RU2405294C1 - Method of restoration of soil fertility - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. ^ SUBSTANCE: invention refers to the field of agriculture and recultivation. The method includes soil treatment without soil overturning, use of agronomic crop rotation of crops, application of contact herbicide on green plants in the period of mass germination of weeds, application into cenosis of chemical and biological agents, direct seeding onto untreated soil. In rotation of crops in the period between cultivation of crops weeds of any species composition are grown to the phase of budding. Then contact herbicide is applied on green plants, 1-2 days prior to sowing the next crop contact herbicide is applied on the weeds onto green plants again. In the period of crops germination humus soil-forming organic fertilisers and tank mixture of elicitors, growth substances and microorganisms are applied. In the rotation after spring culture cultivation and weeds varieties of winter wheat are sowed. In periods after sowing spring crops of crop rotation and after its harvesting the soil surface is treated with effective microorganisms with the application rate of 2 l/ha. ^ EFFECT: method enables to increase soil fertility. ^ 3 cl, 2 ex

Description

The present invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods for restoring soil fertility.

There is a method of increasing the yield of spring wheat, in which pure steam is used in crop rotation, which is periodically machined using herbicides (Komarov B.A. Leaflet of a farmer in technological discipline in agricultural crops. M .: Rosagropromizdat, 1988. - p. .32).

The disadvantages of this method are the increased complexity of the production of grain crops of spring wheat and a decrease in soil fertility.

These disadvantages are due to the fact that to increase the yield of spring wheat, before cultivating it, the field is left under clean steam. To destroy weeds on the surface of the soil of the field left under clean steam, it is processed repeatedly. Harrowing is carried out in early spring, then the first peeling to a depth of 7 ... 8 cm with soil rolling down. Then this field is cultivated several times to a depth of 6 ... 7 cm using herbicides. Such multioperational care of pairs increases the overall laboriousness of spring wheat crop production, as well as fuel and herbicide consumption. In this case, the soil structure is destroyed. Granules of the soil turn into dust particles.

In the soil of a field left under clean steam, the surface of which is devoid of vegetation and has a black color, the process of its fertility formation is suspended. Under the influence of sunlight, the temperature of the surface of the soil increases excessively. The structure of the topsoil is degrading. The soil decomposes into dusty particles of clay, mica, quartz and other minerals. There is a likelihood of dust storms. This is due to the fact that a significant increase in the temperature of the upper soil layer, the absence of vegetation on it leads to the destruction of organics to gaseous ammonia and PH ₂ , which evaporate, and the soil loses its supply of nutrients. The process of decomposition of organics by microorganisms and earthworms is suspended. The process of accumulation in the soil of humic and fulvic acids - organic acids that glue dusty soil particles into particles of 0.5 ... 2.0 mm in size, due to which the fertile soil layer becomes like a sponge consisting of grains and pores between them, is suspended. Thus, the formation of soil monolith architecture is suspended, which provides good air and water permeability, high moisture capacity, and saturation with mineral and organic compounds.

In addition, the absence of vegetation fields in the upper soil layer — roots, stems with leaves becoming food for microorganisms and earthworms — stops the process of humus accumulation in the soil. This ultimately reduces the yield of the subsequent crop rotation, leads to soil degradation.

A known method of restoring soil fertility, including tillage without turning the formation and the formation on the soil surface of a mulching cover from the leafy mass of plants. At the same time, herbicides are used to destroy weeds and the soil surface of the field is cultivated. (Prospectus of the company Monsanto. Systems and methods of rotational land use, 1999, p.15-16).

The disadvantage of this method is the low yield of cultivated crops and a decrease in soil fertility.

This drawback is due to the fact that during the decomposition of plant residues, the process of phytotoxin formation occurs as a result of their leaching from straw and the life of microorganisms. These phytotoxins have a negative effect on the development of seedlings of cultivated plants, especially during the second and subsequent sowing of monoculture. In this case, the effect of allelopathic depression of the subsequent sowing occurs, including due to the synthesis of acetic acid by microorganisms. In addition, the process of formation of pathogenic microorganisms - fungal colonies in the upper layer of the soil of the field (Fusarium) is intensified.

Under anaerobic conditions, i.e. in the absence of a sufficient amount of oxygen, in the process of decomposition of straw organic acids are formed in significant quantities, in particular acetic acid, which has an inhibitory effect on cultivated plants, slowing their growth.

Decaying rhizomes of a number of weeds, for example, creeping wheat grass, also secrete acetic acid in phytotoxic concentrations (see Prince H.P. Allen, Direct sowing and minimal tillage. M: Agropromizdat, 1985, pp. 65-69).

Ultimately, the presence of a mulching soil cover from plant residues leads to sparseness of crops of the cultivated crop, a decrease in the degree of tillering of plants and a deterioration in their development, and, as a result, a decrease in the crop yield.

There is a method of intensive cultivation of grain crops, in which, between harvesting and sowing of grain crops, straw left after harvesting grain on the field surface is burnt (H.P. Allen, Direct sowing and minimal tillage. M .: Agropromizdat, 1985, p. 65-67).

The disadvantages of this method is the reduction of soil fertility of the field.

This drawback is due to the fact that the soil is deprived of organic matter reserves, nitrogen and phosphorus of straw and stubble are completely lost, microorganisms that provide plants with amino acids, sugars are destroyed, and soil and plants with carbon dioxide, which in the soil water turns into carbonic acid, which is extracted from soil absorbing complex of nutrients inaccessible to plants, and carbon dioxide for plants, which is the most important element of plant nutrition during the growing season. When straw is burned, carbon dioxide is carried away by air currents from the field by the time of the active life of the subsequent sowing. When burning straw, the soil degrades.

The closest in technical essence and the achieved result to the proposed method of restoring soil fertility is a method of restoring soil fertility, including cultivating the soil without turning the bed, using crop rotation, applying a continuous herbicide to green plants with the appearance of mass shoots of weeds - “Roundup” in dose of 1 ... 2 l / ha in the phase of 5-6 "real" leaves of perennial dicotyledonous weeds, the use of soil herbicides: "Harnes", "Trophy", "Frontier", "Stomp", "Merlin." Direct sowing is performed in the soil, untreated mechanically. (V.A. Nebavsky, Experience in introducing zero tillage technology. Krasnodar, 2003, p. 38-39) - prototype.

The disadvantage of the method adopted for the prototype is the use of soil herbicides with their incorporation together with plant residues into the soil, which is caused by the need to affect the soil with structural-destructive mixing of the soil with plant residues and herbicides. At the same time, plant residues in the soil stimulate the reproduction of microorganisms that feed on these residues not due to air nitrogen, but due to soil nitrogen, depleting its reserves, and at the same time increase leaching of allelopaths (phytotoxins) from plant residues that inhibit the development of the subsequent culture. In addition, due to microclimate gradients changing due to blackening of the soil on the day surface, the effectiveness of soil herbicides can completely disappear due to moisture loss in the upper soil layer, because the soil becomes warmer than air in early spring, and the air absorbs soil moisture and carries it outside the field by noon. The process of moisture condensation in the soil stops.

The use of the Roundup herbicide in the phase of sprouted weeds deprives the soil of additional organic matter, in particular the rod root system of weed vegetation, which forms larger passages for air and water located deeper in the soil after decomposition.

Premature destruction of weeds, i.e. before the budding phase of weeds, it leads to the elimination of the most important factor in the formation of soil fertility.

The known method uses pathogenic microorganisms to destroy organics in the soil. Pathogenic microorganisms are not highly effective when using soil organics and inhibit or parasitize cultivated plants. Pathogens accompany every system that intensifies agriculture and leads to soil degradation. Thus, the known method does not take into account the presence of pathogenic microflora in the soil.

The technical solution to the problem is to increase soil fertility.

The objective is achieved in that in a method of restoring soil fertility, including cultivating the soil without turnover, using crop rotation, applying a continuous herbicide to green plants when mass emergence of weeds, introducing chemical and biological preparations into the cenosis, direct sowing on untreated soil according to the invention, in the rotation between the cultivation of crops, weeds of any species composition are grown up to the bud phase plants, after which a continuous herbicide is applied to green plants, 1-2 days before the next crop is sown, a continuous herbicide is applied to weeds again on green plants, and humus soil-forming organic fertilizers and a tank mixture of elicitors, growth substances and microorganisms.

The novelty lies in the fact that in the rotation after cultivation of spring crops and weeds, two-handed varieties of winter wheat are sown.

A method of restoring soil fertility, the distinguishing features of which are that in the periods after sowing spring crop rotation and after harvesting, the soil surface is treated with effective microorganisms with a spread rate of 2 l / ha.

Due to the distinguishing features of the method, i.e. cultivation in a crop rotation between the cultivation of crops of weeds of any species composition, get the biomass of weeds for soil bioprocesses. Bioprocesses increase soil fertility and include:

- fermentation - alcohol formation - the formation of acids;

- burning with the help of enzymes secreted by microorganisms;

- maceration of plant tissues;

- synthesizing new compounds - humic acids - humates - humus;

- the formation of architectonics of the soil.

Growing weeds to the budding phase prevents soil clogging by a crop of weed seeds cultivated to increase soil fertility. This facilitates the control of weeds when growing the next crop in the crop rotation and increases the efficiency of using weeds to increase soil fertility.

Application to weeds prior to their budding phase of a continuous action herbicide on the surface of green plants, i.e. the exclusion of the main tillage eliminates the phenomenon of “fall” from the crop rotation, i.e. shoots in autumn of spring crops from grain that has fallen to the surface of the soil after harvesting. This grain remaining on the surface of the soil after harvesting, not embedded in the soil, does not emerge, but perishes, decays, and some is eaten by birds. The absence of shoots of the “scavenger” prevents the transfer of viruses from its affected areas to the next crop in the crop rotation.

In addition, mouse-like rodents - voles that do not feed on grain, but on the green mass of seedlings of the "scavenger", devoid of food, leave the field. There is no need to poison them.

Application of a field to the soil surface 1 ... 2 days before sowing the next crop of a continuous action herbicide on green plants leads to the fact that the herbicide penetrates into weeds growing on the soil surface, they die, increasing the layer of mulch on the field surface. The part of the herbicide that was not consumed by the weeds disintegrates within two weeks, which excludes its subsequent exposure to crop plants. At the same time, the period until the competition of weeds growing from seeds in the soil with cultivated plants begins to increase. This provides an advantage for seedlings of cultivated plants in competition with seedlings of weeds.

The introduction of seedlings of agricultural crops humus soil-forming fertilizers ensures continued restoration of soil fertility during the growth of the crop. This ensures the protection of cultivated plants humus-forming fertilizers from exposure to direct sunlight. This enhances the efficiency of humus-forming processes. The fertilizers introduced stimulate the granulation of the soil through the formation of the so-called "centers" of soil formation.

Tank mix, i.e. a mixture in which the components do not lose their individual properties, elicitors, growth substances and microorganisms, contributes to the optimal development of agricultural crops. This reduces the consumption of soil fertility for growing crops.

Sowing winter wheat two-cultivar varieties in a crop rotation after cultivating spring crops and weeds allows 2 ... 5 months later from the optimal time for sowing winter crops to sow two-wheat cultivars, wheat, barley and sunflower. This increases the time period of the cultivation of weeds, allowing you to grow and destroy them several times in one period.

In addition, the effect of soil and air drought on seedlings of agricultural crops, to which seedlings of winter crops in the autumn period in the known methods of growing winter crops are eliminated, is eliminated.

Eliminates the effect of a number of pests on seedlings of agricultural crops, which occurs in winter crops sown at the optimum time for a particular region. In winter crops, bread, Hessian and Swedish flies, as well as ground beetle, are developing.

Processing the surface of the field with effective microorganisms with a spread rate of 2 l / ha after sowing spring crops and after harvesting ensures the displacement of pathogenic microorganisms from the soil in the summer, i.e. during the period of their active life, which we established experimentally.

The analysis of the properties of the totality of the features of the claimed method and the properties of the totality of the features of the detected prototype and analogues showed that the totality of the features of the claimed method exhibits new properties of the prototype - control of the architectonics of the soil and elimination of allelopathic depression of cultivated plants.

Examples of specific performance of the method of restoration of soil fertility.

Example 1. In the process of harvesting spring crops, the non-cereal part of the crop is crushed and scattered on the field surface onto stubble. 2 liters per 1 ha of effective microorganisms EM-1 MBTS (TU 9291-002-2961435-5-2001) are applied to the soil on the resulting mulch cover, and then, when the subsequent crop is sown in the early spring. When weeds reach the budding phase, they are treated, for example, with Roundup herbicide at a dose of 3 kg / ha and the field is maintained until the next crop is planted. If during this period a new weed vegetation forms, reaching the budding phase, it is re-treated with the same herbicide in a dose of 2-3 kg / ha.

1-2 days before sowing, the field is again treated after treatment with the Roundup herbicide in a dose of 2-3 kg / ha mixed with 2 l / ha of EM-1 MBTS and direct sowing of cultivated crops. At the same time, weed vegetation dies under the action of the herbicide, decomposes under the influence of atmospheric factors, and weed biomass, mulch from the previous crop, root system of weed and cultured previous crops, their allelopaths and pathogenic microflora under the influence of microorganisms EM-1 MBTS decompose and are displaced from the soil the soil.

At the same time, phytotoxins and allelopaths occurring in the soil are food for EM-1 MBTS, which decompose them into carbon dioxide and water, i.e. their actions are completely neutralized.

Soil-forming fertilizers are applied to the field during sowing or before emergence after sowing from the AN-2 aircraft. This fertilizer within 10-14 days synthesizes humus in the soil and starts the process of soil structuring. In this case, granules of soil 2-3 mm in diameter are formed from dusty particles.

After the emergence of seedlings, a tank mixture of elicitors, growth substances and microorganisms is applied to the sowing (Furolan, succinic acid, Krasnodar-1, giberelin, maleic acid gizdazide, heteroauxin, a mixture of trace elements, sodium humate, MBTS EM-1, Xenem).

Example 2

In autumn, starting from mid-November and winter in January February, crops are sown on weeds treated with the Roundup herbicide in Example 1, winter wheat of two-handling varieties is sown, for example, Inula, Gunistan, Tristan, Chaus, Mirostan, Kharitonovka, with a sowing rate 5.0-5.5 million germinating grains per 1 ha with row spacing of 0.18 m (seeders like Marlies) or 5.5-6.0 million germinating grains with row spacing of 0.15 m (seeder SZS - 3.6 ), before sowing, apply 2 l / ha of EM-1 MBTS, as in Example 1, in a tank mixture when treating weeds before sowing.

Using the proposed method of restoring soil fertility in comparison with known methods will allow:

- manage the architectonics of the field soil;

- to intensify the process of accumulation of humus in the soil by increasing the activity of microorganisms introduced into the coenosis, as well as due to the additional leafy mass of weeds;

- to intensify the accumulation of moisture in the soil due to air irrigation;

- to ensure the displacement of pathogenic microflora from the soil by effective microorganisms;

- eliminate the allelopathic depression of cultivated plants using effective microorganisms.

Claims (3)

1. A method of restoring soil fertility, including cultivating soil without turnover, using crop rotation, applying a continuous action herbicide to green plants when mass emergence of weeds, introducing chemical and biological preparations into the cenosis, direct sowing on untreated soil, characterized in that in the rotation between the cultivation of crops, weeds of any species composition are grown until the budding phase, after which they are applied itsid continuous action on green plants for 1-2 days before planting the crop once again applied to weeds herbicide continuous action of green plants and shoots of agricultural crops gumusopochvoobrazuyuschie make organic fertilizer and tank mix elicitors, growth substances and micro-organisms. 2. The method of restoring soil fertility according to claim 1, characterized in that in the crop rotation after cultivation of spring crops and weeds, two-handed varieties of winter wheat are sown. 3. The method of restoring soil fertility according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that in the periods after sowing the spring crop rotation and after harvesting, the soil surface is treated with effective microorganisms with a spread rate of 2 l / ha.