RU2343668C2 - Corn sowing method and seed-sowing device used for method realisation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agricultural industry.

SUBSTANCE: soil is treated prior to corn sowing. Seeds are forced into soil one by one while they are transported by a single-seed sowing device and sown in a row. Corn seeds are located in a row so that seed coleorhiza is directed vertically downwards. Major edges of a seed are parallel to the row axis. Seed-sowing device consists of tank, plate with radial cells, scraper bar, axis, atmospheric pressure tyre, cover, cam, and circular screen. Cells of the plate are located under the guiding cavity of ejectors and made in the form of corn seeds. Cells are made in the form of a four-sided wedge. Longitudinal wedge axis coincides with the radius of seed plate. Major side edges of the cell are parallel to rotating direction. Minor edges of the cell are manufactured from flexible material.

EFFECT: increase in corn productivity at labour intensity reduction.

2 cl, 6 dwg, 1 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to a method for sowing corn and means for its implementation.

A known method of sowing corn precision seeder [Khalansky V.M., Gorbachev I.V. Agreecultural machines. Agreecultural equipment. - M .: KolosS, 2004 .-- 624 p.: Ill. - 174 p.] With a row spacing of 0.7 m with a given sowing pitch.

The disadvantage of this method is that the seedlings of plants are chaotic and this does not allow to apply the agrotechnical method of oriented placement of stems in rows.

The closest to the invention according to the achieved result is a method of growing corn [patent RU No. 2045147, 1995] comprising growing seedlings in special cartridges and planting it together with cartridges by a transplanting machine so that the long sides of the plates of real leaves are perpendicular to the axis of the row. This allows one to obtain rows of plants with an oriented arrangement of stems, which significantly reduces the degree of shade of the leaves and leads to increased photosynthesis and an increase in their individual productivity.

The disadvantage of this method is its complexity and technical complexity of implementation, which makes it impossible to use it on an industrial scale.

The aim of the invention is to reduce the complexity and simplification of the method due to oriented seeding of seeds with a precision seeder.

This goal is achieved by the fact that the corn seeds are sown by pressing the seeds in pieces when they are transported by the precision sowing apparatus in a row, while the seeds in the row are oriented so that the seed colorization is directed vertically downward, and the large seed faces are parallel to the row axis.

We conducted studies to establish a relationship between the position of corn seeds in the soil and the orientation of the leaves in a row.

Study conditions.

Seeds were sown in special containers 0.25 × 0.5 m in size. In each of them there were 3 rows with 12 seeds. Seeding options:

1. The seed is located longitudinally in a row, of coleorisis below (coleorisis is the root vagina from which the root of the corn plant develops, it is a bright spot on the pointed part of the seed).

2. Seed is located longitudinally in a row, coleoris at the top.

3. The seed is perpendicular to the axis of the row (flat), the coleoris is oriented upward in the row.

4. The seed is located along the row (on the edge), the coleoris is oriented parallel to the axis of the row.

5. Seeds are arranged in a chaotic manner, i.e. their arrangement in a row is not ordered (control).

Figure 1 shows the options for the location of the seed of corn in a row. The depth of seed placement was 4 cm. The data of the experiments are presented in the table.

Table Orientation of corn leaves in microstages relative to the row axis, depending on the location of corn grain in the soil Options Arrangement of corn leaves along the axis of the row in the row zone ± 45 ° perpendicular to the row in the row spacing ± 45 ° in the row spacing area PC % PC % PC % PC % % one 3 6 8 16 23 46 16 32 78 2 13 27 7 16 eleven 23 17 35 58 3 four 9 10 21 fifteen 32 eighteen 38 70 four 9 26 6 eighteen 7 21 12 35 56 5 8 22 9 25 5 fourteen fourteen 39 53

After analyzing the data in the table, we concluded that the most preferable, from the point of view of the arrangement of leaves in the row-spacing area, for their better illumination is option 1, when the seed is located along a row with a colouoris directed downward.

An example implementation of the method.

In early spring, small loosening of the soil (moisture closure) is carried out, which destroys the capillaries formed in the autumn-winter time in the surface soil layer.

Early closure of moisture and crumbling contribute to the heating of the soil, the mobilization of microorganisms, the germination of weed seeds, which are then easier to destroy during presowing treatment. When closing moisture, the use of combined units from harrows and trains is very effective.

The use of aggregates consisting of a cultivator, a plume and bar rollers before sowing allows you to provide the desired tillage.

Spring loosening is carried out to the depth of sowing seeds, because the deeper soil layers in the spring are still wet and when they are processed, the structure of the soil structure worsens. In addition, this results in the loss of soil moisture valuable for the germination of maize. With deep pre-sowing cultivation, corn seeds do not find the necessary contact with the soil and are worse provided with capillary moisture.

If furrows remained after autumn plowing, then in spring they must be leveled with disk cultivators. To prevent soil compaction, it is necessary to begin processing it as soon as it reaches physical ripeness, using light (tracked) tractors and wheeled running systems with wide or twin tires for work. The heavier and wetter the soil, the less should be the depth of spring loosening. Adequate treatment depth is usually 3 ... 5 cm. On light soils and under dry conditions it is increased to 6 ... 8 cm.

Of great importance is the direction of tillage. It is best to use a diagonal direction for plowing. With a double spring treatment, a crosshair should be carried out. Sowing of corn after the last tillage should be carried out within 24 hours. If the field is too large for sowing during this time, then it can be divided, but in this case, more driveways and turns are obtained during cultivation. It is better to reduce the direction of pre-sowing processing to the direction of plowing from 45 to 10 ... 15 °, which will allow you to start sowing in this field until the completion of pre-sowing work on it.

Sowing is carried out by a precision seeder, the seeds are sown individually in a row and pressed into the soil, while they are oriented so that the coleorisation of the seed is directed vertically downward, and the large facets of the seed are parallel to the axis of the row. The oriented position of the seed provides the formation of a young corn plant with a given orientation of the leaves across the row. At the same time, the degree of shade of the leaves decreases, the process of photosynthesis increases and the individual productivity of plants in relation to grain yield and green mass increases, and ripening is accelerated. At the same time, the density of sowing can be increased to increase productivity.

Sowing seeds with a precision seeder reduces the complexity of the process, does not require growing seedlings and a technically complex method of oriented planting seedlings in rows.

Sowing of corn is carried out by a seeder with a sowing apparatus having a structure designed for the proposed method.

Known precision seeder, containing mounted on the frame of the seed hopper adjacent to it and mounted on the housing with the possibility of rotation of the mesh drum with outlet holes, the drum cells are made in the form of cones of elastic material with holes at the vertices that are directed into the cavity of the drum [copyright certificate USSR No. 1135440, 1984].

The disadvantage is that the sown seeds are arranged in a row randomly and are not oriented in the soil, i.e. koleoriza does not have a constant, definite direction.

The closest to the invention in terms of the achieved result and technical essence is a sowing apparatus [USSR Author's Certificate No. 923406, 1982] containing a hopper, a disk with radial cells, a bed forger, an axis, an atmospheric pressure tire, a cover, a cam and guides with ejectors installed in the disk coaxial with radial cells, the apparatus is equipped with an annular screen, which is rigidly mounted on the hopper, mated with the cylindrical surface of the disk along the landing and has a hole in the place of discharge of seeds from the cells di ka.

A disadvantage of the known device is that the apparatus cannot provide the necessary seed location.

For accurate sowing of seeds and oriented placement of them in a row, a sowing apparatus is proposed containing a seed hopper, a sowing disc with cells, a guide cavity, ejectors, an annular screen of the sowing disk, a bed forger, an atmospheric pressure tire, a cover, a cam and an axis.

What is new is that the cells of the sowing apparatus are made in the form of corn seed in the form of a tetrahedral wedge, with the longitudinal axis of the cell coinciding with the radius of the sowing disk, the side faces of the larger cell are parallel to the direction of rotation, and the smaller faces are perpendicular to the direction of rotation and made of elastic material, for example rubber.

The manufacture of the cells of the sowing apparatus in the form of a corn seed in the form of a tetrahedral wedge will allow filling the cells of the sowing disk with seeds according to the parameters of the seed.

The coincidence of the longitudinal axis of the cell with the radius of the disk allows you to sow seeds with a colourizis down.

The location of the side faces of the cell parallel to the direction of rotation will allow the seed to be placed in a row with large faces parallel to the axis of the row.

The manufacture of smaller faces of the disk cell from elastic material allows you to sow seeds of various sizes within GOST on corn seeds and to ensure the passage of corn seeds having different sizes in cross section through the disk cell using a pusher. The elastic edges of the cell contribute to the orientation of the seed relative to the longitudinal axis of the cell.

All this ensures accurate sowing of corn seeds with oriented placement of seeds in a row according to the claimed method according to claim 1.

The implementation of this process is possible due to the proposed design. In figure 2, 3 shows the sowing apparatus: General view and in section; figure 4 - section of the guide cavity with the ejector; figure 5 is a section of a disk with cells; figure 6 is a projection of the disk with cells (left view).

The sowing apparatus consists of a seed hopper 1, movably coupled with the sowing disk 2 with cells 3 located under the guide cavity 4, pushers 5, which allow the seeds to be pushed out of the cells and fixed in the groove, the annular screen 6 of the sowing disk, which prevents soil from entering the cells, bed-forming device 7, tire 8, atmospheric pressure, cover 9, cam 10, mounted stationary on axis 11, used to drive the ejectors in reciprocating motion.

The metering device operates as follows. When the unit moves due to the adhesion of the tire 8 of atmospheric pressure with the soil, the sowing disk 2 rotates. From the seed hopper 1, the seeds fall into the guide cavity 4, where they line up with longitudinal faces in the direction of rotation of the disk. This is due to the fact that the cross section "c" of the guide cavity is smaller than the size "a" of the disk cell. From the guide cavity 4, the seeds fall into the cells 3 in a narrow part directed to the bottom of the furrow, because the cell is made in the shape of a seed with a size of "a", a large size of "b" and "c". After that, the seeds are transported by the sowing disk to the sowing zone, where the pushers 5, under the action of the cam 10, push the seeds out of the cells and push them into the groove formed by the bed-forming device 7, the annular screen 6 of the sowing disk prevents the cells from clogging with soil, the cover 9 closes the soil access to the cavity of the sowing disk 2 rotating on axis 11.

The proposed sowing apparatus allows the sowing of seeds according to the claimed method according to claim 1, This will allow you to get rows of plants with oriented placement of leaves. The yield increase due to better illumination and more plants per unit area will be 0.3 ... 0.6 t / ha.

Claims (2)

1. A method of sowing corn seeds, including pushing the seeds into the soil by the piece when transported by a precision sowing apparatus in a row, characterized in that the corn seeds are oriented in a row in such a way that the seed coleorisation is directed vertically downward and the large seed faces are parallel to the row axis , and before sowing, soil treatment is carried out. 2. The sowing apparatus for the exact sowing of corn seeds, including a hopper, a disk with radial cells located under the guide cavity of the ejectors, a bed forger, an axis, an atmospheric pressure tire, a cover, a cam, and an annular screen, characterized in that the cells are made in the form of corn seeds in in the form of a tetrahedral wedge, with the longitudinal axis of the wedge coinciding with the radius of the seed disk, the larger side edges are parallel to the direction of rotation, and the smaller faces of the cell are made of elastic material.

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