SU1720562A1 - Method for tree training in cultivar stock garden - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to fruit growing. The purpose of the invention is to increase the yield of standard cuttings. The method of forming the crowns of the uterine-varietal garden consists in the fact that in the summer of the first year the branches of the first order are located at an angle of 45-60 ° & singly in a row plane in opposite directions, which creates maximum conditions for suppressing violent apical growth (slope of the branches) and maximum use of the light mode throughout the crown (no leader of the central conductor). Such formation of the productive zone along the entire length of the branch allows for a 1.5–2.0-fold increase in the yield of standard graft cuttings. 3 il.

Description

The invention relates to fruit growing, in particular, to methods for growing grafts.

The quality of planting material has a significant impact on the productivity of fruit plantations. In this regard, along with an increase in the production of maple vegetatively propagated rootstocks of blon, it is necessary to grow high-quality grafts of privo. Usually, in the initial period of the life of any existing plantings, graft grafts are observed.

It has been established that the age of the tree from which the cuttings are harvested does not affect the growth force, the time of entry into fruiting and the yield of the plantations. This opens up prospects for the creation of an elite, intensive type of uterine plantations, with the aim of obtaining healthy, free from viral infections, pure-quality, cuttings of prio, the best zoned and promising varieties.

To this day, cuttings from the forest continue to be mostly harvested in ordinary industrial gardens. Pledged cutting gardens only come into operation. Cultivation techniques in principle do not differ from ordinary industrial gardens. They occupy more space, are rather time-consuming to maintain, and do not fully meet the requirements for growing high-quality graft material. Uterine plantations are especially unsuitable for growing elite virus-free material, where strict adherence to spatial isolation, systematic phytosanitary control, maple selection, and special agricultural technology are required.

In France, Yugoslavia, Italy, and other countries, the anvilous graft material of the blony is grown in special uterine plantations of the intensive type. For these plantations are characteristic: compacted tree planting, small-sized

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forming systems, special pruning, which, in combination with the entire agrotechnical complex, is aimed at eliminating fruit bearing and obtaining high output quality cuttings per unit area.

The closest in technical essence is a method of forming a uterine-cutting garden according to the Ungur system. It consists in the fact that the seedlings are pruned in the spring of the first year, leaving a stump length of 20-22 cm, in the spring of the next year, the entire growth is cut at the height of the trunk in accordance with the variety and rootstock combination, and the productive zone is located at the ends of the cut shoots.

The main disadvantages of the known method are the strong greasing of primordial cuttings at a young age of a planted seedling due to the strong effect of the biological law of the apical growth, and consequently, a large percentage of poor-quality primordial cuttings are obtained during this period; the rapid thickening of the crown further contributes to an increase in low-quality cuttings from the middle of the crown, due to their insufficient light.

The purpose of the invention is to increase the yield of standard cuttings.

The proposed method of forming trees of the uterine-varietal garden consists in the fact that after spring pruning, two branches are formed on the stump from growing branches, arranged in opposite directions along the row at an angle of 45-60 ° and vertical, and the productive zone is created along the entire length branches for suppressing violent apical growth (slope of the branches) and maximum use of the light regime throughout the crown (no leader of the central conductor). Such formation of the productive zone along the entire length of the branches makes it possible to increase the yield of standard graft cuttings by 1.5–2.0 times.

FIG. 1 shows a diagram of a row after planting and before cutting to reverse growth; in fig. 2 is a diagram of the spring and the second year before cutting off the extra growth and giving the required slope to the 2-meter branch; in fig. 3 is a diagram of a row in the summer of the second year before harvesting the grafts.

The method of forming trees of the uterine-cutting garden is carried out as follows.

In a pre-prepared place planted vertically one seedling

1 (Fig. 1), while if they were planted in the fall, they do not touch it until spring, and in the spring of the first year they cut back to reverse growth, causing artificial formation

almost from the earth's surface several strongly growing shoots of the 1st order of 2 (fig. 2), which in the summer of this year are placed at an angle of 45-60 ° singly in the row plane in opposite directions. The remaining increment is removed per ring. And the earlier, the better for the selected branches. Along the entire length of the branches 2, the productive zone is located, from which the grating of the grafts is harvested by double cutting.

5 Example. The tests are carried out by setting up field experiments and carrying out laboratory analyzes of the soil and plants according to generally accepted methods of conducting experiments with fruit plants.

0 Field experiments were established annually with

1983 to 1989 in the Ukrhoz Kriuli, Kriul nsky District, SSRM on a plot of 0.01 ha

The soil of the experimental plot is presented

chernozem carbonate and iron loamy on loam. Previously, with the help of a DT-75 tractor and tools for planting NKW-100 trees, after dividing the plot, they planted and planted the mother garden of the varietal garden. Food area 2.0-0.8.

The planting was carried out in the fall of October 21-22, 1984, with one-year-old saplings of the blond variety Golden Delicious, grafted onto a medium-sized stock MM106.

5Spring of the first year, 22-25 April, the seedlings planted from autumn were cut back on growth by 20-22 cm above the inoculation. As a result, on each originally planted seedling, 4-6 were formed.

0 strong gains. When a gain of 3-5 cm was reached, 2 were taken on each seedling that was initially planted, placed in opposite directions along the line of the row at an angle of 45-60 ° and vertical. The rest were removed on the ring. Subsequently, cuttings were harvested with branches located in this way. Depending on the biological characteristics of the variety, the angle of inclination of 45-60 ° was formed either naturally

0 (varieties Jonathan, Wagner prize), or with the help of artificial temporarily directed supports (variety Sarah Sinap). Giving branches of tilt angles less than 45 ° and more than 60 ° leads to undesirable results (Table 1) due to the fact that in both cases it causes a large formation of tops. In the first case, due to the law of strong apical growth, and in the second, due to the large bending of the branches of the first order at the base.

Moreover, the results showed that for varieties with sprawling crown the best angle is close to 60 °, and for varieties with pyramidal, the angle of inclination of the first order branches is closer to 45 ° more natural. In these cases, artificial supports are less necessary.

Starting from the second year of 2SI25 July 1985, cuttings were made for opulization, by double cutting. Before budding, i.e. the first time with the remaining 5-6 eyes on the knots, and in the spring of next year with the removal of the eyes that were touching the growth from the moment after the initial pruning until autumn.

By July 26, 1986, a productive zone 45-55 cm wide was formed along the entire length of the branches. The yield, quality, and productive state of the quotient was given in Table. 2

For comparison, a similar method was tested under similar conditions. In the fall of 1984, Golden Delicious saplings, grafted on the stock MM106, were planted vertically in the queen-trees according to the scheme 2.0x0.8. The yield, quality and productive state of the mother liquor by a known method are given in table. 2

The proposed method provides an increase in the yield of standard cuttings privot 1.5-2.0 times. Although the seedlings, according to a known method, formed productive zones with 4-6 heads on each seedling, with the branches at an angle of 45-60 ° in the row plane, the number of cuttings on the latter turned out to be more. Due to the fact that eliminated

the negative effect of the apex initial strong growth, branches of the second order were formed uniformly along the entire length, the branches of the first order, and then from them (usually 4-5 pieces) were determined by a double short pruning of the cutting. The productive zone along the length of the row is located in a narrow strip (45-55 cm), and this, in turn, provides light access to all cuttings of the lead and has a significant effect on the quality of the obtained cuttings, i.e. their standard.

The proposed method allows for a wide range of control, depending on the biological characteristics of the variety, soil fertility and other factors, the area of nutrition of the trees thus formed. At the same time, existing machines and aggregates for the care of plants and soil can be used most effectively, and the fight against pests and plant diseases is greatly facilitated.

Claims (1)

The invention of the method of forming trees of the uterine-varietal garden, including planting of seedlings, spring pruning of seedlings of the first year, leaving hemp 20-22 cm high, forming a productive zone for producing cuttings, standard cuttings, after spring pruning, form two branches on a stump of growing shoots, positioning them in opposite directions along the line of a row at an angle of 45-60 ° to the vertical, and creating a productive zone along the entire length of the branch. Table 1 } 20 llw /// /// /// /// /// ////////// /// /// /// /// /// Phie.1 /// //////////////////////////////////// one /// /// /// ///////////// /// /// / y / /// /// table 2 FIG. 2 Fig.Z