SU121617A1 - The method of cultivation of grapes in covering and semi-covering zones - Google Patents

Description

Many research institutions and production organizations are developing various methods for trimming bushes, allowing for simultaneous mechanized laying and covering of bushes. Experienced in production conditions is a half-quaternary one-sided form of bushes, preliminary hilling of the vines with their pruning after cutting using the method of the Novo-Kuban State Farm, etc.

The proposed method is different in that bushes are formed with annually updated annual sleeves, with full shelter for the winter only shoots grown for the next year's crop. Moreover, these nobegs are grown on the two main shoulders of the bush from the knots due to cross-cutting of all the shoots on one shoulder of the bush on the knots, and on the second, on the fruit links with long arcs.

FIG. 1 and 2 depict a method of pruning the bushes by alternately cutting off the shoots on one shoulder of the bush for knots, and on the second, on ordinary fruit links; in fig. 3, 4, and 5, alternate cutting of bushes is shown in rows one after another: in the first year, only for knots, and in the second year, for fruit links on thickened plants in rows. In order to increase the efficiency of the grape culture in covering areas of the country, it is necessary to revise and improve the system of pruning, covering and shaping grape bushes, in order to make them more in line with both the biology of the grape plant (in particular environmental conditions) and the organizational and production conditions mi, folding in households with a new ratio of cultures.

The main task of the changes introduced into this system should be the creation of conditions in the vineyards, which ensure in the covering area the receipt of high-quality annual grapes of good quality with the least expenditure of labor and means for its cultivation.

No. 121617

In order to better adapt the agricultural technology of grapes to the natural conditions of covering areas, it offers a new type of stemless semi-covering fan shape with annually updated annual sleeves. These sleeves are formed on the two main shoulders of the bush from replacement shoots grown on knots, as well as from year-old young, wolf-throated and pasynkov shoots. The principal difference between the new form and the old types is that here the shoots are alternately cut off on one shoulder of the bush for knots, and on the second on ordinary fruit links (fig.)

The following year, a fruit link is formed on the shoulder with knots, and on the other shoulder with the fruit spikes, only the knots are left (Fig. 2).

With this method of pruning on the shoulder with knots, during the growing season, 6–8 strong, well-developed shoots are grown. During the period of green operations, oii are tied up in a vertical position to the support and occupy a narrow 35-50 cm strip on it. The rest of the tapering area is occupied by fruit vines and green growth of the second shoulder. In the autumn, after harvesting, the fruit shoots, which are grown on one of the shoulders according to the specified method, are easily released from the support without first cutting the bushes, placed on the soil surface and tucked in with tractor plows (or manually) with a layer of ground up to 25 cm high. The entire growth of the second arm with the spawn-bearing arcs remains on the support, continuing its normal physiological activity even after the leaves fall to frost. They are pruned mainly in the form of "cutting at the level of the ridge of the ground covering roller. The final pruning of these shoulders is done after opening the bushes, leaving only the necessary knots, and on the second shoulder-fruit vines and replacement knots. This should be used for pruning and shaping (bushes) on standard plantings with bushes 2.5X1.5 m and 2X1, 5 m, as well as on landings of the irrigated zone of vigorous varieties with distances between bushes up to 1.75-2.0 m.

For plants that are thickened in rows, the bushes are alternately cut in rows through one: in the first year only in the knots, in the second year in the fruit links (Fig. 3, 4 and 5).

In comparison with conventional shaping of the covering area, the new trimming method has the following advantages. It creates the necessary conditions for the separate laying and covering of the desired fruit vines long before the leaf fall without pruning the bushes and, therefore, without sharply disturbing the physiological processes occurring in the fabric of the vines.

Separate and early harboring of fruit shoots prior to the beginning of leaf fall precludes the possibility of damage to their eyes by early frosts and frosts, and consequently, their mass swelling under the cover of the ground. Preserving almost all the growth of last year's fruit arcs above the ground without pruning creates in the covering area the necessary prerequisites for fuller use of light and heat of the autumn post-harvest period of the backup vegetation phase. This contributes to a greater accumulation of aosimilites in the tissues of the previously covered part of the bushes and the best preparation for wintering.

The annual replacement of the sleeves with annual fruit arches in the spring will reduce to a great extent (as shown by the investigations of E. Zakharova and I. and Potapenko Ya. I.) losses due to bloody necrosis.

When grapes are cultivated on the sands, the unopened part of the growth of the bushes will prevent the blowing of sand in the winter months, simultaneously contributing to snow retention and a more uniform distribution of the moisture of winter precipitation.

The proposed snood requires the use of pruning with a predominance of long fruit arches, differentiation of their length in accordance with the natural conditions of the area, biological features of fruit bearing varieties, planting density, agricultural technology, growth power of the grown shoots and the nature of the supports for the fullest use of the light area of the X-beam between the vineyards.

On thickened plantings and low-growing varieties, fruit shoots can be cut shortly from 5-6 to 10 eyes, on more rare with medium-length varieties and with better water regime of the soil — from 8 to 14 holes, and on strong-growing varieties characterized by high average and distant fruitfulness. ocelli, fruit arches can be cut to 12-16 or more ocelli. This will allow a wide variation in the load of the bushes to produce high yields of the required quality every year.

In order to facilitate the separate laying of grown shoots, replacement with green pods is recommended to bring them to the support on one side of a row only.

The proposed method of pruning and forming bushes allows placing fruit arcs with the main mass of growth and yield at a considerable height from the soil surface on the first, second, and, if necessary, also on the third trellis wire, eliminating the need to press them to the soil surface, and therefore reducing losses from rotting, soil pollution and mechanical damage. When cultivating table grapes of a later ripening period, harvesting can be done in two steps. First of all, the clusters will be removed from shoots grown on knots that have a small load and thereby provide for the early maturation of their clusters. Following this, they are released from the support, laid and hilled by tillage tools to a height of 25 cm. The rest of the crop remains on the uncovered part of the bushes and is removed as needed before the onset of the first frost.

Subject invention

Claims (3)

1. A method of cultivating grapes in the covering and semi-covering zones with placement of skeletal parts of bushes of the type without a stem form, characterized in that, in order to more securely shelter for the winter necessary fruit shoots, more iolnoy use of light and heat by the vine during the backup period ( the post-harvest phase of the growing season, increasing the effectiveness of fighting damage to the vines from early autumn frosts, tearing out the eyes and frost damage, the bushes are formed with annually updated annual sleeves with a complete shelter for the winter only shoots grown for next year's crop, and these shoots are grown on the two main shoulders of the bush from the knots due to the alternate cutting of all the shoots on one shoulder of the bush only on the knots, and on the second on the fruit links with long arcs. 2. Acceptance of the method according to claim 1, characterized in that the following year fruit branches are formed on the shoulder with knots, and on the other, only the knots are left, and during the growing season 6-8 strong, well-developed shoots are formed, which green operations are tied up in a vertical position, occupying a narrow strip of 35–40 cm on a support, and the rest of the support is occupied by fruit arches of the second shoulder and their green shoots. No. 121617 No. 121617-4 - 3. Acceptance of the method according to paragraphs. 1 and 2, characterized in that, following harvesting, the fruit shoots grown from the knots on one of the shoulders are covered with earth for the winter, and the entire growth of the second arm with the sprouts arches is left on the support until frost, and from this growth, planting cuttings are harvested, and all the vegetative part unnecessary for propagation is cut in the form of a "shearing on the level of the ridge of the covering roller of the earth". Applying the method of paragraphs. 1-3, wherein the circumferential removal of the base of last year's fruit arches, leaving only knots in their place, is made in the spring after lifting the ground of the covering roller, while in the second, new fruit arches with replacement knots form from the covering vines. 5. Change the method of PP. 1-4, characterized in that in a densely planted planting, the bushes of grapes in rows are alternately cut after one, and in the first year, only for knots, and in the second year, only for fruit links.