RU2454504C1 - Method and system to produce mass of dry blue-green algae from reservoirs for human needs - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: water is taken, which contains algae. The algae mass 8 is centrifuged together with water at the speed of not more than 1000 rpm. Afterwards the algae weight 8 is exposed to a light diode device 5 including radiators of blue, green and red colours. Light radiators 5 are installed at the distance of not more than 50 cm from the surface of the centrifuged algae mass 8. The algae mass 8 is dried with dry warm air without access of direct sunlight. The system to produce the mass of blue-green algae from water reservoirs comprises a water-intake device, a centrifuge 1, light radiators 5, a heat gun or a heat fan 4. The water-intake device sends the algae mass 8 into the centrifuge 1. The centrifuge 1 is made as capable of centrifuging the mixture at the speeds of up to 1000 rpm. Inside or near the centrifuge 1 there are radiators 5 of blue, green and red colours. Light radiators 5 are installed at the distance of not more than 50 cm from the surface of the centrifuged algae mass 8. The heat gun or the heat fan 4 are installed as capable of blowing through the algae mass 8. The system comprises a cover 6 or is made in the form of a box restricting access of direct sunlight to the algae mass 8.

EFFECT: higher efficiency in production of dry blue-green algae mass from a water reservoir.

2 cl, 15 dwg, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to ecology and agriculture, namely, to obtain a mass of dry blue-green algae from ponds, with their subsequent use in agriculture and other industries.

In the summer, a big problem for the reservoirs of any state are blue-green algae, which cause significant harm to both fresh and salt water, destroying their inhabitants. Blue-green algae are significantly different from all other algae in that in their structure they are actually bacterial organisms that do not have a real cytoplasm, and the membrane of the nucleus is also the membrane of the cell. Blue-green algae are very ancient and the most common, they live everywhere: in salt and fresh water and even in the soil, i.e. where there is moisture. But in order for them to actively develop, they need three main conditions: the presence of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), warm water (> 20 ° C) and the absence of turbulence (mixing of water during the flow) - these are the conditions that arise almost everywhere in the summer. Under favorable conditions, blue-green algae is divided 2-3 times a day and for 3-4 days, the increase in this biomass occurs 10-12 times, which can fill any reservoir in a short time. None of the living organisms eats and destroys this biomass, which dies off after a few days, settling in flakes on the bottom of the reservoirs, which, when decomposed, absorb oxygen, creating oxygen-free, “dead” sections of the bottom, which leads to fish freezing (Vasser S.P. et al. “Algae”, Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1989).

Since the nutrients of algae are nitrogen and phosphorus, which are abundant in the atmosphere, soil and water, due to intensively developing agriculture, in which nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are widely used and in summer there is enough solar energy; these factors fully ensure favorable photosynthesis of blue-green algae and their intensive growth.

From history it is known that about 400 years ago, the Spanish conquistadors wrote that the native inhabitants of America, the Aztecs, bake highly nutritious cookies from algae. In 1964, during one of the expeditions of the Belgian botanists to Africa, the aborigines treated them with cupcakes of greenish-bluish color, baked from dried blue-green algae containing up to 70% protein.

By biological indicators, blue-green algae can be attributed to the number of valuable types of plant materials. They contain 35-40% protein, which includes 16 amino acids (including 8 essential), up to 20% carbohydrates, up to 3% chlorophyll, up to 14% carotene, 0.8% phosphorus (for comparison in legumes contains not more than 0.4-0.5%). They are also rich in various vitamins and minerals (for example, the cobalt content in them is 50 times higher than in other plants used by humans for food).

From a ton of dry algae, you can get up to 500 kg of concentrate, or a significant amount of individual amino acids that are indispensable for humans and animals, the addition of which to the nutrition of both humans and animals will help solve the problem of providing natural vitamins and enzymes, as well as determine ways to solve the food problem . For example, in Africa, in the region of Lake Chad, especially in dry years, people get the main protein from spirulina algae, making seaweed cakes, sauces and side dishes containing up to 60% protein (http://www.valleyflora.ru/115. html).

A known method of cleaning water bodies is the installation of intensely rotating propellers that provide intensive circulation of water in the lower layers with the upper ones, which does not allow the blue-green flora to develop.

The disadvantage of this method is that it can be used in a limited space (used in expensive resorts in southern Germany and Austria), powerful electric motors consume a huge amount of electricity.

Also known is a method of cleaning water bodies by shading the surface of water bodies with a dark plastic film or special canopies that do not let light into the water column, and without it, algae cannot develop.

The disadvantage of this method is that this method can only clean very small ponds, which, in turn, will not allow the waterfowl to fully use such ponds.

There are also mechanical and chemical methods of controlling blue-green algae. These are, first of all, all kinds of filters, but they are able to purify a small amount of water for the consumer by the method of mechanical filtration, which are quickly “clogged” by the algae themselves. It is also possible to clean reservoirs providing alkalization of water and the release of atomic oxygen, which destroys bacteria and blue-green algae, for example, Lake Geneva was cleaned. The disadvantage of this method is that for effective water purification, up to 100 g of CaO ₂ per 1 m ³ is necessary, and with its high cost this becomes simply unrealistic. The use of other chemicals leads to severe water pollution. For example, for large aquariums, penicillin with a concentration of 10,000 units is used. per liter of water, plus 3% boric acid, 30 ml per 100 liters of water, it is necessary to remove fish, which is simply not possible in open water (www.fishga.ru/vodor.html).

As a prototype, the method of using blue-green algae by scientists from the Indian Research Institute of Botany, who for 6 weeks fed white leggorn chickens of the same nutritional value but with different contents of peanut meal and blue algae, can be considered.

When 16.6% of the dry weight of spirulina was included in the feed, instead of 24% of peanut meal, the chicken gain during the experiment increased from 173 g to 193 g, and the feed consumption per kilogram of weight gain decreased (http://www.valleyflora.ru/115 .html).

The disadvantage of this method is that spirulina was grown for laboratory needs in wastewater and was collected by a net, the method also did not receive further development.

All of these methods relate to the local cleaning of reservoirs from blue-green algae, with great economic costs. Currently, there are no effective industrial methods for cleaning water bodies with the subsequent use of algae in the medical and food industries, agriculture and other industries.

The technical task of the invention is to create a method and system for obtaining a mass of dry blue-green algae from a reservoir with their subsequent use for human needs.

The technical result of the invention consists in the implementation of this purpose.

The specified technical result is achieved due to the fact that the method of obtaining the mass of dry blue-green algae from water bodies with their subsequent application for human needs, characterized in that water is taken from the water body containing algae, the mixture is centrifuged at speeds of not more than 1000 rpm , followed by exposure to an LED device including emitters of blue, green and red light, which are installed at a distance of not more than 50 cm from the surface of the centrifuged mass of algae, with one Yemen dry them with a dry warm air without access to direct sunlight.

A system for producing a mass of dry blue-green algae, comprising a water intake device supplying a mass of algae together with water to a centrifuge made with the possibility of centrifuging the mixture at speeds of up to 1000 rpm, inside or next to which emitters of blue, green and red light are installed, which located at a distance of not more than 50 cm from the surface of the centrifuged mass of algae, as well as a heat gun or fan heater installed with the ability to purge the mass of algae, the cover or system is made in Ide box for restricting direct sunlight to the mass of algae.

As an LED device, you can use the "AVERS-San" biolamp (patent RU 54792).

The essence of the selected centrifugation condition, not more than 1000 rpm, is due to the rapid removal of water and a decrease in the risk of destruction of the algae themselves. The selected range of visible light is determined as follows.

Blue light (430-480 nm) has a high bactericidal effect, in addition, it penetrates into the cell due to the photosensitization of its molecules and gives additional energy to the cell, providing its metabolism. Under the influence of green (500-530 nm) and red (660-740 nm), intracellular photochemical processes occur that help prevent the breakdown of amino acids, proteins and carbohydrates. This provides long-term storage of dry biomass.

Ventilation with dry warm air, without direct sunlight, contributes to the rapid drying of algae while maintaining their beneficial properties and qualities. This method will allow you to purify water in large reservoirs, thereby reducing the risk of fish freezing, installing the device on the shore of the reservoir, and on any floating vehicle with the subsequent use of dry algae for human needs.

Example 1. Comparative experiments were conducted on 15 bull-calves of the black-motley breed of 2-3 months of age with a live weight of 82-84 kg. According to the principle of the prototype, animals were divided into three groups of 5 animals each. The conditions of keeping (throughout the entire rearing of the bulls are in the room - the calf) and feeding were identical.

For the experiment, the most homogeneous in terms of indicators such as age, live weight and breed of gobies were selected.

All animals were in the same room, under the same feeding conditions and served by one calf.

The daily diet of animals of the first group (control) was:

Corn silage 2.0 kg, cereal grain 1.8 kg, boiled potatoes 2.3 kg, sunflower meal 0.6 kg, legume grass flour 0.5 kg, carrots 0.3 kg, tricalcium phosphate 100 g, table salt 20 g (based on dry matter 4.5 kg per day) .

In gobies of the second group (experimental 1), the daily ration was: corn silage 3.0 kg, cereal grain 0.9 kg, boiled potatoes 1.2 kg, dried algae 1.5 kg, sunflower meal 0.6 kg, legume grass flour 0.5 kg, carrots 0.3 kg, tricalcium phosphate 100 g, table salt 20 g (based on dry matter 4.5 kg per day).

The diet of gobies of the third group (experimental 2) daily was:

corn silage 3.0 kg, dried seaweed 2.5 kg, sunflower meal 0.6 kg, herbal flour, legumes 0.5 kg, carrots 0.3 kg, tricalcium phosphate 100 g, table salt 20 g (based on dry matter 4.5 kg per day).

From the daily ration data, it is seen that in experimental group 1, 50% by weight of cereals and boiled potatoes, which were replaced by 1.5 kg of dried seaweed, was reduced, and 1.0 kg of corn silage was added to the diet.

It is also seen from the daily ration data that in experimental group 2, 100% by weight of the amount of cereals and boiled potatoes, which were replaced by 2.5 kg of dried seaweed, was reduced, and 1.0 kg of corn silage was added to the diet.

The experiment was carried out in the transition period of the year (autumn) for 60 days. The research results are presented in table 1.

The study of the growth of gobies of the experimental groups was carried out by individual weighing, according to the results of which the live weight, the average daily gain in live weight were determined. Weighing was carried out in the morning before feeding.

Table 1 Gains in live weight of gobies Indicator Group one 2 3 Live weight at the beginning of the experiment, kg 82.3 ± 1.5 84.3 ± 1.3 82.7 ± 1.4 Live weight at the end of the experiment, kg 123.1 ± 1.65 136.8 ± 2.7 145.2 ± 1.2 The average daily gain, g 680.0 ± 32.7 875.0 ± 72.0 1041.6 ± 46.4 Absolute gain, kg 40.8 ± 1.0 52.5 ± 2.2 62.5 ± 1.4

From the table it follows that the average daily gain of gobies in the control group was 680.5 g, absolute - 40.8 kg, while in the second group (experimental 1) it was 875.6 g and 52.5 kg, respectively, in the third group gobies (experimental 2) - 1041.6 g (significant at P≤0.01) and 62.5 kg (reliable at P≤0.01), i.e. the growth of experimental 1 was higher by 28.7% compared with the control, and experimental 2 by 53.2% compared with the control. At the same time, cereals and potatoes were reduced by 50% or 100%.

Example 2. To implement the proposed method, an experiment was conducted. Formed three groups of pigs with 30 animals each.

The age of pigs is 5 months. The average weight is 50 kg.

The daily diet of the control group was:

cereal grain 2.3 kg; sunflower meal 0.3 kg; boiled potatoes, 8 kg; legume grass meal 0.8 kg; tricalcium phosphate 70 g; salt 70 g

The diet of piglets of the second group (experimental 1):

cereal grain 2.0 kg; sunflower meal 0.3 kg; boiled potatoes 6 kg; dried seaweed 2.3 kg; legume grass meal 0.8 kg; tricalcium phosphate 70 g; salt 70 g

The diet of animals 3 groups (experimental 2):

cereal grain 1.0 kg; sunflower meal 0.3 kg; boiled potatoes 3.0 kg; dried seaweed 5.0 kg; legume grass meal 0.8 kg.

For the experiment, the most homogeneous in terms of indicators such as age, live weight and pig breed were selected.

All experimental animals were in the same room under the same feeding conditions and served with one pig.

The pigsty's room is typical, with a capacity of 200 heads, built of brick and concrete blocks, an attic type ceiling, gates overlooking the vestibules are equipped in the end walls. Walls and ceilings are plastered and whitewashed. The end walls are equipped with gates overlooking the vestibules. Lighting is natural and artificial. Animals were kept in machines, which were arranged in four rows. The study of the growth of piglets in the experimental groups was carried out by individual weighing, according to the results of which the live weight, the average daily gain in live weight were determined. Weighing was carried out in the morning before feeding. The research results are presented in table 2.

table 2 The dynamics of growth in live weight of piglets (X ± Sx) Group n Live weight kg Absolute gain in live weight, kg Daily average gain When staged After 60 days g % to control one thirty 50.62 ± 0.11 83.5 ± 0.23 32.88 548.0 100.0 2 thirty 50.59 ± 0.11 89.3 ± 0.31 38.71 645.2 17.7 3 thirty 50.57 ± 0.14 97.6 ± 0.20 47.03 783.8 43.9

From the data of table 2 it follows that with a similar staged mass of piglets after 60 days of the experiment, there are significant differences in the nature of growth. Animals of the control group at the end of the experiment reached 83.5 kg, piglets of the second and third groups 89.3 kg and 97.6 kg, respectively. The largest absolute increase in live weight was noted in the third group - 47.03 kg and was higher by 43.9% in comparison with the control, and by 17.7% in comparison with the second group, with an average daily gain of 783.8 g - in the third group , 645.2 g in the second and 548.0 in the first group.

Thus, a change in the diet of piglets, consisting in a decrease in cereals of the second group by 0.3 kg, and boiled potatoes by 2.0 kg, replacing 2.3 kg of dried seaweed, can increase the average daily gain in live weight by 17.7%, and a decrease in cereals of the third group by 1.3 kg, boiled potatoes by 5.0 kg, replacing dried kg with 5.0 kg, eliminating tricalcium phosphate and salt, allowed to increase the average daily gain in live weight by 43.9%.

Changing the diet of pigs, with intensive cultivation technology, with the addition of dried blue-green algae, allows you to save per month, per pig: cereal grains up to 39 kg, potatoes up to 150 kg, which still need to be boiled, before eating animals, replacing them dried algae, the production and storage of which is much cheaper.

To determine the possible use of blue-green algae as an organic fertilizer, experiments were carried out on the cultivation of early ripening varieties of carrots and radishes.

Example 3. An early ripe variety of carrots "Chantenay 2461" of 20 sprouted, under the same conditions, seeds were planted in open loamy soil, which was previously added to 5 kg of compomos per 1 m ² . Seeds were planted in warm, loose soil to a depth of 1.5-2 cm, at a distance of 8-10 cm from each other, on May 26, 2010 (a summer cottage in the area of Vidnoye, Moscow Region).

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (per 10 liters of water, 25 g of ammonium nitrate, 30 g of superphosphate and 30 potassium salt) were introduced into the first section (control) by irrigation, which, subsequently, were applied every 20-25 days.

Instead of fertilizers, 3 kg of dry blue-green algae were immediately introduced into the second section (main) instead of fertilizers immediately before sowing the seeds, watering was carried out exclusively with warm, clean water.

Tilling, weeding and watering were carried out simultaneously in both areas, in equal terms and in equal quantities.

The vegetation period before receiving bunch (early) products is 47-53 days, before harvesting root crops 92-95 days (www.miragro.ru).

All seeds of both sites sprouted on day 8-10, and on day 30 a significant difference was found in the leaves of root crops. In the control plot, the leaves were sparse and 2-4 cm lower, while the leaves of the root crops of the main plot were lush and thicker. On the 60th day, the carrot leaves of the main plot significantly differed in stem thickness, splendor and height from the leaves of the control plot. On the 95th day, by a random selection of 20 root crops of the main and control sections, 10 root crops were extracted from the ground. All root crops had approximately the same orange color and conical shape, characteristic of this variety. However, the sizes and weights of root crops in the control and main sections were significantly different, and the color of root crops in the main section was slightly lighter than root crops in the control section, the results of which are presented in Table 3.

Table 3 Indicator Plots Control Main Sizes of the smallest root crop, mm; g ⌀ = 28; L = 105 weight = 39 Figure 1 ⌀ = 42; L = 146 weight = 115 Figure 2 The sizes of the largest root crop, mm; g ⌀ = 32; L = 143 weight = 86 Figure 3 ⌀ = 49; L = 198 weight = 276 Figure 4 The total weight of 10 root crops, g 617 ± 1.4 Figure 5 1665 ± 1.9 Fig. 6

From the table it follows that the weight of the smallest root crops of the control and main sections differs by 66.13%, and the largest root crops by 68.78% (reliably at P≤0.01).

In terms of taste, the root crops of the main plot were more juicy and sweeter.

Replacing synthetic fertilizers with natural organic ones showed their greatest effectiveness both in quantitative indicators and in taste, when growing carrots in a summer cottage.

Example 4. The medium early radish variety "Scarlet Ball" of 20 seeds sprouted under the same conditions were planted in open loamy soil, to which 5 kg of compomos per 1 m ² had previously been added. The seeds were planted in warm, loose soil to a depth of 1.5-2 cm, at a distance of 8-10 cm from each other, on June 15, 2010 (a summer cottage in the area of Vidnoye, Moscow Region).

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (per 10 liters of water, 25 g of ammonium nitrate, 30 g of superphosphate and 30 potassium salt) were introduced into the first section (control) by irrigation, which, subsequently, were applied every 6-7 days.

Instead of fertilizers, 3 kg of dry blue-green algae were immediately introduced into the second section (main) instead of fertilizers immediately before sowing the seeds, watering was carried out exclusively with warm, clean water.

Tilling, weeding and watering were carried out simultaneously in both areas, in equal terms and in equal quantities.

The vegetation period before receiving bunch (early) products is 15-18 days, before harvesting root crops 25-30 days (www.sorta.h12.ru/c-radish.html).

All seeds of both plots sprouted on day 3-5, and on day 15 a significant difference was found in the leaves of root crops. On the main plot, the leaves were more “liquid” and 1-2 cm lower, while the leaves of the root crops of the control plot were lush and thicker. On the 25th day, the leaves of the radish of the control plot significantly differed in the number of stems and the height from the leaves of the main plot (Figs. 7, 8).

On the 30th day, by a random selection of 20 root crops of the main and control sections, 10 root crops were extracted from the ground. All root vegetables had a scarlet color and delicate white flesh, characteristic of this variety. However, the size and weight of root crops of the control and main sections significantly differed from those presented in table 4

Table number 4 Indicator Plots Control Main Sizes of the smallest root crop, mm; g ⌀ = 22; H = 19 weight = 06 Fig. 9 ⌀ = 33; H = 29 weight = 20 Figure 10 The sizes of the largest root crop, mm; g ⌀ = 26; H = 24 weight = 10 Fig. 11 ⌀ = 39; H = 35 weight = 29 Fig. 12 The total weight of 10 root crops, g 77 ± 1,1 Fig. 13 227 ± 1.2Fig. 14

From the table it follows that the weight of the smallest root crops of the control and main sections differ by 70%, and the largest root crops by 65.52% (significantly at P≤0.01). In terms of taste, the root crops of the main plot were more juicy and more tender with pronounced sourness.

Replacing synthetic fertilizers with natural organic ones showed their greatest effectiveness, both in quantitative indicators and in taste, when growing radishes in a summer cottage. Thus, the use of dried blue-green algae, both as a diet for pigs and cattle during their intensive cultivation, and as an organic fertilizer, replaces the existing synthetic nitrogen phosphorus and potash in growing crops. Harvesting and storage of algae will differ many times in cost both in the preparation of feed and in the production of synthetic fertilizers associated with especially hazardous chemical production. By cleaning water from algae, thereby preserving the life of its inhabitants, a person acquires a new type of feed and organic fertilizer. With the annual increase in prices for artificial nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, this type of natural organic fertilizer that does not have negative side effects on the soil and the product itself will soon be most in demand in agriculture.

The method can be implemented on the example of a system (the system device is illustrated by the drawing shown in Fig. 15), including a water intake device that feeds the algae mass with water to a centrifuge (1), capable of centrifuging the mixture at speeds of up to 1000 rpm. Inside the centrifuge (1) or near it (next to it), preferably on the protective cover (6) of the centrifuge, emitters (5) of blue, green and red light are installed, which are located at a distance of not more than 50 cm from the surface of the centrifuged mass of algae (8 ) The system contains a device for drying, which can be used as a fan heater (4) or a heat gun, which is installed on blowing a mixture of algae (8).

The system contains a cover (6) or is made in the form of a box restricting access of direct sunlight to the algal mixture (8).

In addition, the centrifuge itself (1) can be used as a water intake device. This can be realized by making the lid (6) removable or opening. Then the centrifuge is tilted at an angle close to 90 degrees and draw water with it, for example, using a crane.

The rotation of the centrifuge can be set from third-party drives or from the engine (2) directly, when the centrifuge is mounted on the shaft (3), which is preferable since when the shaft (3) is hollow inside, its surface can be perforated with holes (7) through which dry air can be supplied inside the centrifuge from the fan heater (4) or the heat gun.

Claims (2)

1. A method of obtaining a mass of dry blue-green algae, characterized in that they take water from the reservoir containing algae, centrifuging the mixture at speeds of not more than 1000 rpm, followed by exposure to an LED device including emitters of blue, green and red light, which are installed at a distance of no more than 50 cm from the surface of the centrifuged mass of algae, while drying them with dry warm air without direct sunlight. 2. The system for obtaining the mass of dry blue-green algae, containing a water intake device that feeds the mass of algae together with water to a centrifuge, configured to centrifuge the mixture at speeds of up to 1000 rpm, inside or next to which emitters of blue, green and red are installed lights that are located at a distance of not more than 50 cm from the surface of the centrifuged mass of algae, as well as a heat gun or fan heater installed with the ability to purge the mass of algae, a cover, or the system is made in the form of a box to limit direct sunlight to the mass of algae.

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