SE413780B - Sett for reglering av stalferskning - Google Patents
Sett for reglering av stalferskningInfo
- Publication number
- SE413780B SE413780B SE7214068A SE1406872A SE413780B SE 413780 B SE413780 B SE 413780B SE 7214068 A SE7214068 A SE 7214068A SE 1406872 A SE1406872 A SE 1406872A SE 413780 B SE413780 B SE 413780B
- Authority
- SE
- Sweden
- Prior art keywords
- temperature
- carbon
- partial pressure
- control means
- oxygen
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 81
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 73
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 61
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 55
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 53
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 50
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 28
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000604 Ferrochrome Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000616 Ferromanganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000519 Ferrosilicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DALUDRGQOYMVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron manganese Chemical compound [Mn].[Fe] DALUDRGQOYMVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N krypton atom Chemical compound [Kr] DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000005261 decarburization Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000009628 steelmaking Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241001325209 Nama Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000003287 bathing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QMQXDJATSGGYDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidyneiron Chemical compound [C].[Fe] QMQXDJATSGGYDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000382928 Oxya Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012809 cooling fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013178 mathematical model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 temperature Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C7/04—Removing impurities by adding a treating agent
- C21C7/068—Decarburising
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
- Carbon Steel Or Casting Steel Manufacturing (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00194454A US3816720A (en) | 1971-11-01 | 1971-11-01 | Process for the decarburization of molten metal |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| SE413780B true SE413780B (sv) | 1980-06-23 |
Family
ID=22717660
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE7214068A SE413780B (sv) | 1971-11-01 | 1972-10-31 | Sett for reglering av stalferskning |
Country Status (10)
Families Citing this family (26)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1559688A (en) * | 1976-04-30 | 1980-01-23 | British Steel Corp | Refining molten metal |
| SU752162A1 (ru) * | 1977-06-13 | 1980-07-30 | Ордена Ленина Институт Кибернетики Ан Украинской Сср | Устройство дл контрол концентрации углерода в жидком металле |
| SU813216A1 (ru) * | 1977-06-13 | 1981-03-15 | Ордена Ленина Институт Кибернетикиан Украинской Ccp | Устройство дл контрол концентра-ции углЕРОдА B жидКОМ МЕТАллЕ |
| FR2396290A1 (fr) * | 1977-06-28 | 1979-01-26 | Inst Kib Akademii | Procede et dispositif d'identification de l'effet thermique de la transformation de phase des metaux et des alliages au cours de leur refroidissement |
| JPS57145917A (en) * | 1981-03-03 | 1982-09-09 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | Refining method for high chromium steel |
| JPS5855519A (ja) * | 1981-09-29 | 1983-04-01 | Nippon Yakin Kogyo Co Ltd | コンピユ−タ−・シミユレ−シヨンによるａｏｄ炉操業の制御方法 |
| US4436553A (en) | 1982-01-22 | 1984-03-13 | Union Carbide Corporation | Process to produce low hydrogen steel |
| SE452475B (sv) * | 1983-03-21 | 1987-11-30 | Nippon Yakin Kogyo Co Ltd | Forfarande for datorstyrd avkolning av en stalsmelta |
| US4551175A (en) * | 1984-04-17 | 1985-11-05 | Union Carbide Corporation | Method for controlling slag chemistry in a refining vessel |
| US4529443A (en) * | 1984-04-26 | 1985-07-16 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation | System and method for producing steel in a top-blown vessel |
| DE3601337A1 (de) * | 1986-01-16 | 1987-07-23 | Mannesmann Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung hochlegierter staehle im sauerstoffblaskonverter |
| US4708738A (en) * | 1986-04-01 | 1987-11-24 | Union Carbide Corporation | Method for refining very small heats of molten metal |
| US4711430A (en) * | 1986-04-01 | 1987-12-08 | Union Carbide Corporation | Side-injected metal refining vessel and method |
| US4647019A (en) * | 1986-04-01 | 1987-03-03 | Union Carbide Corporation | Very small refining vessel |
| US5423926A (en) * | 1991-09-10 | 1995-06-13 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Method of controlling heat input to an alloying furnace for manufacturing hot galvanized and alloyed band steel |
| US5327357A (en) * | 1991-12-03 | 1994-07-05 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Method of decarburizing molten metal in the refining of steel using neural networks |
| DE4324528C2 (de) * | 1993-07-21 | 2002-12-12 | Siemens Ag | Recheneinrichtung zur Bestimmung von Entschwefelungszusätzen für eine Stahlschmelze und Stahlschmelze mit Entschwefelungszusätzen |
| CN1047444C (zh) * | 1993-09-03 | 1999-12-15 | 日本贺利氏电测骑士公司 | 测定钢水中碳、氢和氮浓度的方法和装置 |
| DE19540490C1 (de) * | 1995-10-23 | 1997-04-10 | Mannesmann Ag | Verfahren zum Entkohlen einer Stahlschmelze |
| US6591215B1 (en) * | 1999-02-18 | 2003-07-08 | Furnace Control Corp. | Systems and methods for controlling the activity of carbon in heat treating atmospheres |
| ITRM20010146A1 (it) * | 2001-03-21 | 2002-09-21 | Acciai Speciali Terni Spa | Metodo e sistema di controllo per convertitori aod. |
| KR20040014599A (ko) * | 2001-07-02 | 2004-02-14 | 신닛뽄세이테쯔 카부시키카이샤 | 크롬함유 용강의 탈탄 정련 방법 |
| US6854573B2 (en) | 2001-10-25 | 2005-02-15 | Lord Corporation | Brake with field responsive material |
| US8397883B2 (en) * | 2001-10-25 | 2013-03-19 | Lord Corporation | Brake with field responsive material |
| DE102018121232A1 (de) * | 2018-08-30 | 2020-03-05 | Sms Group Gmbh | Verfahren zur analytischen Bestimmung des kritischen Prozessmoments bei der Entkohlung von Stahl- und Legierungsschmelzen |
| CN113523291B (zh) * | 2021-07-09 | 2023-08-15 | 辽宁冠达新材料科技有限公司 | 一种气雾化制备a100超高强度合金钢粉末的方法 |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3252790A (en) * | 1956-06-27 | 1966-05-24 | Union Carbide Corp | Preparation of metals and alloys |
| NL270519A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1960-11-18 | |||
| BE610265A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1960-11-18 | |||
| US3329495A (en) * | 1963-09-26 | 1967-07-04 | Yawata Iron & Steel Co | Process for measuring the value of carbon content of a steel bath in an oxygen top-blowing converter |
| FR1402856A (fr) * | 1963-12-03 | 1965-06-18 | Siderurgie Fse Inst Rech | Procédé et dispositif de surveillance des réactions d'oxydation en cours d'affinage d'un bain métallique |
| US3377158A (en) * | 1965-04-28 | 1968-04-09 | Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp | Converter control systems and methods |
| US3619174A (en) * | 1965-11-27 | 1971-11-09 | Sumitomo Metal Ind | Method for controlling the carbon content in and/or the temperature of the steel |
| US3528800A (en) * | 1966-02-14 | 1970-09-15 | Leeds & Northrup Co | Optimized blowing control for basic oxygen furnaces |
| US3565606A (en) * | 1967-06-27 | 1971-02-23 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Method for controlling carbon removal in a basic oxygen furnace |
| US3561743A (en) * | 1967-10-17 | 1971-02-09 | Gen Electric | Use of stack gas as oxygen potential measurements to control the bof process |
| US3594155A (en) * | 1968-10-30 | 1971-07-20 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Method for dynamically controlling decarburization of steel |
| US3621217A (en) * | 1969-09-09 | 1971-11-16 | Gulf Research Development Co | Special-purpose process control computer |
| US3614682A (en) * | 1970-06-22 | 1971-10-19 | Firestone Tire & Rubber Co | Digital computer control of polymerization process |
| US3754895A (en) * | 1971-01-27 | 1973-08-28 | Allegheny Ludlum Ind Inc | Process for decarburization of steels |
-
1971
- 1971-11-01 US US00194454A patent/US3816720A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1972
- 1972-10-25 CA CA154,770A patent/CA975565A/en not_active Expired
- 1972-10-31 DE DE2253480A patent/DE2253480C3/de not_active Expired
- 1972-10-31 FR FR7238636A patent/FR2161942B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1972-10-31 JP JP47108572A patent/JPS5226212B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1972-10-31 BR BR007623/72A patent/BR7207623D0/pt unknown
- 1972-10-31 SE SE7214068A patent/SE413780B/sv unknown
- 1972-10-31 IT IT53748/72A patent/IT966875B/it active
- 1972-10-31 ES ES408142A patent/ES408142A1/es not_active Expired
- 1972-10-31 AT AT927772A patent/AT339938B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES408142A1 (es) | 1976-02-01 |
| DE2253480A1 (de) | 1973-05-03 |
| JPS4852603A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1973-07-24 |
| BR7207623D0 (pt) | 1973-08-21 |
| IT966875B (it) | 1974-02-20 |
| DE2253480B2 (de) | 1977-07-28 |
| JPS5226212B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1977-07-13 |
| CA975565A (en) | 1975-10-07 |
| ATA927772A (de) | 1977-03-15 |
| AT339938B (de) | 1977-11-10 |
| DE2253480C3 (de) | 1978-03-16 |
| AU4833272A (en) | 1974-05-02 |
| FR2161942B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1977-04-01 |
| US3816720A (en) | 1974-06-11 |
| FR2161942A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1973-07-13 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| SE413780B (sv) | Sett for reglering av stalferskning | |
| TWI400339B (zh) | 在一ａｏｄ轉爐中製造肥粒鐵式鋼族ａｉｓｉ ４ｘｘ的不銹鋼的方法 | |
| AU712063B2 (en) | Silicon refining process | |
| KR101434541B1 (ko) | 합금강 강의 제조 방법 | |
| RU2139355C1 (ru) | Способ обезуглероживания стального расплава | |
| HU189326B (en) | Process for production of steels with low or super-low carbon content with the regulation the end point of the carbon and blasting temperature | |
| SU648118A3 (ru) | Способ получени легированных сталей | |
| JP4114346B2 (ja) | 高Ｃｒ溶鋼の製造方法 | |
| CN1160475C (zh) | 电弧炉冶炼镍基高温合金的工艺方法 | |
| US4022613A (en) | Metallurgical material and process for treating iron or steel therewith | |
| US5139236A (en) | Melt facility for continuous upcaster | |
| CA1092362A (en) | Process in the manufacture of steels containing nickel | |
| SU1765232A1 (ru) | Способ производства ферросплавов | |
| JP3752740B2 (ja) | 取鍋内溶鋼の昇熱方法 | |
| CN109338205A (zh) | 一种微碳锰铁合金及其制备方法 | |
| CN105671412A (zh) | 炼钢脱氧用铝铁合金的生产工艺 | |
| Calanog et al. | Optimization of stainless steel melting practice by means of dynamic programming | |
| JPS6232247B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | ||
| SU552597A1 (ru) | Устройство дл управлени температурным режимом индукционной печи | |
| JPH0317219A (ja) | Ｔｉ含有鋼の連続鋳造方法 | |
| JP2521384B2 (ja) | 電気炉の寿命延長方法 | |
| JP3353969B2 (ja) | 高Ａｌフェライト系ステンレス鋼の溶製方法 | |
| Morris | Recent developments in electric arc furnace operation | |
| JPH11124618A (ja) | 含クロム溶鋼の精錬方法 | |
| JPS60187609A (ja) | 溶銑脱硅法 |