RU2420950C1 - Method to detect dependence of entomophilous crops seeds productivity on pollination with bees - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. ^ SUBSTANCE: invention refers to the field of agriculture, in particular, to bee keeping. The method includes detection of an experimental section and a reference one of the same area and conditions, installation of a screen onto the section of the specified area, accounting of number of bees that visited the reference section and comparison of productivity indices of the reference section with the productivity of the experimental section covered with the screen. At the same time initially melliferous bees approach from top is limited by installation of a preferably horizontal web of a screen above the surface of the whole experimental section without contact with plants. Then melliferous bees approach is limited at sides by lowering of side walls along the whole perimeter of the horizontal web of the screen by the specified height. The surface of the screen web is made of transparent water and air permeable material, ensuring access to plants of the whole spectrum of sun rays providing a full-scale of plants photosynthesis. Installation of the screen web above the surface of plants of the whole experimental section is arranged depending on height of controlled plants, which is adjusted along the height with the help of, for instance, telescopic supports of the screen. ^ EFFECT: method makes it possible to simplify the process and to detect advantages of melliferous bees compared to wild pollinators. ^ 3 cl, 2 dwg, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods for determining the dependence and effectiveness of artificial pollination of flowering plants by bees, affecting crop yields. The results of the found dependence can be used both in greenhouses and in open areas and fields.

It is widely known that all flowering crops are pollinated either by insects, bees, or under the influence of wind, or from the contact of plants with each other, etc.

The materials of the Abkhaz Agricultural Experimental Station contain information on the isolation of several plants or individual plant branches with gauze. This method of plant isolation to study the effect of bee pollination on their seed productivity does not allow to obtain reliable results. For example, the contact of gauze with the flowers of a plant can lead to mechanical pollination of the flowers and to obtain false results in the future.

There is a known technology by which we studied the characteristics of flowering Eastern goatskin, made observations of flowers at different hours of the day throughout the entire period of plant vegetation. A series of special experiments were carried out, which took into account the duration of flowering of Eastern oriental goat with free pollination by bees and without pollination by bees using screens (insulators, caps) that enveloped the plants. To identify the optimal period of pollination by bees of the Eastern goatskin and to obtain better seed sets, one group of flowers was pollinated on the first day of flowering, the other group on the second day, etc. See Mukhamedzhanov E.R. Ecological and biological effectiveness of the use of bees as pollinators of the Eastern goatskin during its irrigation: abstract of thesis. ... cand. biol. Sciences: 03.00.16; 02/06/04. / E.R. Mukhamedzhanov; FSEI HPE Russian State Agrarian Correspondence University. - Moscow, 2006.

On the eve of the opening of the buds, paper caps were put on the flowers, on the second day of flowering, caps were removed and the flowers were pollinated by bees. The control was flowers with free pollination by bees. On the sixth to tenth day after pollination, the number of full-fledged ovary flowers of the Eastern goatskin in the first and second groups was taken into account and the seed-forming ability (in%) was determined. In the experiments, leaf temperature and plant transpiration were measured.

The disadvantages of the known technology include the high complexity of the process of putting on buds and removing paper screens-caps from the buds of flowering plants. At the same time, additional pollination of plants is possible by touching and shaking the flowers of plants associated with putting on and removing paper caps, i.e. the results obtained do not correspond to the purity of the studies.

There is a method that prevents visits to the opened flowers of alfalfa by insects and the ingress of random pollen. All flowers visited by insects were immediately noted and counted. Previously opened flowers were removed from the brush, as well as flowers that remained undisclosed. The alfalfa inflorescences treated in this way with flowers visited and uncovered by insects were wearing parchment paper insulators. For control, flowers were placed under the same insulators that remained unopened when they were visited by insects. See Goncharov P.L., Lubenets P.A. "Biological aspects of alfalfa cultivation." - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1985 .-- 252 p. p.73.

Obtaining more large-scale and more accurate results on large areas using the well-known screen-cap is practically impossible. In addition, the use of parchment paper as an insulator disrupts the process of photosynthesis, which is one of the main factors in the formation of the crop.

A known method for isolating control plants for treatment with an insecticide using a mobile box containing a frame made of vertical posts connected to each other in the upper part by horizontal corners on which a translucent material is fixed, for example a plastic film, which is used to determine the effectiveness of the effect drug against rape pests. Pest populations of plants are compared on film-covered plots and in open areas of the field treated with insecticides. See Kleine Fliegen, grose Folgen \ dtz agramagazin - Februar 2005, S.46-50.

The disadvantages of the known technology are the low reliability and stability of the device, which reduces the effectiveness of hybridization.

Known for a more advanced technology, carried out using a special box, a prototype that isolates plants during flowering and pollination. The box contains a frame (frame) made of vertical posts connected to each other in the upper part using horizontal corners, on which a translucent material is fixed (glass, plastic film), and the box is additionally equipped with a roof, agitator, vertical corners and stakes, at least at least four, while the frame is made in the form of a screen consisting of tiers interconnected by means of fasteners installed in the holes of the mating horizontal corners. The agitator consists of a shaft with a jumper and a stop, based on the bracket of the holder of translucent material. The limiter is configured to set the required height of the lower lever position. See the description of patent No. 82509, publ. August 10, 2009, for the utility model "Mobile box for plant isolation during flowering and pollination."

The disadvantages of the prototype method include the presence of many negative factors, such as poor access to plants other than honey bees, pollinators, elevated temperature inside the screen, lack of access to moisture, etc.

The objective of the present invention is to eliminate the disadvantages of the prototype, in particular expanding the technological capabilities of the proposed method in terms of obtaining reliable results, simplifying the process, as well as identifying the advantages of honey bees over wild pollinators.

The task is achieved by initially limiting the approach of honey bees from above by installing a predominantly horizontal screen canvas above the surface of the entire experimental area without contact with plants, then limiting the approach of honey bees from the sides by lowering the side walls around the entire perimeter of the horizontal screen canvas to a predetermined height, the surface of the screen canvas is made of transparent water and breathable material, providing access to teniyam entire spectrum of sunlight rays for the full plant photosynthesis.

Installation of the screen canvas over the surface of the plants of the entire experimental plot was performed depending on the height of the controlled plants, adjustable in height using, for example, telescopic screen supports.

The installation of the side walls of the screen canvas is made adjustable in height.

The novelty of the proposed technical solution is the initial restriction on the entire experimental section of the approach of honey bees from above by installing the screen canvas above the surface of the plants without touching them and limiting the approach of honey bees from the side by lowering the side walls of the screen canvas to a predetermined height, while the surface of the screen canvas is made of transparent water- and breathable material that provides access to plants of the entire spectrum of sunlight for full photosynthesis of plants nings.

Using the proposed method in combination with the design features of the screen allows us to establish the dependence of the seed productivity of entomophilous crops on artificial pollination of plants using honey bees.

Thus, the restriction on the entire experimental section of the approach of honey bees from above allows you to cover the entire experimental section with a screen cloth without human intervention and influence on any particular flower or plant and limit the access of honey bees to plants and determine the characteristics of the influence of honey bees on crop yields. This eliminates the error introduced in the prototype in the process of pollination of plants by external factors (the contact of plant flowers with the screen cloth, with the hands of the operator, prevents any third-party intervention, shaking of plants, etc.).

The signs of the installation of the horizontal part of the screen canvas over the plant surface of the entire experimental section and the side walls of the screen canvas are height-adjustable using, for example, telescopic screen supports, depending on the height of the plants being monitored, are additional signs that reveal a specific performance of the main characteristics.

Installation at a given height of a horizontal leaf and a web of side walls is due to the fact that a honey bee flies to a flowering field at a height of several meters and sits on a flower from above. Wild entomophiles, having predominantly surface summers, freely penetrate the screen, which does not limit their participation in the natural pollination of plants.

Figure 1 shows the location of the experimental and control sections, with which the proposed method is carried out.

Figure 2 schematically shows a screen with which the proposed method is carried out, where a) - folding side walls-screens are shown.

In the presented diagram of FIG. 1, experimental 1 and control 2 sections are staggered, separated by dividing protective strips 3 from the same plants. The screen is predominantly with a horizontally made web 4 and side web-walls 5 mounted on height-adjustable uprights 6. Side web-walls can be double-layered 7 with the possibility of their spreading and installation in one layer or overhead 8 depending on the height of the plants using , for example, push-button locks 9 or “Velcro locks” 10. The horizontal web is resistant to gusts of wind due to the tension of the web. Protective strips 3 prevent the free movement of the side screens, which could affect the quality and accuracy of the research results.

The proposed method is as follows.

On the experimental field choose a site for research. To do this, the site is staggered into smaller experimental 1 and control 2 sections, as shown in Fig. 1, leaving protective dividing strips between them 3. A screen or several screens are installed on each experimental section so that the horizontal web 4 each screen completely covered the entire experimental plot from above and did not touch the top of the plants. Then set to a predetermined height of the canvas 5 side walls of the screen. The side wall canvases can be made folding when the height of the lower edge of the walls increases above the ground or overhead and are secured using, for example, key locks 9 or velcro locks 10.

Screen installation time is determined during the active summer of honey bees. At the rest of the day, screens from the plots are removed.

At the end of flowering, the plants process the information obtained (counting pollinated plants in experimental plots, comparing pollination indices with control plots, conclusions).

A specific example of the proposed method.

On the experimental field SPOK “Vozrozhdenie 2” of the Bystroystoksky district of Altai Territory, a sainfoin plot of Peschaniy 1251 variety with an area of 200 m ^{2 was} chosen for research. The selected site was planned (stitched) in a checkerboard pattern into smaller experimental 1 and control 2 sections of 18 m ² , leaving protective dividing strips 3 between them 50 ... 60 cm wide for the purity of the experiment. Plant height was 75 ... 85 cm. For the period during the active summer of bees (from 12-00 to 17-00) screens were installed elastically stretched over the frames for each experimental section in such a way that the horizontal canvas 4 of the screen completely covered the entire experimental section from above, located at a height of 100 ... 120 cm and did not touch plants. Then installed on a given height from the soil surface of 30 cm canvas 5 side walls of the screen and secured them at this height using push-button locks. By installing screens, the approach of honey bees to flowering plants from above was stopped, and the approach of honey bees to the side at each experimental site was excluded. Wild entomophiles, having predominantly surface summers, freely penetrated under the screen, which did not limit their participation in the natural pollination of plants. At the same time, nothing prevented the natural pollination of plants. The restriction of access of bees to flowering plants in the experimental plots continued throughout the flowering time of the sainfoin of the Peschany 1251 variety. The rest of the day, the screens were removed from the plots.

At the end of flowering sainfoin cultivars Peschany 1251, we processed the information obtained (we calculated the number of pollinated plants in the experimental plots, compared them with the pollination indices in the control plots and made conclusions).

As a result of using the proposed method, reliable positive results were obtained, which can be successfully used in the cultivation of various crops using honey bees as pollinators.

It was decided at the end of May 2010 to hold a seminar with agronomists in the areas close to Biysk and recommend using the results of the proposed method in the farms of the Altai Territory.

Claims (3)

1. A method for determining the dependence of the yield of seeds of entomophilous cultures on pollination by bees, including determining the experimental plot and the control plot of the same area and conditions, installing a screen on a given plot area, taking into account the number of bees visiting the control plot, and comparing the yield indices of the control plot with productivity of the experimental plot, sheltered by the screen, characterized in that initially they restrict the approach of honey bees from above by installing mainly horizontal of the screen canvas over the surface of the entire experimental plot without contact with plants, then the honey bees approach from the sides by limiting by lowering the side walls along the entire perimeter of the horizontal screen canvas to a predetermined height, and the surface of the screen canvas is made of transparent water and breathable material, which ensures access to plants of the entire spectrum of rays of sunlight, which provides complete photosynthesis of plants. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the installation of the screen canvas over the surface of the plants of the entire experimental plot is made depending on the height of the controlled plants, adjustable in height using, for example, telescopic screen supports. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the installation of the side walls of the screen canvas is made adjustable in height using patch or folding canvases and locks.

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