RU2377751C2 - Method of soil tillage for cultivated crops under irrigation conditions - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. ^ SUBSTANCE: proposed method envisages basic soil tillage by way of in-depth cultivation every three years and minimum intensity tillage in spring and autumn. Basic soil treatment is performed to a depth of 35Ç40 cm with the help of a chisel implement, predominantly - with inclined posts positioned at an angle of 45. During basic soil tillage the furrow bottom is formed to be crest-shaped with alteration of rectangular indentations and triangular-shaped elevations. Spring and autumn tillage is done to a depth of 10 and 14 cm respectively. The cultivated crops are represented by maize and soya. ^ EFFECT: such a technology enables prevention of soil over-compaction, underground water upheaval and soil salination and provides for quality weeding control. ^ 2 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, and in particular to methods of primary and pre-sowing tillage for the cultivation of various crops.

A known method of autumn tillage with an agromachine with disk working bodies, plowing or deep soilless cultivation [RU 2191495 C1, IPC ⁷ A01B 79/00, 10.27.2002].

The disadvantage of this method is the lack of methods for accumulating soil moisture after deep tillage, combating water erosion, the irrationality of multiple multi-layer layer-by-layer tillage in the spring-summer period, which leads to a significant loss of moisture, and, accordingly, crop yield by 10 ... 15%, as well as to increase the energy intensity of the operation.

There is a method of loosening the soil once every two or three years to a depth of 30 cm, annual layer-by-layer loosening of the soil to a depth of 6, 8, 10 and 12 cm by cultivators-plane cutters or cultivators with lancet paws or razor-paws, as well as tillage in summer and pre-winter periods with needle discs [RU 2185713 C1, IPC ⁷ A01B 79/00, 07.27.2002].

The disadvantage of this method is the multiple layer-by-layer cultivation, processing in the summer and winter periods, which increases the energy consumption for tillage. The main tillage to a depth of 30 cm not only does not contribute to the destruction of the plow sole, but can also create a second one, which will lead to subsoil water flows, and, accordingly, will create the possibility of the development of water erosion.

A known method of treating the soil with chisel plows to a depth of 40 cm with the formation of a crested furrow bottom with alternating rectangular depressions and elevations of a triangular shape [Design features and development trends of chisel implements, overview information, series "Agricultural Machines, Units and Units", Moscow, TsNIITEI tractor and agricultural machinery , 1977, pp. 5-6, Fig. 1].

The disadvantage of this method is the lack of weed control and, accordingly, a decrease in crop yields.

EFFECT: restoration and increase of soil fertility, increase of crop productivity, prevention of water erosion, reduction of energy consumption for soil cultivation due to the main processing once every 3 years.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method, which provides for the main tillage with a chisel working body to a depth of 40 cm with the formation of a crested furrow bottom with alternating rectangular recesses and triangular elevations, according to the invention, the method further provides for minimum tillage, which is carried out annually in spring and in the fall (to a depth of 10 cm in the spring and 14 cm in the fall), and the main tillage is carried out once every three years, while the chisel working body is equipped with stands d at 45 °.

With the passage of such a tool at a depth of 35 ... 40 cm by means of a bit of racks, rectangular recesses are formed with a width equal to the width of the bit. The chisel rips up the soil in a blocked mode - without carrying soil chips to the surface. As a result of this, clods of compressed soil accumulate on the plane of the bit, which, having no descent, scatter in all directions, but not downward. This causes softening of the soil at an angle of ≈45 ° in front and on the sides of each rack. The front collapse of the soil is smelled by the course of the implement (with slight traction resistance), and the side collapses form triangular-shaped elevations (in cross section). The racks are inclined at an angle of 45 °, so one of the sides of the triangular elevation is in contact with the inclined part of the rack. The distance between the axes of the recesses, i.e. bit racks, 40 ... 70 cm (this value is called the inter-trace).

When the field is sloping, plowing is carried out across the slope, so that moisture is retained by elevations, thereby preventing water erosion.

Thanks to the deep chisel cultivation of the soil, the plow sole is destroyed, water erosion is prevented, soil moisture accumulates in triangular depressions from precipitation and snowmelt, conditions are created for the favorable development of the plant root system. The traction resistance of such a tool is 35 ... 40% less compared to plow-mounted soil cultivation tools.

The annual autumn loosening of the soil is carried out by disk harrows or a cultivator-plane cutter to a depth of 14 cm.

This technology of soil treatment allows you to destroy weeds by cutting it into pieces of various lengths, and to dig larvae and pupae into the soil.

In the spring pre-sowing season, the overgrown weeds and roots of weeds are trimmed and combed out to a depth of 10 cm with a vibratory-type cultivator equipped with rollers. Weeds cut and brought to the surface of the field are rolled in rollers, dried in the spring and summer, and frozen in the winter and winter.

Stubble crop residues and rolled weeds form a mulching layer, protecting the field from wind erosion, and create conditions for the active development of microorganisms. Moisture evaporation in the warm season is limited by its deep occurrence and the presence of a protective top layer saturated with organic matter - mulch.

For five years in the experimental fields where various methods of tillage were applied, studies were conducted on their effect on the humus content and crop productivity.

The humus content for the study period,% Processing method Humus content,% Increase, decrease in the content of humus, ± 2002 2007 Proposed 3.30 3.75 +0.45 Generally accepted 3.30 3.21 -0.09 1 time in three years to a depth of 30 cm + annual layer-by-layer loosening of soil to a depth of 6, 8, 10 and 12 cm 3.30 3.42 +0.12

The proposed technology: in autumn, every three years, deep loosening of ПЧВ-5-40 to a depth of 35 ... 40 cm, annual autumn loosening of BDN-3.0 or KPSh T-5 to a depth of 14 cm, spring harrowing of BDN-3.0 and cultivation of the CCP -8A to a depth of 10 cm.

Conventional technology: in autumn, dump plowing PN-4-35 to a depth of 25 ... 27 cm, spring harrowing and cultivation of 10 cm.

Tillage in the autumn every three years by deep cultivating with SIBIME stands to a depth of 30 cm, annual layer-by-layer cultivation of the soil to a depth of 6, 8, 10 and 12 cm by plow cultivators.

The average yield of crops for grain on irrigation for the period from 2003 to 2007, t / ha Processing method Winter wheat (Zernogradka 11) Soya (Lanceolate) Corn (MV-TC-213) Proposed 6.1 2.7 11,2 Generally accepted 4.8 1.7 9.7 1 time in three years to a depth of 30 cm + annual layer-by-layer loosening of soil to a depth of 6, 8, 10 and 12 cm 5.2 2.2 10.1

Implementation of the proposed method of soil cultivation allows increasing crop yields by 10 ... 15% while reducing labor and energy costs by 30 ... 45% compared with the prototype, restoring and increasing soil fertility, preventing soil water and wind erosion, and actively combating weeds and pests. The method is universal and can be used on soils with or without bias.

Claims (2)

1. The method of tillage for row crops under irrigation conditions, which provides for the main tillage by deep cultivation once every three years, the minimum tillage in spring and autumn, characterized in that the main tillage is carried out to a depth of 35-40 cm, the bottom of the furrow is formed by a comb with alternating rectangular recesses and triangular-shaped elevations with a chisel gun, mainly with inclined racks located at an angle of 45 °, spring processing is carried out to a depth of 10 cm, and autumn processing to a depth of 14 cm. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that corn or soybeans are used as row crops.