RU2426304C1 - Device to determine dependence of entomophilous plant seeds productivity on pollination with bees - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. ^ SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, in particular, to devices for detection of dependence and efficiency of artificial pollination of blossoming plants with bees, which influence productivity of crops. A screen to determine dependence of entomophilous plant seeds productivity on pollination with bees includes a frame with stands and with horizontal side screens that limit access to plants. The horizontal screen is arranged as adjustable in height with the help of sliding stands. Side screens mounted along the perimetre of the horizontal web to adjust height of their installation are equipped with additional collapsible or attachable screens, made of the same material, and are fixed on the main side screens with the help of button locks or "sticky" locks mounted along the vertical line. At least one of sides in the frame of the horizontally arranged screen is equipped with at least one mechanism of web tensioning, arranged in the form of a threaded pair - screw-nut. The surface of the screen web is made of transparent water- and air-permeable material, which provides access to plants of all spectrum of sunlight beams and ensuring full-scale photosynthesis of plants, for instance, from gauze or fine mesh. ^ EFFECT: using the invention will make it possible to produce valid positive results, which may be used to grow various crops pollinated with melliferous bees. ^ 5 cl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to devices for determining the dependence and effectiveness of artificial pollination of flowering plants by bees, affecting crop yields. The results of the found dependence can be used both in greenhouses and in open areas and fields.

It is widely known that all flowering crops are pollinated either by insects, bees, or under the influence of wind, or from the contact of plants with each other, etc.

The materials of the Abkhaz Agricultural Experimental Station contain information on the isolation of several plants or individual plant branches with gauze. This method of plant isolation to study the effect of bee pollination on their seed productivity does not allow to obtain reliable results. For example, the contact of gauze with the flowers of a plant can lead to mechanical pollination of the flowers and to obtain false results in the future.

A device is known with which to study the characteristics of flowering Eastern goatskin, made observations of flowers at different hours of the day throughout the entire vegetation period of plants. A series of special experiments were carried out, which took into account the duration of flowering of Eastern oriental goat with free pollination by bees and without pollination by bees using screens (insulators, caps) that enveloped the plants. To identify the optimal period of pollination by bees of the Eastern goatskin and to obtain better seed sets, one group of flowers was pollinated on the first day of flowering, the other group on the second day, etc. (See Mukhamedzhanov E.R. Ecological and biological effectiveness of using bees as pollinators of the Eastern goatskin during its irrigation: abstract, diss. ... candidate of biological sciences: 03.00.16; 06.02.04 / E.R. Mukhamedzhanov; FSEI HPE Russian State Agrarian Correspondence University. - Moscow, 2006).

On the eve of the opening of the buds, paper caps were put on the flowers, on the second day of flowering, caps were removed and the flowers were pollinated by bees. The control was flowers with free pollination by bees. On the sixth to tenth day after pollination, the number of full-fledged ovaries of Eastern goatskin flowers in the first and second groups was taken into account and the seed-forming ability was determined in (%). In the experiments, leaf temperature and plant transpiration were measured.

The disadvantages of the known device include the high complexity of the process of dressing on buds and removing paper screens-caps from the buds of flowering plants. In this case, additional pollination of plants is possible by touching and shaking the flowers of plants associated with dressing and removing paper caps, i.e. the results obtained do not correspond to the purity of the studies.

A device is known for preventing visits to open flowers of alfalfa by insects and random pollen. All flowers visited by insects were immediately noted and counted. Previously opened flowers were removed from the brush, as well as flowers that remained undisclosed. The alfalfa inflorescences treated in this way with flowers visited and uncovered by insects were wearing parchment paper insulators. For control, flowers were placed under the same insulators, which remained undisclosed when they were visited by insects. (See Goncharov P.L., Lubenets P.A. “Biological aspects of the cultivation of alfalfa.” - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1985. - 252 p. 73).

Obtaining more large-scale and more accurate results on large areas using the well-known screen-cap is practically impossible. In addition, the use of parchment paper as an insulator disrupts the process of photosynthesis, which is one of the main factors in the formation of the crop.

A device is known for isolating control plants for insecticide treatment, which is carried out using a mobile box containing a frame made of vertical posts connected to each other in the upper part using horizontal angles on which a translucent material is fixed, for example a plastic film, which is used for identify the effectiveness of the drug against rape pests. Plant pest populations are compared on film-covered plots and open field cultivated with insecticides (See Kleine Fliegen, grose Folgen \ dtz agramagazin - Februar 2005, S, 46-50).

The disadvantages of the known technology is the low reliability and stability of the device, which reduces the effectiveness of hybridization.

A more advanced boxing device is known - a prototype that isolates plants during flowering and pollination, containing a frame (frame) made of vertical posts connected to each other in the upper part using horizontal angles on which a translucent material is fixed (glass, plastic film) moreover, the box is additionally equipped with a roof, agitator, vertical corners and stakes, at least four, while the frame is made in the form of a screen consisting of tiers, interconnected by means of crepe zhnyh elements mounted in horizontal holes mating parts. The agitator consists of a shaft with a jumper and a stop, based on the bracket of the holder of translucent material. The limiter is configured to set the required height of the lower lever position (See the description of patent No. 82509 publ. 08/10/2009 for the utility model “Mobile box for plant isolation during flowering and pollination”).

The disadvantages of the prototype include the presence of many negative factors, such as poor access to plants other than honey bees, pollinators, increased temperature inside the screen, lack of access to moisture, etc.

The objective of the present invention is to eliminate the disadvantages of the prototype, in particular the reliable identification of the advantages of honey bees over wild pollinators in the process of pollination of plants and expanding the technological capabilities of the proposed screen, simplifying the design.

The task is achieved in that the horizontal screen is made adjustable in height using telescopic racks, and the side screens mounted around the perimeter of the horizontal canvas to control the height of their installation and provide access to plants of other pollinators, except honey bees, are equipped with additional folding or patch screens, made of the same material and secured to the main side screens using vertically mounted push-button locks or “Velcro locks”, at least at least one side of the frame of the horizontally arranged screen is equipped with at least one mechanism for tensioning the fabric of the material, made in the form of a screw-nut threaded pair, while the surface of the screen fabric is made of transparent water and breathable material, providing access to plants of the entire spectrum rays of sunlight and providing a complete photosynthesis of plants, for example, from gauze or fine mesh.

The telescopic racks of the screen are equipped with latches for positioning the telescopic parts of the rack relative to each other.

Push-button locks or Velcro locks are fixed on the primary and secondary side screens in at least two vertically arranged rows.

Each of the additional folding side screens is made in the form of a single canvas, folding and unfolding when reducing or increasing the distance in height from the lower edge of the side screen to the soil surface.

Locks are made on the sides of the screen frame for a consistent tight connection of several screens.

The novelty of the proposed technical solution is the horizontal screen height-adjustable using telescopic racks, and the side screens mounted around the perimeter of the horizontal canvas to adjust the height of their installation are equipped with additional folding or patch screens made of the same material and fixed to the main side screens using vertically mounted push-button locks or “Velcro locks”, at least one of the sides of the frame horizontally located the wound is equipped with at least one mechanism of web tension, made in the form of a screw-nut threaded pair, while the surface of the screen cloth is made of transparent water and breathable material, which provides access to plants of the entire spectrum of sunlight and provides a complete photosynthesis of plants, for example, gauze or fine wire mesh.

So, adjusting the horizontal screen in height can be carried out more accurately, including centimeters and millimeters, and in the prototype, the height is adjusted only by installing new block bodies on previously installed ones. Side screens in the proposed device should not touch the surface of the earth and, depending on the height of the plants, they must be installed exactly at a given level.

This performance of adjusting the screens in height significantly expands the technological capabilities of the proposed device. The implementation of screens made of transparent water and breathable material, which provides access to plants throughout the spectrum of sunlight and provides complete photosynthesis of plants, for example, from gauze or a fine mesh, allows you to bring the pollination of plants closer to normal natural conditions, except that honey bees when the help of the proposed device is suspended from the pollination process. It is impossible to create the required pollination conditions in the oppositely closed, closed prototype device, since under the glass or under a plastic film in a confined space there will be high temperature all day long, moisture condensed at night disproportionate to the usual conditions, while other pollinators, except honey bees, will also not be able to take part in the process of pollination.

The presence of at least one of the sides of the screen frame, at least one mechanism of web tension, made in the form of a screw-nut threaded pair, can reduce due to web tension its wind vibrations, which can also distort the purity of the results.

According to the patent information research, the proposed technical solution is new, non-obvious and industrially applicable to determine the optimal conditions for pollination of plants by honey bees in a particular area. Using the proposed screen allows you to establish the dependence of the seed productivity of entomophilous crops on artificial pollination of plants using honey bees, without interfering with the processes of their growth and development. In addition, the proposed screen does not limit the activity of wild entomophiles, which allows us to identify the effectiveness of pollination by bees - only honey bees, and not mixed pollination - wild pollinating insects plus honey bees.

Signs: the implementation of the telescopic racks of the screen, equipped with clamps for the position of the telescopic parts of the racks relative to each other, fastening the key locks or Velcro locks on the main and additional side screens, at least in two vertically arranged rows, the execution of each of the additional side screens in the form of a single folding fabric, or overhead, as well as the execution on the sides of the frame of the screen locks for consistent tight connection of several screens are signs of optional, aimed at the implementation of the task of the invention.

Considering that the optimal flight height of honey bees is several meters from the surface of the earth (average 4-5 m) and their ability to pick up ultraviolet reflection from the flower largely explains the preferential landing of the bee on the flower from above, so there is no need to completely isolate the side walls. This does not impede the work of wild entomophiles, who have predominantly surface years, who, unlike honey bees, visit flowers not to collect food, but to eat it. As a result, we obtain more accurate data on the increase in the plant seed yield from pollination by bees.

A honey bee sees a flower when it reflects ultraviolet light (a honey bee visits a flower only because of the collection of food). Perianth patterns visible by a bee in the ultraviolet are one of the mechanisms for attracting them, the advantage of which is much higher than the smell of a flower. Perianth contains nectar-bearing tissue, i.e. when ultraviolet rays are reflected from the surface of the flower, the bee sees where the nectaries are in the flower, i.e. where is the flower in the flower.

The material of the insulator partially prevents the penetration and scatters the reflection of ultraviolet radiation, as a result of a bee it is perceived less accurately. Therefore, attempts to overcome the honeybee screen were practically not noted. In neighboring plots without screens, there were more comfortable working conditions for honey bees.

Figure 1 schematically shows the proposed screen.

Figure 2 shows: a) a web tension mechanism mounted on one of the sides of the frame, b) a telescopic stand with a position lock for parts of the telescopic stand,

Figure 3 shows: a) a side screen folding with an increased height, b) a side screen with an increased height, c) a side of the frame with locks for connecting the screens in series.

Figure 4 schematically, in a checkerboard pattern presents the experimental and control sections, separated by protective strips.

The screen is predominantly with a horizontally made web 1 and side screens 2 around the entire perimeter of the horizontal web mounted on height-adjustable telescopic racks 3 equipped with position locks 4. The side sides of the screens are either double-layer 5 with the possibility of their expansion and installation in one layer in depending on the height of the plants using, for example, push-button locks 6 or “Velcro locks” 7, or overhead 8. The horizontal web is resistant to gusts of wind due to mechanical ZMA 9 tension of the canvas. Protective strips 10 prevent the free movement of the side screens, which could affect the quality and accuracy of the research results. In the presented diagram (see Fig. 4), experimental 11 and control 12 sections are located in a checkerboard pattern, separated by protective strips 10.

If it is necessary to increase the area covered by the screens, the latter, with the help of pins 13 and holes 14, made on the side bars 15 of the frame, can be tightly joined to each other, thereby preventing access to plants by honey bees.

The proposed device operates as follows.

On the experimental field choose a site for research. To do this, the site is staggered into smaller experimental 11 and control 12 sections, as shown in Fig. 4, leaving protective dividing strips between them 10. One or several screens stacked with each other are installed on each experimental section, with this calculation so that the horizontal screen canvas completely covers the entire experimental section from above and does not touch the top of the plants with the canvas. The presence of several docked screens having rigid frames and tension mechanisms prevents wind vibrations of the screen canvases. The specified height of the horizontal surface of the screen is set using telescopic racks, and with the help of clamps 4 fix their position. Then, the side walls of the screens 5 or 8 are installed to a predetermined height from the soil surface, for which the two-layer side walls of the screens 5 are straightened and fixed with a lock 6 or 7, and the overlaid side sides of the screens are lowered or raised relative to the main side walls - screens to a predetermined height on each side of the horizontal screen. Installation at a given height of the horizontal canvas and the side walls of the screens 5 or 8 is due to the fact that a honey bee flies to a flowering field at a height of several meters and sits on a flower from above. Wild entomophiles, having predominantly surface summers, freely penetrate the screen, which does not limit their participation in the natural pollination of plants.

Screen installation time is determined during the active summer of honey bees. At the rest of the day, screens from the plots are removed.

At the end of flowering, the plants process the information obtained (counting pollinated flowers in experimental plots, comparing pollination indices with control plots, conclusions).

Currently, design documentation has been developed on the proposed screen and several prototypes have been manufactured, which have been transferred to farms for conducting joint tests with the authors. With the help of one prototype screen in the spring and summer of 2009, tests were conducted on the experimental field SPOK Vozrozhdenie 2 in the Bystroistoksky district of Altai Territory. For this, a plot of sainfoin of Peschaniy 1251 variety with an area of 200 square meters was selected.

The selected site was planned (pitched) in a checkerboard pattern into smaller experimental 11 and control 12 sections of 18 square meters each, leaving protective dividing strips 13 between them 50 ... 60 cm wide for the purity of the experiment. Plant height was 75 ... 85 cm. the time period of active summer of bees (from 12-00 to 17-00) screens were installed elastically elongated on the frames for each experimental section so that the horizontal screen cover completely covered the entire experimental section from above, located at a height of 100 ... 120 cm and did not touch the plants . Then, side walls-screens were installed at a predetermined height from the soil surface of 30 cm and secured them at this height using push-button locks.

By installing screens, the approach of honey bees to flowering plants from above was stopped and the approach of honey bees to the side at each experimental site was excluded. Wild entomophiles, having predominantly surface summers, freely penetrated under the screen, which did not limit their participation in the natural pollination of plants. At the same time, nothing prevented the natural pollination of plants. The restriction of access of bees to flowering plants in the experimental plots continued throughout the flowering time of the sainfoin of the Peschany 1251 variety. At other times of the day, screens were removed from the plots.

To increase the surface area of the plant with horizontal and side walls, screens, if necessary, you can set the side walls in a horizontal position using additional supports.

At the end of flowering sainfoin cultivars Peschany 1251, we processed the information obtained (counted the number of pollinated flowers in the experimental plots, compared them with the pollination indices in the control plots and made conclusions).

As a result of using the proposed screen, reliable positive results were obtained that can be successfully used in growing various crops pollinated by honey bees.

It was decided at the end of May 2010 to hold a seminar with agronomists in the areas close to Biysk and recommend using the results of the proposed method on farms.

Claims (5)

1. A screen for determining the dependence of the yield of seeds of entomophilous cultures on pollination by bees, including a frame with racks and with horizontal and side screens restricting access to plants, characterized in that the horizontal screen is height-adjustable using telescopic racks, and the side screens, mounted along the perimeter of the horizontal canvas to control the height of their installation and to provide access to plants other pollinators, in addition to honey bees, are equipped with additional folding, or clad screens made of the same material and secured to the main side screens using vertically mounted push-button locks or “velcro locks”, at least one side of the frame of the horizontal screen is equipped with at least one mechanism for tensioning the material web made in the form of a screw-nut threaded pair, while the screen blade is made of transparent water and breathable material, which provides access to plants throughout the spectrum of sunlight and provides a full photosynthesis of plants, such as gauze or fine mesh. 2. The screen according to claim 1, characterized in that the telescopic racks of the screen are equipped with position locks of the telescopic parts of the rack relative to each other. 3. The screen according to claim 1, characterized in that the button locks or velcro locks are mounted on the primary and secondary side screens in at least two vertically arranged rows. 4. The screen according to claim 3, characterized in that each of the additional side screens is made in the form of a single canvas, folding and unfolding when reducing or increasing the distance in height from the bottom edge of the screen to the soil surface. 5. The screen according to claim 1, characterized in that on the sides of the frame of the screen locks are made for consecutive tight connection of several screens.

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