RU2497347C1 - Method of growing organic orchard of intensive type - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture, namely to gardening. The method comprises the selection of varieties and rootstocks. Planting of seedlings, the formation of the crown and grassing-down of the inter-row spacing. The assessment of conformity of the used land to regulatory requirements is carried out. Selection of varieties for specific areas that combine in a single genotype high tolerance to abiotic stressors and exceptional resistance to fungal diseases or immunity, vaccinated only on semi-dwarf and middle-sized rootstocks, low-responsive to the level of mineral nutrition. Then, since the first year of the garden life the grassing-down of the inter-row spacing is used on each second row. The stand of grass of naturally growing cover-ground grasses is formed by periodic mowing as regrowth to a height of 15-20 cm. At that the soil in the nearwellbore zone is mulched with straw. To protect fruit plants from diseases and pests the agents of natural origin are used - Lepidozid, Bacicol, including natural populations of natural enemies of pest species - the predatory bug Campylomma verbsei. Optimisation of the load of trees with fruit is carried out by hand leaving 20-40 leaves per one preserved fruit.

EFFECT: use of the present invention enables to obtain a stable yield of environmentally friendly fruit.

2 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, namely to the field of horticulture, and can be used to obtain stable, economically viable fruit yields that meet the requirements for organic products in various environmental conditions, as well as to exclude chemical effects on the agroecosystem of the garden and ensuring the full use of its own biopotential.

A known method of growing an intensive garden (see US Pat. RF No. 2202876, class A01G 1/00, 17/00. Publ. 04/27/2003. Bull. No. 12). It involves the selection of varieties and stocks, characterized by resistance to climatic stress factors and compatibility, planting seedlings in the garden according to a densified pattern, forming a crown of trees using a support, soil content in the rows between the sod-humus system, and in a row under herbicidal steam, fertilizer of the garden using several top dressings during the growing season, an integrated system for protecting plants from pests and diseases.

This method has significant drawbacks, namely: insufficiently comprehensive assessment of varietal-rootstock combinations before planting a garden, in particular, the lack of consideration of their reaction to adverse soil conditions and anthropogenic stress factors, neglect of the resistance of the assortment to fungal diseases, or the exclusion of diagnostics of potential plant productivity, and also the possibility of scion-rootstock combinations to adapt to the rhythm of temperature changes in a particular area, as a rule, leads to unwanted nym consequences. In cultivated variety-rootstock combinations of fruit crops, fruiting frequency is noted. As a result, the efficiency of planting operation decreases. It is also obvious that the cost of producing fruit products in the described way is quite large. This is due, in particular, to the creation of high-density plantations and the purchase of more planting material, using labor-intensive systems of tree crown formation and the installation of support devices, and the widespread use of protective equipment (mainly chemical), herbicides, and mineral fertilizers during the growing season of plants. Moreover, the increase in costs is often not justified by an adequate increase in the yield of fruits. Moreover, under conditions of an increasing chemical press, self-regulation mechanisms in garden ecosystems are disrupted. Thus, this method, solving the problem of obtaining, under certain conditions, high yields of marketable fruits, corresponds to the principles of chemical and technological intensification of the industry. At the same time, its use does not provide stabilization of horticulture, does not solve the problems of resource conservation and, especially, the production of fruit products belonging to the category of "organic".

Closest to the claimed object is a method of growing a highly adaptive garden (see Pat. RF No. 2239987, Pub. November 20, 2004 Bull. No. 32), which includes the selection of varieties and stocks (from semi-dwarfs, medium-sized clonal and seed) based on the diagnosis of resistance to soil-climatic and anthropogenic stress factors, compatibility, assessment of resistance to fungal diseases, the degree of adaptability to the conditions of the cultivated area and potential productivity. Seedlings are planted in the garden according to the scheme 4-5 × 2-3 m, depending on the growth rate of the variety-rootstock combination and the type of soil, followed by the formation of tree crowns in a naturally improved type without support, while the soil in a row is kept under black steam, and between the rows - along the sod-humus system and use the minimum doses of mineral fertilizers in the form of fertilizing before the vegetation of the plants, as well as elements of chemical and biologized protection (the share of biological products in the system of protective measures 16-50%) from diseases and pests the number of treatments during the growing season during the operation of the garden - 10-12 pcs.).

The proposed method allows to obtain stable (annual) yields of ecologically safe fruits in various soil, climatic and weather conditions while observing the principles of resource conservation and environmental protection. However, the use of chemical compounds (chemical protective equipment, mineral fertilizers) does not allow us to classify the resulting products into the “organik” category. In addition, the use of these substances violates the sustainable functioning of the garden ecosystem and its self-regulation. At the same time, the principle of rational nature management is not fully implemented and the biodiversity of agricultural landscapes is reduced.

The technical result is to obtain stable, economically viable harvests of ecologically safe fruits of the “organik” category in various soil and climatic conditions, in different weather conditions, with the simultaneous exclusion of the chemical press on the agroecosystem of the garden and ensuring the full use of its own biopotential.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of growing an organic orchard of an intensive type, including the selection of varieties and stocks, planting seedlings according to the scheme, the formation of crowns and the sowing of row-spacing, according to the invention, they assess the compliance of the lands used with regulatory requirements, selection for specific territories of varieties combining one genotype, high resistance to abiotic stressors and exceptional resistance to fungal diseases or immunity, vaccinated only on half-dwarfs x and medium-sized rootstocks, poorly responsive to the level of mineral nutrition, then from the first year of the life of the garden, row-spacing sowing of row-spacings is applied, forming a herbage of naturally growing ground cover grasses by periodically mowing as it grows to a height of 15-20 cm, while the soil in the trunk strip is mulched with straw, for the protection of fruit plants from diseases and pests, natural products are used - Lepidozid lepidocide, Bacicol bacicol, including natural populations of natural enemies GOVERNMENTAL species - predatory bug kampilomma (Campylomma verbsei), wherein the tree fruit load optimization is performed manually while leaving 20-40 leaves per one stored fruit.

The novelty of the proposed proposal is due to the fact that the proposed systems for selecting the optimal assortment, protecting fruit plants from harmful organisms and regulating fruiting (manual thinning of the ovaries) provide the possibility of completely eliminating the use of chemicals (pesticides, growth regulators) in the agroecosystem of the garden. In addition, the use of protective means of natural origin, including the use of natural populations of natural enemies of harmful species, provides an increase in the species diversity of the latter by 2 times (in comparison with the prototype). As a result, a basic biological resource is created for the program for the ecological management of populations of harmful and useful species, which makes it possible to gradually (by the beginning of commercial fruiting of the garden) reduce the number of treatments against diseases and pests with biological agents by 2 times, while reducing the damage to removable fruits to an economically acceptable level (4 %). Along with this, the proposed method involves the use of only semi-dwarf and mid-root stocks, as well as row-by-row sowing of row-spacings between naturally growing soil-covering grasses of optimal species composition and mulching the soil in the near-stem strip with straw. This approach helps to increase the resistance of fruiting plants to summertime abiotic stressors (overheating and water deficit), reduce the need for nutrients, and optimize soil parameters (humus content, soil density, etc.), which eliminates the need for fertilizers and mandatory garden irrigation. The use of the totality of the technological solutions provided ensures regular economically viable harvests (for the apple tree at the level of 24-26 t / ha) of environmentally friendly organik fruits, while rational use of the bio potential of the garden ecosystem.

According to scientific, technical and patent information, the claimed combination of features has not been identified, which allows us to draw a preliminary conclusion about the compliance of the features with the criterion of "inventive step".

A method of growing an organic garden of intensive type is as follows.

For the corresponding territories that meet regulatory requirements, the best varieties are selected that combine high resistance to the main abiotic and biotic (immunity to fungal diseases) stress factors and grafted on zoned (prospective) semi-dwarf or mid-root stocks, weakly responding to an increase in the level of one genotype mineral nutrition and resistant to limiting climatic and soil stressors.

Seedlings of selected varietal-rootstock combinations are planted according to a certain pattern and subsequently form crowns in accordance with generally accepted zonal recommendations [1]. In this case, inter-row sowing of row-spacings is used, forming a grass stand of naturally growing ground cover grasses of an optimal species composition by periodically mowing as it grows to a height of 15-20 cm. The soil in the near-stem strip is mulched with straw. For the protection of fruit plants from diseases and pests, agents of natural origin are used (for example, lepidocide (Lepidozid), batsikol (Bacicol)), including natural populations of natural enemies of harmful species (predatory bug Campylloma (Campylomma verbsei)). When growing an organic garden, the use of mineral fertilizers and growth regulators is excluded, and optimization of the load of trees by fruits is carried out manually (with 20-40 leaves per one stored fruit). Irrigation is not a mandatory element in the maintenance of the garden by the proposed method.

The proposed method enhances the beneficial effects of the functions of the garden ecosystem, including homeostasis, soil fertility, biodiversity, and guarantees the stable production of environmentally friendly fruit products of the "organik" category in various natural conditions.

An example of a specific implementation of the method of growing an organic garden of intensive type:

To verify the proposed method in 2002, experimental gardens were laid in the Kuban gardening zone (soil — leached chernozem). The bookmark was preceded by the stages of selecting territories that meet the requirements of hygienic standards and are used for the production of organic fruit products, as well as the best varieties that combine in one genotype exceptional resistance to the main fungal diseases (or even immunity) and high resistance to limiting abiotic stressors of the bookmarking area.

According to the results of the assessment, territories that meet regulatory requirements and are located at the required distance from the highway and the blocks of intensive gardens, as well as the scab-immune variety of Florin apple tree, characterized by high resistance to spring frosts, overheating and droughts, were identified. Variety Florina grafted on a zoned semi-dwarf rootstock SK-2. The indicated variety-rootstock combination weakly responds to an increase in the level of mineral nutrition.

Apple seedlings of Florin cultivar were planted on a SK-2 stockstock in a 5 × 2 m pattern. From the first year of the garden’s activity, row-spacing sowing of row-spacings was used, forming a herbage of naturally growing ground cover grasses of an optimal species composition by periodically mowing as it grows to a height of 15-20 cm The soil in the near-trunk strip was mulched with straw. The system of tree crown formation is sparse-tier. The gardens were not irrigated. Mineral fertilizers and growth regulators in the garden were not used. To protect fruiting plants from diseases and pests, agents of natural origin were used (for example, lepidocid (Lepidozid), batsikol (Bacicol)), including natural populations of natural enemies of harmful species (predatory bug Campylloma (Campylomma verbsei)). Load optimization of trees with fruits was carried out manually (leaving no more than 40 leaves per one stored fruit).

For comparison, we studied the immune variety of the Florin apple tree on a mid-root stock MM 106 (planting scheme 5 × 2 m, the shape of the crown is sparse-tier). The gardens were not irrigated. In the experiment annually applied root dressing of trees (before the start of the growing season) with mineral fertilizers in minimal quantities at the rate of 30-60 kg dv / ha of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N _30-60 P _30-60 K _30-60 ). Studies were conducted during 2002-2011. The experiment was repeated three times. In determining the physiological, biochemical and biometric parameters of plants, methods generally accepted in scientific fruit growing were used. The results of a comparison of two methods of growing an orchard are shown in table 1.

Table 1 The results of a comparison of indicators of growing highly adaptive and organic garden Characteristic Prototype method (highly adaptive garden) The proposed method (organic garden intensive type) Variety resistance: to fungal diseases Steady Exceptional to abiotic stressors Steady (immunity) high Growth power of clone stocks Semi-dwarf, Semi-dwarf, Medium clonal Medium Seed The number of trees per 1 ha, pcs. 666-1250 1000-1250 Row spacing Grass row spacing Sequential sodding with directed formation of the species composition of naturally growing herbs

Barrel Soil Content Black steam Straw mulching Thinning fruit Using growth regulators (chemicals) Manually Mineral fertilizers Minimum doses: Not allowed N _30-60 P _30-60 K _30-60 (apply before the start of the growing season) Irrigation Not necessary Not necessary The share of biological products in the system of protective measures,% 16-50 one hundred (natural products, natural enemies of harmful species) Start of fruiting, year 4-5 4-5 Productivity in a young garden, t from 1 ha. 5-7 7-8 Productivity in an adult garden, t from 1 ha. 18-20 and more 18-24 and more Service life, years 15-20 15-20 Fruit bearing resource, t from 1 ha. 270-400 270-480

As can be seen from the above data, the onset of commercial fruiting of trees in the proposed method, as well as the life of the plantings correspond to the similar parameters of the prototype. However, the yield and fruiting resource of an intensive type organic garden is slightly higher than the prototype. However, the cost of labor and money in the process of laying and operating organic plantings of intensive type is less than in the prototype (the exclusion of the use of chemicals, fertilizers, seeded grasses for sowing row spacings, etc.)

It should be noted that only an organic garden of intensive type guarantees stable production of ecologically safe fruit products of the “organik” category. This feature compares favorably with this type of garden from highly adaptive plantings of the prototype (table 2).

Table 2 Safety indicators of the fruit of the Florin apple tree in adaptive and organic orchards Indicator Permissible * levels, no more Garden Adaptive (prototype) Organic (proposed) Toxic elements, mg / kg: lead 0.4 0.28 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.02 arsenic 0.2 0.1 0.1 cadmium 0,03 0.007 ± 0.001 0.003 ± 0.001 mercury 0.02 0.01 0.01 Pesticides, mg / kg: HCH (α, β, □ - isomers) 0.05 0.001 0.001 DDT and its metabolites od 0.007 0.007 Radionuclides, Bq / kg: cesium - 137 40 3.4 2.2 strontium-90 thirty 5.8 5,6 * SanPin 2.3.2.1078-01

In conclusion, we note that the proposed method for growing an intensive type of organic garden is realized mainly by enhancing the beneficial effects of the function of the garden ecosystem, including homeostasis, soil fertility, and biodiversity. This helps to minimize the attraction of additional resources and ensures the production of environmentally friendly products of the category "organik". The listed advantages fully comply with the requirements of organic gardening.

Literature:

1. The gardening system of the Krasnodar Territory: Recommendations: Comp. I.N. Pereverzev et al. - Krasnodar, 1990 .-- 224 p.

Claims (1)

A method of growing an intensive-type organic orchard, including the selection of varieties and stocks, planting seedlings according to the scheme, the formation of crowns and sowing row-spacings, characterized in that they assess the compliance of the lands used with regulatory requirements, selection for specific territories of varieties combining high resistance to abiotic stressors and exceptional resistance to fungal diseases or immunity, vaccinated only on semi-dwarf and mid-root stocks, slightly responsive to level of mineral nutrition, then from the first year of the life of the garden, row-spacing sowing of row-spacings is used, forming a herbage of naturally growing ground cover herbs by periodically mowing as it grows to a height of 15-20 cm, while the soil in the trunk strip is mulched with straw to protect fruit plants from diseases and pests use natural products - Lepidozid lepidocide, Bacicol batsikol, including natural populations of natural enemies of harmful species - Campylloma vermin bug (Campylomma verbs ei), moreover, the load optimization of trees by fruits is carried out manually, leaving 20-40 leaves per one stored fruit.