RU2355162C1 - Method of amelioration and device for irrigation control - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: plots for irrigation are divided into upper and lower halves for carrying out amelioration. Permanent broad seedbeds are made in the plots. Narrow trenches are made along the centres of the seedbeds, the upper part of the trenches is placed in active soil layer and filled with plant residues and manure, and separated by the clay layer from the lower part filled with sand and gravel. The surface of the seedbeds is inclined to the centre of the seedbeds and mulched with plant residues. Screens made of bands of the polyethelene film are fixed under the irrigation furrows in active soil layer. Soil drying control in the upper and lower horizons of the active soil layer is executed according to readings of soil moisture sensor mounted in the upper and lower horizons of the active soil layer. The soil moisture sensors are made in the form of horizontally placed porous tube, in the centre of which hair is strained. The hair is connected with a converter of hair length change to electric signal, attached to control irrigation unit. Irrigation by sprinkler is carried out within decreasing of soil moisture in the upper horizon of the active soil layer to the set level.

EFFECT: quality increase of amelioration of irrigated plots.

2 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used for irrigation on furrows and fine irrigation.

A known method of irrigation in the piedmont zone from a self-pressure irrigation system, including irrigation of the lower part of irrigated areas before irrigation with furrows and irrigation of lower areas with circular sprinklers (A.S. 1471933 (USSR), M. Cl. A01G 25/00 / EE Makovsky, I.A. Kim. - Published on 04/15/89. - Bull. No. 14). The disadvantage of this method is the lack of combined irrigation along the furrows and sprinkling of the entire plot that improves the quality of irrigation.

The technical result of the claimed invention is to improve the quality of land reclamation of irrigated areas.

The claimed technical result is achieved by the fact that on groups of irrigation plots divided into upper and lower halves, wide beds are created that are stationary located in one place. Narrow trenches are laid along the middle of the beds, the upper part of which is located in the active soil layer and is filled with plant debris and manure and is separated by a layer of clay from the lower part filled with sand or gravel. The surface of the beds is made with a slope towards the middle of the beds and is mulched by plant residues. Under irrigation furrows in the active soil layer screens are installed made of strips of plastic film. Monitoring of soil drying in the lower and upper horizons of the active soil layer is carried out according to the readings of soil moisture sensors installed in the upper and lower horizons of the active soil layer. The soil moisture sensors are made in the form of a horizontally laid porous tube, in the middle of which hair is stretched, connected to a converter for changing the length of the hair into an electrical signal, connected to the irrigation control unit. Watering with the norm of irrigation to moisten the entire active layer is carried out with a decrease in soil moisture to a predetermined threshold in the lower horizon of the active soil layer, along furrows with alternate delivery of the irrigation norm in fractional parts into two groups of irrigation furrows. Irrigation irrigation is carried out with a decrease in soil moisture in the upper horizon of the active soil layer to a predetermined threshold, and the upper and lower half of the irrigated areas are irrigated with alternating irrigation from medium-jet irrigation nozzles with the norm of irrigation to moisten the upper part of the active soil layer, and fine irrigation.

The method maintains the optimal water-air regime of the soil and temperature and humidity in the active soil layer and the surface layer of air, prevents unproductive losses of water for depth filtration.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of a land reclamation system; figure 2 shows a section of the soil plot; figure 3 shows a diagram of an integrated soil moisture sensor.

The land reclamation system contains groups of irrigated plots 1, divided into upper 2 and lower 3 halves. Stationary wide beds 4 were created in the plots, in the middle of which narrow trenches 5 were laid, the upper part of which, located in the active soil layer, was filled with plant debris 6. The lower part 7 of the narrow trench 5 was separated from the upper part of the narrow trenches with a clay layer 8, filled with sand or gravel and is a drainless drain. The surface 9 of wide beds 4 is mulched by plant residues 10 and is made with a slight bias towards the center.

The irrigation network for irrigating plots in two groups (even and odd) of irrigation furrows 11 contains a main pipeline 12 connected through gates 13 with irrigation pipelines 14 located under the arable layer of soil. Irrigation pipelines 14 are connected to the surface 9 of a wide bed 4 by nozzles 15 with flexible tips, through which water is supplied alternately to two groups of even and odd irrigation furrows 11. Under irrigation furrows 11, screens 16 are made in the form of strips of plastic film under the arable layer of soil. The location of the beds 4 and irrigation furrows 11 is stationary. The distance between irrigation furrows laid along the edges of the beds is 1.2 ... 1.8 m, depending on the type of soil.

The irrigation network for irrigating areas with sprinkling irrigation contains a supply pipe 17, to which a front-acting sprinkler 19 is connected through hydrants 18, a group of jet sprinkler and a group of finely dispersed sprinkler nozzles 20 are installed on the water supply belt.

At each irrigation site, an irrigation control device is installed, including an irrigation control unit 21, which is connected by communication lines 22 to two integral soil moisture sensors 23, one of which is installed in the upper horizon of the active soil layer and the other in the lower horizon of the active soil layer. The irrigation control unit 21 contains a battery, a controller, electronic keys for supplying voltage to a humidity sensor, an analog-to-digital converter of signals from humidity sensors.

The integrated soil moisture sensor 23 is made in the form of a porous pipe 24, laid in the active soil layer parallel to the soil surface. Along the central axis of the pipe, human or horse hair 25 is connected, connected to a converter 26 for changing the length of the hair into an electrical signal (for example, a rheostat converter) connected by a communication line 22 to the irrigation control unit 21.

The reclamation method is implemented as follows.

In the fall, after harvesting, the soil is plowed, beds 4 are created with narrow trenches 5 located in the middle of the beds and filled with plant debris and manure, leafless drains under narrow trenches, separated from the trenches by a layer of clay or a strip of plastic film, and irrigation furrows 11, under which fit the screens 16 of the strips of plastic film. The surface of the beds 4 is performed with a slope towards the middle of the beds and is mulched by plant residues.

In the winter-spring period, moisture accumulates in the soil and narrow trenches 5, and biological processes develop that increase soil fertility, and mulching the surface of the beds reduces moisture loss from the soil surface to evaporation. Irrigation wheels move only along irrigation furrows. Only minimal or “zero” tillage on the beds is applied.

In the growing season after planting, the control unit 21 performs periodic monitoring of soil moisture according to the readings of two integral sensors 23 of soil moisture. With a decrease in humidity in the lower horizon of the active soil layer of the site to a predetermined threshold, the control unit 21 generates a signal about the need to start irrigation along the furrows with the norm for moistening the entire active soil layer.

The irrigator opens the gates 13 of the irrigation pipelines 14 of the irrigated area and water is supplied through the nozzles 15, for example, to odd irrigation furrows 11. After issuing a fraction of the irrigation norm to odd irrigation furrows (for example, half of the irrigation norm), the irrigator throws the nozzles into even irrigation furrows for issuing the same fractional part of the irrigation norm, etc. After the entire irrigation norm has been issued to moisten the entire active layer in two groups of furrows with fractional parts of the soil, irrigation of the plot along the furrows is stopped and irrigation on the furrows of the next neighboring plot is assigned.

In the inter-irrigation period, the soil first dries in the upper horizon of the active soil layer. When humidity decreases in the upper soil horizon below a predetermined threshold according to the humidity sensor installed in this horizon, the control unit 21 generates a signal about the need to start watering with the norm for moistening the upper horizon of the active soil layer and a refreshing watering rate.

This watering is carried out by the sprinkler 19.

First, for example, at night, the lower half 3 of irrigation section 1 of the jet irrigation nozzles 1 is irrigated with the norm of irrigation to moisten the upper horizon of the active soil layer. At the same time, water that does not have time to soak into the soil during sprinkling, flows into narrow trenches 5, filled with plant debris and manure, and accumulates there, which also prevents the occurrence of puddles and crusts on the surface of the beds. The upper half 2 of irrigation section 1 is watered during the daytime with a refreshing norm of irrigation from finely dispersed irrigation nozzles. After watering the plot, the sprinkler carries out the reverse movement with a change in the order of issuing watering standards for both halves of the irrigated plot, in which half of the plot, watered with a refreshing rate, is watered with a humidification rate and vice versa, half of the plot watered with a refreshing rate, is watered with a humidification rate.

After irrigating the plot with irrigation, the sprinkler is transferred to irrigate the neighboring plot, which was furrowed after irrigation using the furrows of the previous plot, and when the upper horizon of the active soil layer dries below this limit, it starts to sprinkle it by sprinkling, similar to the previous plot.

Similarly, the entire group of plots is irrigated or only two irrigated plots form a group.

During the growing season during weeding, weeds are laid on top of narrow trenches 5 and rows of growing cultivated plants.

Deep plowing of the soil with the introduction of organic fertilizers, the creation of beds 4, narrow trenches 5 and irrigation furrows 11 is carried out only in the first year of organization on the site of the reclamation system. During agricultural and land reclamation works, the wheels of agricultural machinery move only along irrigation furrows, compacting their surface. Weeding of weeds in furrows is carried out mechanized (by cultivation of furrows) or manually. Plant residues laid on the surface of the beds prevent the germination of weeds, and therefore, weeding of the weeds on the beds is carried out manually without much labor. At the same time, when cultivating the furrows, weeds that germinate in the furrows are destroyed, while rollers are created on the edge of the beds to prevent water from flowing out of the furrows into the beds. After harvesting, mulching with plant residues of the surface of the beds is carried out. In addition, irrigation furrows are being corrected. Plowing the soil in subsequent years is no longer carried out.

The reclamation method and irrigation control device allow you to: minimize the cost of tillage and weed control;

- carry out reliable irrigation along furrows from underground irrigation pipelines and microhydrants that do not interfere with the operation of agricultural machinery;

- increase the length of irrigation furrows; disperse the issuance of irrigation norms, maintain optimal humidity in the active soil layer;

- increase the uniformity of soil moisture in the beds, increase the width of the beds and the distance between irrigation furrows;

- reduce the diameter of irrigation pipelines and the cost of the irrigation network for irrigation along the furrows; minimize unproductive water losses due to depth filtration and evaporation;

- to prevent slitization, soil compaction on the beds, raising the level of occurrence of groundwater and their entry into the active soil layer;

- improve soil aeration and microclimate in the surface air layer;

- reduce fluctuations in humidity and temperature of the surface layer of the soil;

- activate natural biological processes in the surface and throughout the active layer of the soil, increasing its fertility;

- grow environmentally friendly agricultural products; increase crop yields.

Claims (2)

1. The reclamation method, including combined irrigation along furrows and irrigation of areas with wide stationary beds having narrow trenches laid along their middle and filled with plant debris and manure, and the purpose of irrigation by the norm to moisten the entire active layer according to the readings of the integral humidity sensor installed in the lower horizon of the active soil layer, and the rate of irrigation to moisten the upper horizon of the active soil layer according to the readings of the integrated moisture sensor, and installed in the upper isone of the active soil layer, characterized in that the irrigated areas with beds and irrigation furrows are divided into upper and lower halves, alternately watered by furrows and sprinkling, the surface of the beds mulched by plant residues is made with a slope to the center of the beds, and narrow trenches laid along the middle of the beds are divided into two parts, with their upper part located in the active soil layer filled with plant debris and manure, and the lower part separated from the upper part by a layer of clay and a strip of poly a tylene film, it is filled with sand or gravel, watering the areas with the irrigation norm to moisten the entire active soil layer is carried out when a predetermined lower moisture threshold is reached, in the lower horizon of the active soil layer, watering the site is carried out along furrows with the irrigation norm being issued by fractional parts by irrigation in turn into two groups of furrows, and the irrigation of the upper and lower halves of the plots is carried out when a predetermined lower humidity threshold is reached in the upper horizon of the active soil layer with alternating issuance of the irrigation rate to moisturize the upper horizon of the active soil layer by ordinary sprinkling and a refreshing norm by fine sprinkling. 2. The reclamation device for implementing the method according to claim 1, comprising a control unit connected to the inputs with soil moisture sensors installed in the upper and lower horizons of the active soil layer, characterized in that the soil moisture sensors are made in the form of porous horizontally laid horizontally in the active soil layer pipes, in the center of which hair is stretched, connected to a converter for changing the length of the hair into an electrical signal, connected to the irrigation control unit.

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