RU2643245C2 - Method of reforestation on mountainside - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method of reforestation on mountainside is carried out in stages: at the first stage, mountain plots are determined for reforestation, taking into account the presence of wild seedlings in the neighbouring plots in the lowland, or near a road, or quarries, or ravines; at the second stage, the wild seedlings are dug out and transplanted to their places at selected plots with subsequent watering, forming clumps to create conditions for the seeds of grown trees of the clumps at the age of 20-30 years in the autumn-spring periods to be carried by wind currents to the rest of the selected plot.

EFFECT: afforestation effectiveness of lands located in mountainous areas, due to creating conditions for growing naturally.

4 cl, 4 ex

Description

The proposed method relates to forestry, including the target distribution of forests and afforestation.

In forestry and forestry, methods of afforestation or artificial forest distribution of forest crops are known. For example, there is a method of growing forest stands on terraced slopes (Patent RU No.2019956, IPC A01G 23/00, publ. 09/30/1939).

The essence of this invention lies in the fact that when forming access roads in the mastered area during the construction of technological terraces in the inter-terrace spaces of forest cultivated terraces, selective removal of trees that are stunted and the removal of harvested wood are carried out in order to reduce labor costs, reduce erosion processes and reduce the area possible burnout, access roads on the mastered area are formed in the form of zigzag roads. Moreover, on inclined sections of technological terraces, with a length of not more than 50 meters, roads are cut at an angle to the slope, and on horizontal sections formed on the forest forest terraces by removing woody vegetation from it, and the length of horizontal sections is half the length of inclined sections.

This embodiment of the method of forming access roads facilitates thinning and removal of harvested wood.

However, this method allows to reduce labor costs, erosion processes and reduces the area of possible burnout during fires, while not ensuring the main objectives of the invention, i.e. forest distribution. Moreover, terracing in mountainous conditions, especially in Siberia, is impractical due to the reasons of stony badlands and very high material costs.

The well-known "Method of creating forest stands" (Patent RU No. 2255462, IPC A01G 23/02).

According to this method, the creation of forest stands is carried out by digging and planting seedlings with a lump of land and care. Part of woody plants is planted in a space limited by the volume of the nutrient substrate or soil.

Moreover, the space is limited by root-retaining material.

The proposed method can be used in warm climates and afforestation of small areas. In addition, the complexity increases due to the fact that you need to plant three times more seedlings, in addition, after they dry out, it is necessary to selectively remove them.

Also known is the "Method of growing forest crops" (Patent RU No. 2262838, IPC A01G 23/02, publ. 05/10/2003).

According to this method, the cultivation of forest crops includes the following operations: moving seeds from forest crops by wind currents, depositing seeds into the soil, stratifying them step by step until emergence and subsequent care of the plants, and depositing seeds on the soil by installing delay screens across the prevailing wind flows.

The disadvantages of this method is the need for growing forest crops and subsequent care, associated with significant costs.

For the prototype taken "Forestry Method - 2" (Patent RU No. 2258353, IPC A01G 23/02, publ. 12/20/2004).

The method of forestry is that new growth of forests in the areas to be afforestation is created by planting seedlings, seedlings, sowing seeds in at least one artificial forest distribution center. Moreover, the sources of forest distribution are trees of the main breed of seed vegetative origin.

Artificial centers are created on an area less than the total area of the site by the size of the area provided by natural forest distribution from trees of created artificial centers on the territory of the entire site.

Caring for forest-forming plants, cutting down larger unwanted trees.

If necessary, create centers of artificial forest distribution by planting seedlings in areas of natural forest growth.

On artificial sources of natural forest distribution, “point” reclamation is carried out.

The method has several disadvantages, among which the following can be distinguished:

- high complexity and significant costs for its implementation associated with sowing seeds, planting seedlings in large areas, constant care in the form of reclamation, cutting of larger unwanted trees, the creation of additional centers of artificial forest distribution, as well as sowing strips;

- the method provides for afforestation of non-forest man-made disturbed lands in the flat areas, which reduces the efficiency of its use in comparison with lands located in mountainous areas due to the increase in the area provided by natural forest distribution due to moisture-bearing winds and high-altitude location of curtains;

- high costs associated with the use of equipment, while in mountain conditions its use is very limited due to landscape features;

- provides for the need for the acquisition or cultivation of seedlings and seedlings, as well as their cultivation;

- low survival rate of seedlings and seedlings due to their artificial cultivation and low adaptive ability to local conditions;

- small area provided by natural forest distribution.

The aim of the proposed method is to increase the efficiency of afforestation of lands located in mountainous areas, by creating conditions for growing naturally.

The essence of the proposed method of reforestation is that the method includes loosening the soil, planting seedlings, feeding them and differs in that reforestation is carried out on the mountain slopes in stages:

at the first stage, mountain areas for reforestation are determined taking into account the presence of game seedlings in neighboring areas in the lowlands, near roads, quarries, ravines or in fire protection strips of forest areas;

at the second stage, game seedlings are excavated and immediately transplanted into places on selected sites with subsequent watering, forming curtains, thereby creating the conditions that the seeds of grown curtain trees in autumn and spring are transferred by wind flows to the rest of the selected site. Moreover, the soil compositions in the selected mountainous area and in the neighboring area with wild game seedlings should be close, transplanting is carried out 2-3 years of the wild game seedlings while preserving the soil coma on the roots. Loosening is carried out in the form of furrows, one ends of which are connected at the planted game seedlings.

Example 1

The forested area is a gentle sloping uphill slopes of the southern and southeastern exposure with the former coniferous taiga, and now the burning site after the 2003 horse fire, with dead wood and dead wood of pine and larch. Preliminary soil preparation is not carried out. Marking for landing is also missing. Reforestation curtains are created with the aim of spreading pine seeds by the wind in 20-30 years, i.e. after the entry of young pines into the fruiting phase.

Saplings were dug in small areas of ripe or overmature forest, preserved after a horse fire and in seed years (after 3-4 years), creating healthy seedlings. The size of the "wilds" is not more than 20 cm together with a lump of soil. The roots of the former seedlings with a lump were placed in pre-prepared paper cups and delivered to the planting site, selected taking into account the prevailing moisture-bearing winds, capable of spreading the seeds to a vast area down the slope to the valley and to the slightly inclined territory of the mountain adjacent to the Irkutsk-B-Goloustnoye motorway.

Planting of seedlings was carried out under the Kolesov sword along with easily soaking paper cups, after which they were watered from a backpack sprayer. The time from digging to planting is no more than 30-40 minutes, which eliminates the drying of root hairs and, therefore, contributes to a high survival rate.

Example 2

The second example according to the claimed solution differs from the first in that pine seedlings were received from the nursery, brought over a distance of more than 100 km with overexposure for the weekend (with moistening, partially with digging). Cedar seedlings were taken from a school nursery at the age of 4-5, with a developed root system (30 cm or more in length).

The survival rate of seedlings in the year of planting in the fall turned out to be low (by cedar - zero) due to drying of root hairs (delivery after digging without a coma); long cedar roots were bent to the side or even upwards on small stony burnt soils. This is five years after the fire. In subsequent years (until 2014) this bitter experience was not repeated - one example was more than indicative.

Example 3

In the same geographical coordinates, on the terraces of the Bely White stream, the Goloustnensky forestry, reforestation measures were carried out on an area of about 50 hectares by planting pine seeds. Preliminary cleaning of the area was carried out by harvesting dead wood and mechanically crushing the dead wood remaining after the 2003 horse fire, i.e. in similar conditions (example 1, 2) according to the meteorological situation. The technology of creating crops by traditional sowing (according to the instructions of recent years).

Despite the fulfillment of all the requirements of the instruction, the application of the experience of professional forestry personnel and the enormous costs of rented equipment (Canadian chippers), the survival rate of the seeds of the autumn sowing in 2013, according to the spring 2015, turned out to be practically zero (i.e., individual shoots on the fire mineral strip on the border between the edge of a forest partially damaged by fire and a continuous burnout).

In the center of the “cultivated” sowing area, the overripe seed tree also did not produce a single shoot. Zero germination can be explained by the quality of the seeds purchased and the thick layer of undecomposed wood chips after the chopping machine, as well as the “freezing” of germinated seeds between the wood chips and subsequent drying.

Example 4

In parallel (i.e., on the other side of the stream) in the spring of 2015, SAPEPU volunteers planted 2–3-year-old wild boars of pine and cedar under Kolesov’s sword, with a lump and paper cups, were planted by SAPEU volunteers in the same conditions as in example 3 200 pieces. At the end of the season, accounting for survival showed that none of the seedlings had dried out.

Claims (4)

1. The method of reforestation on the mountain slopes, including loosening the soil, planting seedlings, feeding them, and reforestation is carried out on the mountain slopes in stages: at the first stage, mountain areas for reforestation are determined taking into account the presence of wild game seedlings in neighboring areas in the lowland or near the road, or quarries or ravines, at the second stage, they dig out wild game seedlings and transplant them into places at selected sites, followed by watering, forming curtains to create conditions for seeds of grown curtain trees in 20- 30 years of age in the autumn-spring periods are carried by wind currents to the rest of the selected site. 2. The method of reforestation according to claim 1, characterized in that the soil composition in the selected area with the neighboring area with wild game seedlings is close. 3. The method of reforestation according to claim 1, characterized in that a transplant of 2–3 years old game seedlings is carried out with the preservation of a clod of earth on the roots. 4. The reforestation method according to claim 1, characterized in that the soil is loosened in the form of grooves, the ends of which are connected at the planted game seedlings.