TW201300573A - 無電電鍍方法 - Google Patents
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/18—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
- C23C18/20—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of organic surfaces, e.g. resins
- C23C18/28—Sensitising or activating
- C23C18/30—Activating or accelerating or sensitising with palladium or other noble metal
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
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- C23C18/38—Coating with copper
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Abstract
本發明揭示一種於金屬或金屬合金結構(其包括諸如鉬或鈦之金屬及含有此等金屬之合金)上無電電鍍金屬或金屬合金之方法。該方法包括以下步驟:活化,於包含至少一種含氮化合物或羥基羧酸之水溶液中處理,及無電電鍍金屬或金屬合金。
Description
本發明係關於一種製造平板顯示器及相關裝置時無電沉積金屬及金屬合金之方法。
藉由氣相沉積方法沉積如鋁、鉬、鉻及鈦之金屬,達成基於薄膜電晶體(TFT)之平板顯示器之不同特徵部(如柵極結構及電路)之金屬化。增加平板尺寸要求TFT線路之更高導電性以維持極短的像素回應時間及避免快速移動影像順序時之移動模糊影響。
由於其低電阻率,銅係替代其他金屬如上述彼等作為TFT線路材料之適宜候選者。銅濺鍍為習知方法。然而,一旦所要求之膜厚度超過1 μm,濺鍍銅之問題越來越大。濺鍍之銅膜通常展示相當量之內部應力,其最後可導致下層玻璃基板之彎曲或甚至破裂。由於相對低之濺鍍產率,濺鍍厚銅層亦會遭受重大材料損失。最後,增加之清潔濺鍍室之維護努力可導致延長停機時間及限制整體製程之生產力。
一種用於平板顯示器應用之於基板上無電沉積銅之方法係由S.Fang等人揭示於「Highly Adhesive Copper Wiring for FPD using Inkjet Printed Catalyst and Neutral Electroless Deposition」(IDW '07-Proceedings of the 14th International Display Workshops(2007),第2卷,第713頁至714頁)中。此處,先活化基板,再用藉由噴墨印刷沉積
之催化油墨進行無電金屬沉積。
藉由於鉬層上無電電鍍來沉積銅之另一方法係由H.Ning等人揭示於「The Feasibility of Cu Plating Technology in LCD」(Proceedings of ASIA Display 2007 AD'07上海,2007年3月12至16日)中。該方法利用圖案化光阻以選擇性沉積銅。
因此,本發明之第一目標係提供一種具有高導電性之表層。
本發明之第二目標係提供具有光滑表面之金屬及金屬合金層。
本發明之第三目標係提供一種在下方金屬或金屬合金層上之具有良好黏附性之表層。
本發明之第四目標係提供一種具有低內部應力之金屬或金屬合金層。
該等目標藉由根據本發明之一般製程順序而解決,該一般製程順序包括按以下順序之步驟:(i)提供至少在一側具有由選自由鉬、鈦、鋯、鋁、鉻、鎢、鈮、鉭及其合金組成之群之金屬或金屬合金結構組成之表面之非導電基板,(ii)使該基板與包括貴金屬之活化劑接觸,(iii)使該基板與含有含氮物質及羥基羧酸中至少一者之水溶液接觸,及(iv)藉由無電電鍍方法,將金屬或金屬合金沉積於該活
化表面上。
於步驟(iv)中沉積之該金屬或金屬合金對基板表面之下方金屬或金屬合金結構具有高黏附性。而且,於步驟(iv)中沉積之該金屬或金屬合金層具有光滑表面、低內部應力及足夠的導電性。
用於平板顯示器及相關裝置之基板係由玻璃或聚合物箔如PET箔製成。此等非導電基板至少在一側包括通常藉由化學或物理氣相沉積法沉積之金屬或金屬合金結構。該金屬或金屬合金結構由鉬、鈦、鋯、鋁、鉻、鎢、鈮、鉭及其合金中之一者或多者組成。
本文中術語「金屬或金屬合金結構」應意指:a)在非導電基板之一側或兩側上之全部表面係由金屬或金屬合金薄層覆蓋(較不佳)或b)「金屬或金屬合金結構」在非導電基板之一側或兩側上包括金屬圖案(較佳)。
藉由相關技術中已知之方法清潔該基板。可因該目的使用包含濕潤劑之水性組合物。
隨後可視情況,使基板之頂部上之金屬或金屬合金結構在包含過氧化物及酸之水性組合物中微蝕刻。
藉由在該金屬或金屬合金結構上之無電電鍍沉積金屬或金屬合金在不活化該金屬或金屬合金結構(根據該一般製程順序之步驟(ii))時係不可行。
首先,利用選自包括銀、金、釕、銠、鈀、鋨、銥及鉑
之群之貴金屬活化該金屬或金屬合金結構。用於活化該金屬或金屬合金結構之最佳金屬係鈀。
該貴金屬可呈離子或膠體形式提供。
藉由溶解部份下層次貴金屬或金屬合金結構,與基板表面上之下層次貴金屬或金屬合金結構之浸入型反應,以金屬態沉積呈離子形式提供之貴金屬。在活化金屬或金屬合金結構以利用貴金屬離子進行無電電鍍之情況中,貴金屬係以金屬狀態沈積。
當使用呈離子形式之貴金屬時,該基板表面僅在由金屬或金屬合金結構組成之基板表面之彼等區域上活化以進行連續無電電鍍。因此,在根據一般製程順序之步驟(iv)中不需要用於選擇性無電沉積之遮罩,如圖案化光阻。
藉由吸附使呈膠體形式提供之貴金屬沉積於整個基板表面上,即在該金屬或金屬合金結構與下層非導電基板上。在待藉由根據一般製程順序之步驟(iv)中之無電電鍍沉積該金屬或金屬合金之情形下,在沉積呈膠體形式之貴金屬之前,步驟(iv)中不應沉積金屬或金屬合金之基板表面之彼等部份需經諸如圖案化光阻之遮罩覆蓋。如該基板之此等部份未經覆蓋,則在步驟(iv)中該金屬或金屬合金將沉積於整個基板表面上。在此情況下,在無電電鍍後需要施行蝕刻處理以獲得具有高導電性之圖案化金屬或金屬合金層。
提供呈離子或膠體形式之貴金屬之可應用活化劑組合物揭示於例如ASM Handbook,第5卷,Surface Engineering,
1194,第317頁至318頁中。
接著,在根據一般製程順序之步驟(iii)中,使包含貴金屬之基板表面與包含至少一種含氮物質及羥基羧酸之水性組合物接觸。
較佳而言,在步驟(iii)中使用包含至少一種含氮物質之水性化合物。
含氮物質較佳選自由四級銨聚合物、聚醯胺基胺、具有含2至6個碳原子之烷基之四銨羥基化合物、烷醇胺、胺基羧酸、基於脂肪胺之四級銨鹽及四級化之脂肪族胺乙氧基化物組成之群。
更佳而言,該含氮物質係選自由四級銨聚合物及聚醯胺基胺組成之群。
適宜的四級銨聚合物包括交聯四級銨聚合物及非交聯四級銨聚合物。
適宜的交聯四級銨聚合物包括由大量單乙烯系不飽和單體或單體混合物及少量聚乙烯系不飽和單體或單體混合物所形成之共聚物,其用於交聯該聚合物。單乙烯系不飽和單體之實例包括多環芳族化合物,如苯乙烯、經取代之苯乙烯(包括乙基乙烯苯、乙烯基甲苯及乙烯基苄基氯);及芳基單體如甲基丙烯酸及丙烯酸酯,其包括丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丙酯。較佳係丙烯酸低碳數脂肪族酯。適宜的聚不飽和交聯單體包括二乙烯基苯、二乙烯基吡啶、二乙烯基甲苯、二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯等。藉由相關技術中已知之方法,可將上述乳液共聚物轉化為帶正電
之離子交換樹脂。例如,在路易士(Lewis)酸(如氯化鋁)之存在下,可用氯甲基甲基醚使交聯苯乙烯乳液聚合物氯甲基化,隨後可用三級胺(如三甲胺)處理所得之中間乳液共聚物以形成四級氯化物官能團。或者,可藉由用包含三級胺基團與一級或二級胺基團之二胺(如二甲基胺基丙基胺或二-(3-二甲基胺基丙基)-胺)處理交聯丙烯酸酯乳液共聚物,及用烷基鹵化物(如甲基氯陰離子)四級化所得弱鹼性樹脂,製備強鹼性四級胺樹脂。
適宜非交聯四級銨聚合物包括用表氯醇或環氧乙烷四級化之甲基丙烯酸二甲基胺基乙酯聚合物、聚-N,N-二甲基-3,5-亞甲基哌啶鎓鹽、聚乙烯胺、二-甲基-二-烯丙基銨鹽之聚合物,其中該鹽之抗衡離子係任意水溶性離子(如氯離子);二甲基胺或單乙基胺及表氯醇之共聚物,及上述共聚物之四級化形式及經改性之天然有機聚電解質,如經二乙基胺乙基氯鹽酸鹽處理之瓜爾豆膠。
其他適宜之陽離子性聚合物包括基於脂肪胺之陽離子性四級銨鹽,及基於脂肪胺之脂肪族四級銨鹽。
基於脂肪胺之陽離子性四級銨鹽包含1-丙銨-N-(2-羥乙基)-N,N-二甲基-3-[(1-氧基十八烷基)-胺基]鹽、1-丙銨-N,N,N-三甲基-3-[(1-氧基十二烷基)-胺基]烷基酯鹽、1-丙銨-(3-十二烷氧基)-2-羥基-N,N-雙-(2-羥乙基)-N-甲基烷基酯鹽。適宜陰離子係例如磷酸根、硝酸根、硫酸根及甲基硫酸根。
其他適宜之陽離子性四級銨鹽係四級化脂肪族胺乙氧基
化物,其中該氮原子係四級氮。此外,可使用烷基苄基二甲基銨氯化物,其中該烷基係衍生自脂肪酸。
適宜烷醇胺化合物係低碳數烷醇胺化合物,如二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺、單異丙醇胺、二異丙醇胺、三異丙醇胺、單-第二丁醇胺、二-第二丁醇胺、2-胺基-2-甲基-1-丙二醇、2-胺基-2-乙基-1,3-丙二醇、2-二甲基胺基-2-甲基-1-丙醇、叁(羥甲基)胺基乙烷及上述烷醇胺化合物之混合物。
適宜胺基羧酸包括乙二胺四乙酸、羥基乙二胺四乙酸、次氮基三乙酸、羥基乙二胺三乙酸、N-二羥基乙基甘胺酸、乙烯雙(羥基苯基甘胺酸)、離胺酸、丙胺酸、纈胺酸、亮胺酸、異亮胺酸、脯胺酸、苯基丙胺酸、色胺酸、甲硫胺酸、甘胺酸、絲胺酸、蘇胺酸、半胱胺酸、酪胺酸、天冬醯胺酸、穀胺醯胺、天冬胺酸、谷胺酸、精胺酸、組胺酸及其混合物。
適宜羥基羧酸包括酒石酸、檸檬酸、葡萄糖酸、5-磺基水楊酸及其混合物。
該至少一種含氮化合物或羥基羧酸之濃度一般在0.1至30 g/l,更佳係1至10 g/l,且最佳係2至5 g/l範圍。
視情況,步驟(iii)中所用之水溶液包含濕潤劑及/或抗絮凝劑。
視情況,接著以水沖洗基板表面。
接著,在步驟(iv)中,藉由無電電鍍,在活化基板表面上沉積至少一層金屬或金屬合金。
可藉由根據本發明之方法中之無電電鍍處理沉積之金屬
及金屬合金之實例係銅、鎳、金、鈀、釕、錫、銀及其合金。
較佳而言,於步驟(iv)中沉積銅、銅合金、鎳及鎳合金。
最佳而言,於步驟(iv)中沉積銅或銅合金。
銅無電電鍍之電解質一般包含銅離子源、pH調整劑、錯合劑如EDTA、烷醇胺或酒石酸鹽、加速劑、安定劑添加劑及還原劑。在大多數情形下,使用甲醛作為還原劑,其他常用還原劑係次磷酸鹽、二甲胺硼烷及硼氫化物。用於無電銅電鍍電解質之典型安定劑添加劑係諸如巰基苯并噻唑、硫脲、多種其他含硫化合物、氰化物及/或亞鐵氰化物及/或鈷氰化物鹽、聚乙二醇衍生物、雜環含氮化合物、甲基丁炔醇及丙腈之化合物。此外,經常藉由使穩定空氣流通過銅電解質,而使用分子氧作為安定劑添加劑(ASM Handbook,第5卷:Surface Engineering,第311頁至312頁)。
無電金屬及金屬合金電鍍電解質之另一重要實例係用於沉積鎳及其合金之組合物。此等電解質通常基於作為還原劑之次磷酸鹽化合物,及另外包含選自包括第VI族元素(S、Se、Te)、含氧陰離子(AsO2 -、IO3 -、MoO4 2-)、重金屬陽離子(Sn2+、Pb2+、Hg+、Sb3+)之化合物之群之安定劑添加劑及不飽和有機酸(馬來酸、衣康酸)之混合物(Electroless Plating:Fundamentals and Applications,編輯:G.O.Mallory,J.B.Hajdu,American Electroplaters
and Surface Finishers Society,重印版本第34頁至36頁)。
根據本發明之較佳製程順序包括按以下順序之步驟:(i)提供至少在一側具有由選自由鉬、鈦、鋯、鋁、鉻、鎢、鈮、鉭及其合金組成之群之金屬或金屬合金結構組成之表面之非導電基板,(ii)使該基板與包括呈貴金屬離子形式之貴金屬之活化劑接觸,藉此僅活化該金屬或金屬合金結構,(iii)使該基板與含有含氮物質及羥基羧酸中至少一者之水溶液接觸,及(iv)藉由無電電鍍方法,將金屬或金屬合金沉積於該活化表面上。
藉由根據本發明之方法,於由金屬(如鉬、鈦、鋯、鋁、鉻、鎢、鈮、鉭及其合金)組成之金屬或金屬合金結構上沉積之金屬或金屬合金層具有高黏附性、足夠的導電性、均勻的厚度分佈及光滑表面。
現將藉由參考以下非限制性實例說明本發明。
利用包含四級銨聚合物之調節劑,及隨後藉由浸入型電鍍鈀,活化具有附接於一側之鉬層之玻璃基板。接著,自包含銅離子、甲醛、EDTA及安定劑之電鍍池沉積銅層。因此,未應用根據一般製程順序之步驟(iii)。
沒有步驟(iii),所沉積之銅層表現壓縮性氣泡之典型結構,此表明鉬層上之不良黏附性。
藉由浸入型電鍍鈀活化具有附接於一側之鉬層之玻璃基板。隨後,將該活化基板浸入pH值為12至12.5及包含3.1 g/l聚醯胺基胺之水溶液中20 s。接著,自包含銅離子、甲醛、EDTA及安定劑之電鍍池沉積銅層。因此,此時應用根據一般製程順序之步驟(iii)。
利用步驟(iii),所沉積之銅層顯示於鉬層上之充足黏附性。
Claims (12)
- 一種無電電鍍之方法,其包括按以下順序之步驟:(i)提供至少在一側上附接有選自由鉬、鈦、鋯、鋁、鉻、鎢、鈮、鉭及其合金組成之群之金屬或金屬合金結構之非導電基板,(ii)使該基板與包括貴金屬之活化劑接觸,(iii)使該基板與含有含氮物質及羥基羧酸中至少一者之水溶液接觸,及(iv)藉由無電電鍍,將金屬或金屬合金沉積於該活化表面上。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中步驟(i)中之該金屬或金屬合金結構係選自由鉬、鈦及其合金組成之群。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中步驟(iii)中之該至少一種含氮物質係選自由四級銨聚合物、聚醯胺基胺、具有含2至6個碳原子之烷基之四銨羥基化合物、烷醇胺、胺基羧酸、基於脂肪胺之四級銨鹽及四級化之脂肪族胺乙氧基化物及其混合物組成之群。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中步驟(iii)中之該羥基羧酸係選自包括酒石酸、檸檬酸、葡萄糖酸、5-磺基水楊酸及其混合物之群。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中步驟(iv)中所沉積之該金屬或金屬合金係選自由銅、銅合金、鎳及鎳合金組成之群。
- 一種無電電鍍之方法,其包括按以下順序之步驟:(i)提供在至少一側上附接有選自由鉬、鈦、鋯、鋁、 鉻、鎢、鈮、鉭及其合金組成之群之金屬或金屬合金結構之非導電基板,(ii)使該基板與包含鈀之活化劑接觸,(iii)使該基板與含有含氮物質及羥基羧酸中至少一者之水溶液接觸,及(iv)藉由無電電鍍,將金屬或金屬合金沉積於該活化表面上。
- 如請求項6之方法,其中在步驟(ii)中鈀係呈鈀離子形式提供。
- 如請求項6之方法,其中在步驟(ii)中鈀係呈膠體形式提供。
- 如請求項6之方法,其中步驟(iii)中該至少一含氮物質係選自由四級銨聚合物、聚醯胺基胺、具有含2至6個碳原子之烷基之四銨羥基化合物、烷醇胺、胺基羧酸、基於脂肪胺之四級銨鹽及四級化之脂肪族胺乙氧基化物及其混合物組成之群。
- 如請求項6之方法,其中步驟(iii)中之該羥基羧酸係選自包括酒石酸、檸檬酸、葡萄糖酸、5-磺基水楊酸及其混合物組成之群。
- 如請求項6之方法,其中步驟(iv)中所沉積之該金屬或金屬合金係選自由銅、銅合金、鎳及鎳合金組成之群。
- 一種在至少一側上具有選自鉬、鈦、鋯、鋁、鉻、鎢、鈮、鉭及其合金之金屬或金屬合金結構且在該金屬或金屬合金結構上附接有銅或銅合金層之玻璃基板,其中藉由如請求項1至11中任一項之方法沉積該銅或銅合金。
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