RU2295255C2 - Method for feeding cows in areas of iodine insufficiency - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: animal science, feeding techniques.

SUBSTANCE: a diet should be supplemented with an additive that contains: sodium chloride 250 g, potassium iodide 70 mg, cobalt chloride 50 mg, copper sulfate 310 mg, zinc sulfate 490 mg, sodium hydrocarbonate 250 g, a filler 1000±25 g to be added daily into the diet at 60 g/100 kg body weight, the course being about 20-30 d or at repeated courses at 5-d-long intervals between them. The innovation enables to increase milk performance and improve reproductive function in animals.

EFFECT: higher efficiency of feeding.

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Description

The invention relates to agricultural production, and more precisely to the maintenance and raising of highly productive animals in conditions of a deficiency of trace elements, in particular iodine, which leads to damage to the thyroid gland, withdrawal of newborn young animals, decrease in productivity and reproductive function of cows.

It is known that the simplest and most affordable way to reduce iodine deficiency is to include iodized table salt in animal diets, which contains 25 g of potassium iodide per 1 ton of table salt. However, researchers believe that the best results of the prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency are achieved if deficient trace elements are used along with iodine preparations. At the same time, the positive effect of iodine in combination with other vital elements on the general condition of the body, metabolism, hematopoiesis and reproductive function was established (see B. Kalnitsky Mineral substances in animal feeding. - L .: Agropromizdat, 1985, p.138 ; 172-173).

It is also known that pregnant cows use a mixture of salts of trace elements, including potassium iodide, cobalt sulfate, sodium selenite for the prevention of congenital goiter in calves. All trace elements are set in a mixture with table salt, it is believed that the inclusion of these trace elements contributes to a more intensive normalization of hematological and biochemical parameters. Feeding cows with this mixture had a beneficial effect on protein, mineral and carbohydrate metabolism, normalized the content of hemoglobin, the number of red blood cells and white blood cells, and leukoformula.

Also known is the "Method of feeding animals" (see AS No. 1757584, A 23 K 1/16. Publ. 30.08.92. Bull. No. 23), in which potassium iodide is used with sodium chloride, copper sulfate, cobalt chloride in a mixture with a "white mud", pre-neutralized to a pH of 6.5-7.5, containing aluminum and silicon with a ratio in the mixture by weight of 1: 1 "white mud", at the rate of 1.0 g of mixture per 1 kg of live weight.

With good application results, the disadvantages of such a mixture should include increased feeding doses (1.0 g per 1 kg of weight), which can disrupt the mechanized feeding process. In addition, the active filler additives "white mud" for this application are not industrially produced, which may inhibit the production of such mixtures - top dressing.

The objective of the invention is to develop a method of feeding highly productive cows in areas of iodine deficiency using a therapeutic and prophylactic feed additive based on potassium iodide, table salt with trace elements salts, which allows, without changing the adopted feeding technology and without large additional costs, using generally available components and preparations, to improve and adjust the condition of animals and receive healthy offspring from cows with an increase in milk yield and milk quality.

The problem is solved in that the therapeutic and prophylactic feed additive introduced into the diet of cows based on potassium iodide, sodium chloride and micronutrient salts with a filler contains sodium bicarbonate in an amount of 250 g in the following ratio of components per 1 kg of filler: sodium chloride 250 g, potassium iodide 70 mg, cobalt chloride 50 mg, copper sulfate 310 mg, zinc sulfate 490 mg, and wheat bran or other ground grain concentrates are used as a filler, and the feed additive is introduced into the diet at the rate of 20 g of mineral comp tents per 100 kg of animal weight per day, which corresponds to 60 g of additives with filler per 100 kg of animal weight, courses of 20-30 days daily or intermittently for 5 days after the course, and during the period of animals getting used to the feed additive (during the first 7-10 days) give 50% of the dose and the feed additive is divided into two doses and administered with concentrated feed. The proposed feed additive is conventionally called "carbovit".

The composition of this carbovit additive used in the method is developed taking into account the established etiopathogenetic features of endemic goiter in ecologically disadvantaged regions of the Middle Urals and is presented in table 1.

Table 1
The composition of the treatment-and-prophylactic additive "carbovit" for dairy and dry cows Components Daily Dose (Average) For 1 kg of filler one 2 3 Sodium chloride, g 50,0 250,0 Potassium iodide, mg 15.0 70.0 Cobalt chloride, mg 10.0 50,0 Copper sulfate, mg 62.0 310.0 Zinc sulfate, mg 98.0 490.0 Sodium bicarbonate, g 50,0 250,0 Filler (bran), g 200.0 ± 5 1000,0 ± 25

All components of the additive are compatible with each other, are approved for use in animal husbandry and do not have a negative effect on the animal's body.

Carbovit can be prepared directly on the farm according to need. The components of the additive are mixed depending on the planned amount manually or various mixers are used to mechanize the process. For the preparation of the additive, raw materials and components approved for use in feeding farm animals are used. As a filler, wheat bran or other ground cereal concentrates are used.

Preparation of carbovit additives begins by weighing the required amount of each component. When mixing the components, a certain sequence must be observed. First, potassium iodide is mixed with a small amount of sodium bicarbonate. This technique provides stabilization of iodine in the supplement. Iodine preparations are unstable and can decompose during storage or enter into chemical reactions with other elements. With the breakdown of iodine preparations, sodium salts trap iodine ions, thereby preventing their loss. Other trace elements are mixed first with a small amount of filler (bran), then with the rest of the filler, which ensures their uniform distribution. The remaining components are added alternately, mixing thoroughly with the filler. For storage, the additive is packaged in paper bags and labeled. Carbovit can be prepared for future use and stored in a cool, dry place for up to three months. It is better to feed the supplement with concentrates, which ensures its complete eating by animals. For a more uniform and long-lasting action, the daily dose of the supplement can be divided into two parts and fed in the morning and evening feeding. Cows are taught to supplement gradually, starting the first 7-10 days with 1/2 daily dose. The animals are attracted to the distribution of the “carbovit” additive by the staff after appropriate instruction. The supplement is recommended to be fed to pregnant cows throughout the stall period. After every 20 days of application of the supplement, it is advisable to take five-day breaks.

An unobvious effect of the proposed method for feeding highly productive cows in zones of iodine deficiency is that the experimentally selected composition of the carbovit feed additive used in the method, based on an analytical review of such feed additives and a large number of laboratory experiments, allows the scientifically substantiated specified amount of sodium bicarbonate, maintain the therapeutic and prophylactic properties of "carbovite" for a long time and provides an alkaline environment with the introduction Applicants animal that has a positive effect on high-producing cows receiving "karbovit" in the doses and according to the proposed scheme.

Testing of the proposed method using the carbovit additive was carried out under the conditions of scientific and production experiments. The effectiveness of the method was taken into account by changing the results of clinical observations and morpho-, biochemical blood parameters in cows and their offspring.

Scientific and production experiments on feeding the feed additive "carbovit" to dairy cows were carried out on the farms of the Krasnoturinsky and Kamensky districts of the Sverdlovsk region.

Carbovit is conveniently used for group therapy and prevention of metabolic disorders. The task was to trace the influence of the proposed method and preparation on metabolic processes in cows at different stages of lactation and in the dry period, as well as its effect on the productivity and reproductive function of animals.

The first experiment was carried out by the method of group periods. 4 groups of cows were formed with 55 animals each. In the first experimental group, animals were selected in the first half of lactation, in the second - in the second half of lactation. Similar animals were selected in control groups. When forming the groups, the general condition of the animals, the presence of ketone bodies in the urine, and productivity were taken into account. On average, the productivity of animals in all groups was 4986.7 ± 136.54 kg of milk. In addition to the main diet, the animals of the experimental groups were fed a carbovit supplement at a dose of 60.0 g per 100 kg of live weight (on average 300 g per head). The duration of the experiment was 30 days. Observation of animals continued for another 30 days after cessation of feeding the supplement.

The composition of the carbovit additive used in the experiments is shown in Table 1.

The results of a biochemical study of the blood of cows when feeding the carbovit supplement for 30 days and control animals are shown in Table 2. Blood was taken for analysis from 25 animals from each group.

As can be seen from table 2, when feeding “carbovit” supplements in the blood of cows, there is an increase in glucose level in the first experimental group by 14.9%, in the second - by 20.5%, reserve alkalinity by 23.2 and 32.2%, respectively . In addition, there was a tendency to increase protein content and significantly increased levels of urea, which indicates the activation of protein-synthesizing liver function. In both experimental groups, cholesterol decreased and zinc increased. The level of calcium and phosphorus has not changed significantly.

During the experiment, urine tests for the content of ketone bodies were performed in all animals. In the experimental period, ketonuria was detected in 18 cows of the 1st control group, 19 - the first experimental group, 17 - the second control group and 19 - the second experimental group. One month after applying the method and feeding the proposed carbovit additive, in both the first and second experimental groups, traces of ketone bodies were found in 4 cows, while in control animals ketonuria increased. So in 1 control group a positive reaction was recorded in 31 animals, and in 2 - in 33.

table 2
The results of a biochemical study of blood of cows when feeding supplements "carbovit" (n = 25) Indicators Cows of the first half of lactation Cows of the second half of lactation Control (M ± m) Experienced (M ± m) Control (M ± m) Experienced (M ± m) Glucose, mol / L 2.28 ± 0.08 2.62 ± 0.11 2.24 ± 0.06 2.70 ± 0.19 Reserve. alkaline, vol.% CO ₂ 40.61 ± 2.58 50.05 ± 2.52 ^* 39.05 ± 2.10 51.63 ± 3.11 ^* Total protein, mg% 86.52 ± 2.15 89.11 ± 2.04 87.01 ± 2.55 90.08 ± 3.12 Urea, mmol / L 3.47 ± 0.72 4.87 ± 0.62 ^* 3.32 ± 0.54 4.91 ± 0.50 ^* Cholesterol, mmol / L 4.51 ± 0.29 3.63 ± 0.52 ^* 4.94 ± 0.81 3.22 ± 0.78 ^* Calcium, mmol / L 2.15 ± 0.03 2.16 ± 0.08 2.20 ± 0.07 2.21 ± 0.08 Phosphorus, mmol / L 1.56 ± 0.13 1.57 ± 0.15 1.68 ± 0.08 1.66 ± 0.09 Zinc, micromol / l 20.08 ± 2.94 24.55 ± 3.31 ^* 18.91 ± 3.22 25.12 ± 2.44 ^* Magnesium, mmol / L 0.87 ± 0.05 0.98 ± 0.10 0.90 ± 0.07 0.99 ± 0.05 ^* difference with control is significant

The daily milk yield of milk of cows of the experimental group 1 was 18.9 liters, which is 22.2% more than in the control group, where the milk yield was 14.7 liters. In the second experimental group, the daily milk yield was 16.8 liters against 14.2 in the control group. The fat content of milk in experimental animals increased by an average of 0.3%.

The second production experience in testing the proposed method was carried out on dry cows. According to the principle of analogues, 2 groups of animals were formed, 25 animals each. The period of pregnancy and the presence of ketone bodies in the urine were taken into account. In the control group, a sharply positive reaction to ketone bodies was found in 9, slightly positive in 5, and traces were detected in 3 animals. In the experimental group, respectively, 6, 5 and 4 animals. The cows of the experimental group were given “carbovit” at a dose of 60.0 g per 100 kg of live weight per day. After 30 days, the cows of the experimental group showed a significant decrease in ketonuria, traces of ketone bodies were found in 3 animals, while in the control group ketonuria was detected 12 cows.

The change in blood biochemical parameters was characterized by an increase in glucose, reserve alkalinity and protein in experimental animals.

Under the influence of feeding the drug, reproduction rates improved (table 3).

The introduction of the carbovit additive in the diet of dry cows not only positively affected the course of labor and the postpartum period, but also contributed to the birth of more viable young animals. The live weight of newborn calves obtained from animals of the experimental group was 14.4% higher than from the control. The average daily gain in live weight in the first month in calves from cows of the experimental group also exceeded the control values by 10.5%. Observations showed that in the experimental group, 40% of calves fell ill with mild dyspepsia, and 73% in the control group. The calves obtained from the cows of the experimental group fell ill on days 5-6, while from the control cows on days 2-3.

Table 3
Cow reproduction rates Indicators Experimental group (n = 15) Control Group (n = 15) Normal birth 11 (73.3%) 8 (53.3%) Obstetric intervention 4 (26.6%) 7 (46.6%) Retention of the placenta 4 (26.6%) 6 (40.0%) Restoration of the sexual cycle after childbirth, days 39.6 ± 1.2 ^* 52.4 ± 2.3 The period from birth to fertilization, days 48.6 ± 3.3 ^* 68.2 ± 4.1 Mass of newborn calves, kg 42.1 ± 2.3 ^* 36.8 ± 1.7 The gain in live weight, g / day 466.8 ± 39.5 ^* 422.6 ± 41.3 Incidence of dyspepsia in calves 6 (40.0%) 11 (73.3%) ^* - the difference with the control is significant (p <0.05)

An analysis of milk productivity for the first month of lactation showed that the yield of cows in the experimental group was 13.8% higher, milk fat content - 0.01%, protein - 0.03%.

The experiments and the results presented (table 2; 3) showed the feasibility, effectiveness and prospects of the proposed method.

Thus, practically on the basis of experiments, it was found that feeding the feed additive “carbovit” according to the proposed method to lactating and dry cows in iodine-poor regions of the Middle Urals contributes to the normalization of metabolic processes, stimulates milk production and improves the reproductive function of animals.

The method can be widely used both in the Urals and in other zones and regions of the Russian Federation, in which iodine deficiency is registered in highly productive farm animals, in particular cows.

Claims (1)

A method of feeding cows in zones of iodine deficiency, including the introduction into the diet of a feed additive based on potassium iodide, sodium chloride, trace elements salts and filler, characterized in that the feed additive contains sodium bicarbonate, and cobalt chloride, copper sulfate, zinc as trace elements salts sulfate, sodium bicarbonate in the following ratio of components per 1 kg of filler: Sodium chloride 250 g Potassium iodide 70 mg Cobalt chloride 50 mg Copper sulfate 310 mg Zinc sulfate 490 mg Sodium bicarbonate 250 g Filler 1000 ± 25 g moreover, during the first 7-10 days, the feed additive is introduced into the diet in an amount of 50% of the dose in portions 2 times a day, and then the full dose of 60 g per 100 kg of animal weight is introduced into the diet, daily for 20-30 days or with repeated courses with 5-day breaks in between.