RU2362298C1 - Method of melioration in mountaneous and submontane zone and system to this end - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method of melioration involves irrigation of sections on irrigation furrows, covered by a polyethylene film with perforations. The surface or subsurface layers of the active soil layer are irrigated when moisture in these layers falls to the lower threshold of optimum moisture. The surface layer of the active soil layer on ridges is irrigated using irrigation furrows lying in-between the ridges. The subsurface layer of the active soil layer is watered using livestock wastes from trenches with rocks, lying on the edges of the ridges. The melioration system has ridges, between which lie irrigation furrows with strips of polyethylene film with perforations. At the edges of the ridges there are trenches, filled with rocks, below which lies a soil layer, under which a screen from the said film is put.

EFFECT: uniform optimum watering of the entire soil active layer on the depth and along the ridges, reduced loss of water on evaporation and deep-earth filtration, utilisation of livestock wastes, improved aeration of soil active layer, activation of natural biological processes which increase soil fertility and improve its structure.

2 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used for irrigation of crops in the mountain foothill zone.

A known method of subsoil irrigation (Kornev V.G. Subsoil irrigation. The method of absorption irrigation. - M - L., 1935.-174 p., Grigorov MS Fundamentals of subsoil irrigation. - M .: Publishing House of Moscow Artists Union, 1993. - S. 34-39.). With this method of irrigation, water enters the soil continuously from tubular intra-soil moisturizers, and soil moisture is maintained at a level approaching the lowest soil moisture capacity. When using the method, unproductive losses of irrigation water due to evaporation are reduced, and when watering with livestock runoff, they do not get, and therefore no harmful microorganisms, helminth eggs, onto the soil surface, which prevents infection of people and animals (Grigorov M.S., p. 72-77).

The disadvantages of the method are: loss of irrigation water for depth filtration; insufficient moisture in the upper horizon of the active soil layer; the need to create a water pressure in the irrigation network and the possible clogging of subsoil humidifiers.

There is a method of mulching row-spacings with a transparent plastic film (Suyumbaev D.A. Methods and technical means of complex land reclamation of irrigated lands of Kyrgyzstan: abstract ... Dr. of Engineering: 06.01.02. - Bishkek, 2000. - P. 21, Suyumbaev D. A., Otunchiev O., Naloychenko AO, Kulov KM Methodological guidelines for the provision of reclamation and agrotechnical measures to improve the thermal regime of soils of irrigated lands of Northern Kyrgyzstan (Frunze, 1985). The film in the row-spacing is placed from the sowing axis at a distance of 4-6 cm, and the edge of the film tape is pressed to a depth of 3-5 cm. Thus, the width of the open strip is about 8-12 cm and is sufficient for normal plant growth. This reduces the loss of irrigation water by evaporation. Part of the radiant energy reaches the soil surface and accumulates on its surface, the air gap between the film and the soil surface reduces the outflow of heat into the atmosphere.

The disadvantage of this method is not the use of a mulching film for watering crops.

In China, when furrow irrigation is used, polymer coatings with holes that cover irrigation furrows are used (Natalchuk M.F., Olgarenko V.I., Surin V.A. Operation of irrigation and drainage systems. - M .: Kolos, 1995. - 320 p. , Ishchenko A.V., Apalkov S.A., Georgitsa I.V., Polyakova L.S. Regulation of water flow with an improved method of irrigation along furrows // Land reclamation of anthropogenic landscapes: Interuniversity collection of scientific works.- Vol.21: Rational nature management in the steppe zone of Russia. - Novocherkassk: UOC "Nabla" SRSTU, 2004. - P.38-44).

The polymer film allows to prevent soil erosion during irrigation along furrows, to reduce unproductive losses of irrigation water due to evaporation and deep filtering, to ensure a gradual flow of water into the soil without overmoistening and soil leaching.

The disadvantage of the system is the need to remove from the field after the growing season a perforated film for subsequent tillage.

The known technology of ridge reclamation (Nosovsky BC, Abramenko VP, Technology of ridge reclamation and its production development // MiVH. - 2007. - No. 1. - P.22-24), which allows increasing the water-air regime of the soil to increase crop yields and halve the amount of soil plowing.

This technology does not eliminate soil erosion during irrigation on medium and large slopes.

A known method of automated irrigation (AS 1375190 USSR, MKI A01G 25/00. Method of automated irrigation / V.I. Pronov, I.A. Kim - Published on 02.23.88. - Bull. No. 7. - 3 p. ), including a fractional supply of irrigation rate with alternating watering of groups of sites with variable irrigation rates, small and close to moisturizing.

The disadvantage of this method is not the use of disposal in the field of livestock waste, soil erosion during irrigation along furrows on large slopes.

The closest is the method of reclamation of irrigated soils (Preliminary patent 341 KG, MKI A01G 25/02 / I.A. Kim, I.I. Kim, V.K. Tsoi. - Publish. 30.12.1999. - Bull. No. 4) , including simultaneous furrow irrigation, soil moisture and soil aeration. The system that implements the reclamation method contains beds 140-180 cm wide, located constantly in one place, narrow trenches with manure and plant debris laid in the middle of the beds and covered with a strip of plastic film, perforated underground pipes for supplying humidified air to narrow trenches with manure and plant debris.

The reclamation method and the system for its implementation can improve soil aeration, activate microbiological processes in the soil, increasing its fertility and eliminating the need for plowing the soil.

The disadvantage of this method and system is soil erosion during furrow irrigation on large and medium slopes, the need to lay a large number of subsurface perforated humidifiers, which increase the cost and reduce the reliability and service life of the irrigation system.

The technical result of the claimed invention is to improve the quality of land reclamation of irrigated areas in the mountain foothill zone.

The claimed result is achieved by the fact that the land reclamation system in the mountain-foothill zone contains a water intake structure on the river connected to the treatment plant.

The first outlet of the sewage treatment plant is connected to the tank-mixer (PC) of livestock waste, and its second outlet is connected through a valve to the first self-discharge pipe. The PC output is connected through a shutter to a second pressure pipe.

The tiers of the first irrigation pipelines with microhydrants for supplying water to irrigation grooves laid along the middle of wide ridges are connected to the first self-pressure pipeline through the gates. The surface of irrigation furrows is shielded from the soil by a strip of perforated plastic film. The tiers of the second irrigation pipelines with microhydrants are connected to the second self-pressure pipeline through the gates to supply water to the narrow trenches laid along the edges of the ridges. Narrow trenches are filled with stones, under which a soil layer is laid, below which a screen is made, made of a strip of plastic film, partially screening also part of the active soil layer located under the ridges, from the underlying soil layers.

With a decrease in humidity in the upper or lower horizons of the active soil layer to the lower threshold of optimal humidity, watering of the plots with the irrigation norm for moistening the upper horizon of the active soil layer along the furrows or irrigation norm for moistening the lower horizon of the active soil layer with livestock trenches through narrow trenches is prescribed.

When applying the method and system of land reclamation in the mountain-foothill zone, it is ensured: maintaining uniform optimal moistening of the entire active soil layer in depth and along the length of the ridges; reduction of water losses for deep filtration and disposal of livestock waste; improvement of aeration of the active soil layer and activation of natural biological processes that increase soil fertility; the possibility of applying agricultural technologies with minimal and zero tillage.

Figure 1 shows a fragment of a diagram of a land reclamation system in a mountain-foothill zone; figure 2 is a section of the soil of the irrigated area with the reclamation system.

The land reclamation system contains river 1, a water intake 2, connected to a treatment plant 3 with a sump, the first outlet of which is connected through a valve 4 to a mixing tank (PC) 5, connected through a valve 6 to a clarified waste tank (POC) 7 of the livestock complex 8. The second outlet of the treatment plant 3 is connected through a shutter 9 to the first self-pressure pipe 10, laid along the maximum slope of the terrain. The output of PC 5 is connected through the valve 11 to the second self-discharge pipe 12. The tiers of the first irrigation pipes 14 with microhydrants 15 for supplying water to the irrigation grooves 16, laid along the middle of wide ridges 17 for growing plants 18, are connected to the first self-pressure pipeline through the valves 13. the grooves 16 are shielded from the soil by a strip of polyethylene film 19 with perforation 20. The tiers of the second irrigation pipelines 22 with microhydrants 23 for feeding water in narrow trenches 24, laid along the edges of wide ridges 17. Narrow trenches 24 are filled with stones 25, under which a layer of soil 26 is laid (Fig. 2), below which is laid a screen 27 made of a strip of plastic film, partially screening also part of the active layer under wide ridges 17 from the underlying soil layers. The distance between the narrow trenches corresponds to the distance between the wheels of the tractor.

The reclamation method is implemented as follows.

With a decrease in humidity in the upper horizon of the active soil layer to the lower threshold of optimal humidity, watering of the plots is prescribed by the rate of irrigation to moisten the upper horizon of the active soil layer to a moisture content close to the lowest moisture capacity (HB). In this case, the gate 9 opens and water from the treatment plant 3 is supplied to the first self-pressure pipeline 10. Then the gates 13 of the first tiers of the first irrigation pipelines open, and water from the first pressure pipeline 10 enters the first irrigation pipelines 14 and then through microhydrants 15 to irrigation furrows 16, laid in the middle of the ridges 17. Water from irrigation grooves 16 through a perforation 20 in a strip of plastic film 19 laid in irrigation grooves 16, the groove-droplet method gradually enters the soil. After wetting the upper horizon of the active soil layer of the irrigated area, the gates 13 are closed. Watering plots on the furrows 16 stops.

With a decrease in humidity in the lower horizon of the active soil layer to the lower threshold of optimal humidity, irrigation rate is set to irrigate the lower horizon of the active soil layer to a moisture content close to HB. In this case, the shutter 11 opens, and the livestock drains from the mixer tank 5 enter the second self-discharge pipe 12. Then the gates 21 of the second irrigation pipelines 22 of the first tier are opened, and the livestock drains through microhydrants 23 are fed into narrow trenches 24 with stones 25. After irrigation norms, watering of the plot is stopped, and similarly watering is carried out further than all other irrigation plots.

When using the method and system of land reclamation, it is ensured that the optimal moisture content of the entire active soil layer is uniformly uniform along the depth and along ridges, and the reduction of unproductive water losses due to evaporation and depth filtering and disposal of livestock waste. The use of ridges, irrigation furrows with a strip of perforated plastic film laid in them, narrow trenches with stones along the edges of the ridges prevents soil erosion when irrigating crops on large slopes, improves aeration and thermal regime of the soil. Utilization of livestock stocks on the field together with improved soil aeration activates natural biological processes that increase soil fertility, ensures the accumulation of biomass in the soil, improves its structure, makes the soil soft. All this provides the possibility of applying farming technologies with minimal zero tillage, with a stationary arrangement of ridges, with irrigation furrows, covered with strips of plastic film with perforation, laid in the middle of the ridges, without cleaning the plastic film after the growing season.

Claims (2)

1. The method of land reclamation in the mountain-foothill zone, including watering the plots along irrigation furrows covered with a plastic film with perforation, intrasoil moistening and aeration of the active soil layer, characterized in that the upper or lower horizons of the active soil layer are irrigated with a decrease in humidity in these horizons to the lower threshold of optimal humidity, and the upper horizon of the active soil layer on the ridges is moistened by irrigation along irrigation furrows laid in the middle of the ridges, and the lower horizons active layer - livestock waste of trenches with stones laid on the edges of the ridges. 2. Reclamation system in the mountain-foothill zone, containing irrigation furrows, characterized in that the system contains ridges, in the middle of which irrigation furrows are laid with stripes of perforated plastic film laid in them, and trenches filled with stones are made along the edges of the ridges, below which a layer of soil has been laid, under which screens from a polyethylene film are installed, partially shielding the active layer of soil from the underlying layers.

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