選自由異赤藻糖、赤藻糖及赤藻酮糖組成之群中的一或多者。
在本發明之一個具體實例中，包含C1-3含氧化合物之組成物包含一或多種選自由C1含氧化合物、C2含氧化合物及C3含氧化合物組成之群的含氧化合物。C1、C2及C3含氧化合物意謂碳鏈長度分別為一個、兩個或三個碳原子之化合物。C1-3含氧化合物之分子式選自由CH2O、C2H4O2、C2H2O2、C3H6O2及C3H4O2組成之群中之一或多者的式。較佳地，包含C1-3含氧化合物之組成物為包含一或多種選自由甲醛、乙二醛、羥乙醛、丙酮醛及丙酮醇組成之群之化合物的組成物。在第二具體實例中，較佳地包含C1-3含氧化合物之組成物為包含一或多種選自由羥乙醛(2-羥基乙醛)及乙二醛組成之群之C2含氧化合物的組成物。羥乙醛為碳鏈長度為兩個碳原子之化合物，亦稱為C2含氧化合物或C2糖。
包含C1-3含氧化合物之組成物可呈溶液形式，其中溶劑選自由水、甲醇及水與甲醇之混合物組成之群。舉例而言，包含C1-3含氧化合物之組成物可為羥乙醛之水溶液或甲醇溶液或包含一或多種選自由甲醛、乙二醛、羥乙醛、丙酮醛及丙酮醇組成之群之化合物的組成物之水溶液或甲醇溶液。
包含C1-3含氧化合物之組成物可藉由生物質之熱解或一或多 種選自由C5含氧化合物、C6含氧化合物及蔗糖組成之群的含氧化合物之熱解獲得。C5含氧化合物及C6含氧化合物意謂一或多種選自由葡萄糖、果糖、木糖及其異構體組成之群的化合物。例示性熱解反應提供於US 7,094,932 B2及PCT/EP2014/053587中。
結晶微孔材料包括沸石材料及類沸石材料。根據Corma等人，Chem.Rev.1995,95第559-614頁，沸石材料為具有微孔結晶結構之結晶鋁矽酸鹽。沸石材料之鋁原子可經金屬(金屬原子)，諸如鋯(Zr)、鈦(Ti)及錫(Sn)部分或全部取代，該等材料稱為類沸石材料。
包含小孔結構之結晶微孔材料意謂包含八員環孔結構之結晶微孔材料；包含中孔結構之結晶微孔材料意謂包含十員環孔結構之結晶微孔材料。具有小孔或中孔結構之結晶微孔材料之實例提供於Chem.Rev.1995,95第559-614頁中，且包括諸如LTA、CHA、MFI(ZSM-5)、MEL、MTT、MWW、TON、HEU、AEL、AFO、MWW及FER之結構。
具有BEA之結構之結晶微孔材料包含較大、十二員環孔結構(Chem.Rev.1995,95第559-614頁)，且不視為本發明之特徵。
具有中等孔徑之類沸石材料之實例包括諸如Sn-MFI、Ti-MFI及Zr-MFI之結構。具有小孔徑之類沸石材料之實例為Sn-LTA。
包含小孔或中孔結構之結晶微孔材料可視為相當於催化劑。
藉由本發明之方法製備之C4含氧化合物之產率百分比等於或大於20%，等於或大於24%，等於或大於27%，等於或大於30%，等於或大於35%。
包含小孔或中孔結構之結晶微孔材料中金屬(金屬原子)之 含量以0.1wt%至15wt%，0.5wt%至5.0wt%，0.5wt%至1.5wt%存在。
方法可在溶劑中進行；其中溶劑可選自由水、醇及水與醇之混合物(水及醇)中之一或多者組成之群。醇可選自由甲醇及乙醇組成之群中的一或多者。
方法可在25℃至150℃，50℃至120℃及70℃至100℃之溫度下進行。
藉由本發明產生之C4含氧化合物可藉由氫化轉換成C4多元醇。該等氫化反應可在受載金屬催化劑存在下進行，其中金屬為例如銅、鎳、鉬、鈷、鐵、鉻、鋅及鉑族金屬。在一較佳具體實例中，金屬催化劑選自由鈀或釕受載/碳或阮尼(Raney)鎳組成之群。例示性氫化反應條件揭示於US 6,300,494 B1及US 4,487,980 B1中。用於氫化反應之其他適合金屬催化劑及反應條件之實例揭示於Ullmann之Encyclopaedia of Industrial Chemistry：Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation中。
藉由本發明之方法產生之C4含氧化合物可轉換成羥乙酸甲酯乙烯酯及2-羥基-4-甲氧基丁酸或其鹽或酯。Science(2010)328，第602-605頁及Green Chemistry(2012)14，第702-706頁揭示適當合成程序。另外，可自C4含氧化合物在相同條件或如ACS Catal.,2013,3(8)，第1786-1800頁中所描述之條件下製備α-羥基-γ-丁內酯。
羥乙酸甲酯乙烯酯化合物可進一步反應以形成α-羥基甲硫胺酸類似物；此轉化之實例揭示於WO 98/32735中。α-羥基甲硫胺酸類似物包括選自由2-羥基-4-(C1-5烷硫基)丁酸、其鹽及酯組成之群的化合物。
C1-5烷硫基意謂選自由甲烷硫醇、乙烷硫醇、直鏈或分支鏈 丙烷硫醇、直鏈或分支鏈丁烷硫醇及直鏈或分支鏈戊烷硫醇組成之群的烷基硫醇。
C1-8烷基酯意謂包含選自由甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、異丙基、異丁基、戊基、己基、庚基、辛基及2-乙基己基組成之群之烷基的酯。
在本發明之一個具體實例中，α-羥基甲硫胺酸類似物為2-羥基-4-(甲硫基)丁酸。
在本發明之第二具體實例中，α-羥基甲硫胺酸類似物選自由以下組成之群：2-羥基-4-(甲硫基)丁酸甲酯、2-羥基-4-(甲硫基)丁酸乙酯、2-羥基-4-(甲硫基)丁酸丙酯、2-羥基-4-(甲硫基)丁酸丁酯、2-羥基-4-(甲硫基)丁酸異丙酯、2-羥基-4-(甲硫基)丁酸戊酯、2-羥基-4-(甲硫基)丁酸己酯、2-羥基-4-(甲硫基)丁酸庚酯、2-羥基-4-(甲硫基)丁酸辛酯及2-羥基-4-(甲硫基)丁酸2-乙基己酯。
藉由本發明之方法產生之C4含氧化合物可轉換成丁二醇，如ChemSusChem(2012)5，第1991-1999頁中所描述。
自C1-3含氧化合物製備C4含氧化合物之方法亦可與C4含氧化合物之氫化反應伴隨進行以形成C4多元醇。因此反應可在一個步驟中進行，亦即『一鍋』反應。『一步』或『一鍋』反應意謂用於將羥乙醛轉換成C4含氧化合物之結晶微孔材料及用於氫化C4含氧化合物之金屬催化劑同時存在於反應容器中。當存在氫化產物(C4多元醇)時，中止反應。
C4多元醇意謂包含鏈長為四個碳原子之化合物且各碳原子鍵結至醇(OH)官能基之C4含氧化合物。C4多元醇亦可稱為四碳糖醇且具有分子式C4H10O4。C4多元醇為選自由赤藻糖醇及蘇糖醇組成之群中的一或 多者之化合物。赤藻糖醇及蘇糖醇包括所有立體異構體，諸如D-蘇糖醇及L-蘇糖醇。赤藻糖醇可用作食物、甜味劑且用於製備丁二醇。ChemSusChem(2012)5，第1991-1999頁說明自赤藻糖醇製備丁二醇。
圖1：根據實施例2製備之C4含氧化合物隨時間之產率百分比。顯示各種結晶微孔材料。結晶微孔材料為：正方形：200Sn-MFI；圓：Ti-MFI；三角形：Sn-BEA。
圖2：根據實施例3製備之C4含氧化合物隨時間之產率百分比。顯示各種結晶微孔材料。
結晶微孔材料為：正方形：200Sn-MFI；圓：Ti-MFI；三角形：Sn-BEA。
實施例1：
結晶微孔材料(Sn-MFI、Ti-MFI、Sn-BEA及Sn-LTA)製備：
Sn-MFI：
根據Mal等人(Mal,N.K.；Ramaswamy,V.；Rajamohanan,P.R.；Ramaswamy,A.V.Sn-MFI molecular sieves：Synthesis methods,29Si liquid and solid MAS-NMR,119Sn static and MAS NMR studies.Microporous Mater.,1997,12,331-340)所描述之方法製備200 Sn-MFI(Si/Sn=200)。根據此程序，將NH4F(5.35g)溶解於去礦物質水(25.0g)中。在快速攪拌下添加SnCl4．5H2O(0.25g)於H2O(10.0g)中之溶液。在此之後，緩慢添加溴化四丙銨[TPABr(9.8g)]於H2O(56.0g)中之溶液。將煙霧狀二氧化矽(8.6g)溶解於混合物中。攪拌混合物3小時且隨後將凝膠轉移至鐵氟龍內襯高壓釜(Teflon lined autoclave)中且在200℃下結晶6天。產物隨後用大量水抽吸過濾且在80℃下乾燥隔夜。在550℃(2℃/min)下煅燒所回收之粉末6小時。遵循相同程序但調整SnCl4．5H2O之量製備400Sn-MFI(Si/Sn=400)。
Sn-MFI(替代製備)：
可自ZSM-5(Zeo-chem，ZEOcat ® PZ-2100H)製備200 Sn-MFI(Si/Sn=200)。在蒸汽下在450℃下處理ZSM-5持續6h，在100℃下用HCl(1M)酸洗滌16h，且用大量水洗滌。在120℃下乾燥固體16h，用SnCl2水溶液浸漬且在550℃(2℃/min)下煅燒6h。
Ti-MFI：
根據Mal等人(Mal,N.K.；Ramaswamy,V.；Rajamohanan,P.R.；Ramaswamy,A.V.Sn-MFI molecular sieves：Synthesis methods,29Si liquid and solid MAS-NMR,119Sn static and MAS NMR studies.Microporous Mater.,1997,12,331-340)所描述之修改方法製備200 Ti-MFI(Si/Ti=200)。根據此程序，將NH4F(5.35g)溶解於去礦物質水(25.0g)中。在快速攪拌下添加乙醇鈦(IV)(0.17g)於H2O(3.5g)及H2O2(6.5g)中之溶液。在此之後，緩慢添加溴化四丙銨[TPABr(9.8g)]於H2O(56.0g)中之溶液。將煙霧狀二氧 化矽(8.6g)溶解於混合物中。攪拌混合物20小時且隨後將凝膠轉移至鐵氟龍內襯高壓釜中且在200℃下結晶6天。產物隨後用大量水抽吸過濾且在80℃下乾燥隔夜。在550℃(2℃/min)下煅燒所回收之粉末6小時。
Sn-BEA：
根據EP 2184270 B1中所描述之方法製備Sn-BEA。
Sn-LTA：
可自LTA沸石(Sigma-Aldrich，分子篩，4Å)製備(Si/Sn=125)之125 Sn-LTA。在蒸汽下在450℃下處理LTA持續6h，在100℃下用HCl(1M)酸洗滌16h，且用大量水洗滌。在120℃下乾燥固體16h，用SnCl2水溶液浸漬且在550℃(2℃/min)下煅燒6h。
自羥乙醛製備C4含氧化合物：
實施例2：
在20mL小瓶(Ace壓力管)中添加根據實施例1製備之結晶微孔材料(0.15g)、羥乙醛二聚體[SAFC，0.25g]及去離子水(5g)且在80℃下在劇烈攪拌(600rpm)下加熱。在所選時間(0.5-24h)獲取反應樣品。使用配備有BIORAD Amminex HPX-87H管柱之HPLC Agilent 1200在65℃及0.004M H2SO4水溶液下以0.6ml min-1進行過濾之後，進行液體樣品分析。
實施例3：
可藉由生物質或C5-6糖(C5-6含氧化合物)(諸如葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖或木糖)之熱解製備包含C1-3含氧化合物之組成物。例示性熱解反應提供於US 7,094,932 B2及PCT/EP2014/053587中。C1-3含氧組成物包含5wt%或5wt%以上，諸如5wt%與65wt%之間的羥乙醛。
將根據US 7,094,932 B2獲自葡萄糖熱解之包含C1-3含氧化合物之組成物稀釋於水中，獲得5g包含8wt%羥乙醛之溶液。在20mL小瓶(Ace壓力管)中將根據實施例1製備之結晶微孔材料(0.15g)添加至混合物中且在80℃下在劇烈攪拌(600rpm)下加熱反應物。在所選時間(0.5-24h)獲取反應樣品。如先前所說明進行過濾之後，進行液體樣品分析。
實施例4：
C4含氧化合物之氫化在高壓釜反應器中在壓力30-90巴H2下進行。藉由將根據實施例2或3製備之包含C4含氧化合物之組成物(15g) 連同Ru/C催化劑(0.2g；活性炭上5%，來自Aldrich)添加至Parr高壓釜(50mL)中來進行反應。在80℃下加熱反應器且在500rpm下攪拌3h。
實施例5：
羥乙醛至C4含氧化合物之伴隨轉換及隨後氫化。(『一鍋』或『一步』轉換及氫化)。
在50mL Parr高壓釜中添加羥乙醛二聚體(SAFC，0.25g)、根據實施例1製備之Sn-MFI(0.1g)、Ru/C催化劑(0.075g；活性炭上5%，來自Aldrich)及水(15g)。在80℃下在空氣氛圍中進行第一縮合反應。在反應3h之後，高壓釜用氫氣在90巴下加壓且使反應進行3h。在縮合步驟及氫化之後獲得產物之樣品且在HPLC中過濾之後分析，如先前所說明。
或者，乙烯基羥乙酸或羥乙酸甲酯乙烯酯(MVG)可藉由使根據實施例1或2製備之包含C4含氧化合物之組成物與Sn-BEA催化劑分別在水或甲醇中反應獲得；Green Chemistry(2012)14，第702-706頁。

Claims (17)

  1. 一種自包含C1-3含氧化合物之組成物製備一或多種C4含氧化合物之方法，其中該方法在包含選自由八員環孔結構及十員環孔結構組成之群中之一或多者的環孔結構的結晶微孔材料存在下進行。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法，其中該等C4含氧化合物為選自由異赤藻糖、赤藻糖及赤藻酮糖組成之群中之一或多者的化合物。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1項及第2項之方法，其中包含C1-3含氧化合物之該組成物包含一或多種選自由甲醛、羥乙醛、乙二醛、丙酮醛及丙酮醇組成之群的化合物。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第1項至第3項之方法，其中包含C1-3含氧化合物之該組成物可自生物質或一或多種選自由果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、木糖或其異構體組成之群的含氧化合物之熱解獲得。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第1項至第4項之方法，其中包含C1-3含氧物之該組成物包含選自由水、醇及水與醇之混合物組成之群中之一或多者的溶劑。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第1項至第5項之方法，其中該醇選自由甲醇及乙醇組成之群中之一或多者。
  7. 如申請專利範圍第1項至第6項之方法，其中包含小孔或中孔結構之該結晶微孔材料包含選自由鋯、鋁、錫或鈦組成之群中之一或多者的金屬。
  8. 如申請專利範圍第1項至第7項之方法，其中包含小孔或中孔結構之該結晶微孔材料包含0.1wt%至15wt%之該金屬。
  9. 如申請專利範圍第1項至第8項之方法，其中包含八或十員環結構之 類沸石材料具有選自由以下組成之群的結構：CHA、LTA、MFI、MEL、MTT、MWW、TON、HEU、AEL、AFO及FER結構。
  10. 如申請專利範圍第1項至第9項之方法，其中該方法在25℃與150℃之間的溫度下進行。
  11. 如申請專利範圍第1項至第10項之方法，其中該等C4含氧化合物經氫化。
  12. 如申請專利範圍第1項至第11項之方法，其中該方法為一步法。
  13. 如申請專利範圍第1項至第10項之方法，其中該等C4含氧化合物在Sn-BEA存在下異構化及酯化。
  14. 如申請專利範圍第1項至第10項之方法，其中該等C4含氧化合物轉換成一或多種選自由赤藻糖醇及蘇糖醇組成之群的化合物。
  15. 一種根據申請專利範圍第14項之方法製備之赤藻糖醇的用途，其用於由以下組成之群中的一或多者：食物、甜味劑及製備呋喃。
  16. 一種根據申請專利範圍第1項至第10項製備之C4含氧化合物的用途，其用於製備選自由以下組成之群的化合物中之一或多者：羥乙酸甲酯乙烯酯、2-羥基-4-甲氧基丁酸酯、2-羥基-4-甲氧基丁酸、1,4-丁二醇及α-羥基-γ-丁內酯。
  17. 一種根據申請專利範圍第1項至第10項製備之C4含氧化合物的用途，其用於製備一或多種α-羥基甲硫胺酸類似物。
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