RU2236773C1 - Method for tillage of soil and sowing of farm crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, method and equipment for simultaneous tillage and crop sowing.

SUBSTANCE: method involves plowing arable layer; introducing fertilizer and sowing seeds of basic crop; forming furrows by moving ground into furrow spacing; introducing fertilizer; compacting furrow slopes and moved ground; sowing seeds onto plow bottom; spilling seeds by previously removed and squeezed ground from furrows; leveling; mellowing and rolling; forming transverse compacting partitions; slitting drain slits along furrows centrally of plow bottom; forming micro furrows with transverse drain slits in furrows.

EFFECT: provision for creating favorable water-air soil mode for germination and development of cultivated plants, substantial reduction of washing out of fertilizer and wind erosion of soil and, as a result, increased yield of farm crops.

4 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The invention is intended for sowing crops simultaneously with tillage and can be used in agriculture.

Known methods of tillage, which use local compaction of the soil. So, on moistened soils to prevent leaching of fertilizers form a bed by local compression of the soil in the form of a lens [1].

To improve the soil conditions for the growth of crops, subsequent compression in the aisles is carried out [2].

To prevent drying out and destruction of capillaries, the plow sole is tamped to a depth of 6-10 mm, followed by coating with soil [3].

The closest analogue can be the method [4], which includes layer-by-layer loosening of the arable horizon, fertilizing and sowing seeds of the main crops in the soil.

The disadvantages of this method are:

1) The weak compression of the trapezoidal partitions between the grooves, which is carried out as a result of cleavage of soil with a stand.

2) The implementation of the method requires a two-stage passage of the units in mutually perpendicular directions.

The objective of the invention is to preserve moisture at the initial stage of growth, weaken the growth of weeds, reduce soil erosion and more uniform and long-term nutrition of plants. This is achieved by the preliminary formation of furrows by moving the soil into the inter-furrow space, applying fertilizers, subsequent compaction of the slopes of the furrows and the displaced soil, sowing seeds on a plow sole, filling them with previously compacted and compressed soil from the furrows; then leveling, loosening and rolling; transverse sealing walls are formed along the furrows; drainage slots are cut through the center of the plow sole; micro furrows with transverse drainage slots form in the furrows.

Figure 1 - diagram of moisture-accumulating furrows; figure 2 - transverse sealing partitions; figure 3 - micro-furrows with transverse cracks; figure 4 - working roller combined unit; 5 is a combined unit (side view).

Previously, for example, with plows, furrows are cut. The removed soil accumulates on the shelves of the furrow; fertilizers are applied; further, the initial profile of the furrow is expanded with a compactor roller, thereby furrow slopes and also discarded soil and fertilizers are compacted. After that, seeds are applied to the plow sole. Next, the discarded compacted soil is moved into the furrow. If necessary, bulk soil is slightly loosened and rolled.

In Fig.1, the compacted slopes of the furrows 1 take the form that allows sediments to accumulate in the zone of seeds 2 introduced into the soil and prevents the evaporation of groundwater, directing the latter also to the seed location zone. A looser bulk soil 3 prevents the intensive evaporation of moisture accumulating in the furrows. Excess moisture is removed through drainage slots 4. Fertilizers are concentrated in the zone of moisture concentration, their washing off, and, consequently, losses are minimized.

When placing the fields on the slopes, it is advisable to form transverse sealing walls 5, converting the field into closed, “waffle”, areas that also help retain moisture and reduce wind erosion of the soil (figure 2).

In wide furrows, it is advisable to form micro furrows 6 with a wall height in the range of 0.25-0.33 of the height of the main furrow. For a better supply of moisture in micro furrows, transverse drainage slots 7 are cut (Fig. 3).

For the simultaneous execution of all the above operations, it is possible to sequentially use the appropriate machines, or use a combined unit for pre-sowing tillage, sowing and fertilizing (Figs. 4 and 5).

The combined unit is equipped with the following main elements, which usually include: the impeller 8, the sealing wheel 9, the capacity for liquid fertilizers 10, the hopper for seeds 11, the hopper for bulk fertilizers 12, the operator’s workstation 13, leveling beam 14, knife bulldozer (plows) 15, the unit frame 16, the sheet (pipe) for the transfer of soil 17, the hopper for organics (humus, sawdust) 18.

The difference between the outer and inner diameters of the impeller D, d forms the depth of the furrows h. The perimeter of the impeller of an integer number of elements L, which form a wafer design of furrows during rolling, the width of which, depending on the width of the elements of the wheel B can be different depending on the type of seeds sown. So, a narrow width B _{1 is} characteristic when planting wheat, and B ₂ - when planting corn, beets. The impeller and the sealing wheel play the role of the supporting elements of the unit, thereby the weight of the unit is involved in the formation of furrows, which is a positive factor. The force P ₁ attributable to the front wheel 8 is greater than the corresponding force P ₂ on the rear wheel 9.

The proposed method of soil treatment and sowing of crops is intended for areas with insufficient soil moisture (for example, Central Emergency Situations, Volga Region, Stavropol Territory) and allows you to create a favorable water-air regime of the soil for the growth and development of cultivated plants, significantly reduce the leaching of fertilizers and wind erosion of the soil. This is achieved primarily by the fact that the compacted slopes of the furrows direct external moisture, mainly towards the seed. The compacted soil along the furrows creates a domed shape of the soil, poorly transmitting moisture from the inner layers of the soil, and directs the latter also towards the seed. Pressed fertilizer granules are less susceptible to leaching by groundwater.

Transverse sealing walls prevent soil erosion on slopes, create the so-called waffle structure of the surface layer and reduce wind erosion. This combined approach allows you to increase crop yields.

Sources of information

1. RU 2199198, A 01 B 79/02, C1, 02.27.2003.

2. RU 2019072, A 01 B 79/02, C1, 09/15/1994.

3. SU 1464919, A 01 B 9/00 A1, 03/15/1989.

4. RU 2197801, A 01 B 79/02, C2, 02/10/2003.

Claims (4)

1. The method of tillage and sowing of crops, including loosening the arable horizon, applying fertilizers and sowing seeds in the soil, characterized in that the preliminary formation of furrows by moving the soil into the inter-furrow space, fertilizing, compaction of the slopes of the furrows and displaced soil, sowing seeds on the plow sole, backfilling them with previously removed and compressed soil from the furrows, its subsequent leveling, loosening and rolling. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that transverse sealing walls are formed along the furrows. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that drainage slots are cut along the furrows in the center of the plow sole. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that micro-furrows with transverse drainage slots are formed in the furrows.

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