RU2233056C2 - Method for controlling of weed plants in biological soil science - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, soil science.

SUBSTANCE: method involves providing close grass sowing in crop rotation link with increased seeding norm; mowing; harvesting green mass and replowing field. Annual crop of amaranth is sown at seeding norm of 2.5-3 kg/hectare. At the beginning of flowering phase, plants are sprayed with distillery dregs used in an amount of 150-200 l/hectare, followed by mowing of herbage and plowing-in for producing of green fertilizer.

EFFECT: reduced expenses and increased efficiency.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to agriculture, and can be used as an environmentally friendly method of cultivating crops.

A known method of controlling weeds through the use of green crops (Dovban K.I. Green fertilizer. M., Agropromizdat, 1990, p. 87).

In the known method, green manure crops are sown in stubble crops, when most of the weeds have time to form generative organs, to seed and thus leave some of the seeds in the soil that will grow on the site next year. With this method, the number of weeds is reduced by 30-60%.

The closest technical solution is the method of sowing perennial grasses as an effective method of weed control (Kovalev N.G. et al. An environmentally safe way of weed control. - Plant protection and quarantine, 2002, No. 4, pp. 25-26 )

The disadvantage of the prototype method is that the site is cleared of weeds in the third year of life, when the root system of perennial herbs grows stronger. In addition, sowing perennial herbs in the amount of 25-30 kg / ha (thickened sowing) increases costs, which reduces the efficiency of the method.

The purpose of the invention is to reduce costs and increase the efficiency of the method.

This goal is achieved by the fact that in the crop rotation link an annual amaranth culture is sown in the amount of 2.5-3.0 kg / ha with continuous sowing and in the phase of the beginning of flowering, the crops are sprayed with alcohol distillery in the amount of 150-200 liters per hectare, after which grass mow and smell on green fertilizer.

The method is as follows.

In early spring, the soil is prepared for sowing small-seeded crops, well treated with mechanisms to a finely lumpy structure. Usually, amaranth is sown in industrial conditions in the amount of 0.5-1 kg / ha of seeds. In contrast to the known technique, the sowing rate in this technical solution rises to 2.5-3 kg / ha with continuous sowing.

The annual amaranth culture has high competitive features in mixed crops, since the root system of the proposed plants has high allelopathic properties containing several types of alcohols (ethanol, propanol, butanone, etc.), ethers (methyl acetate, ethyl, etc.), aldehydes (methyl- butanal), ketones (butanol), acids (coumaric, ferulic, etc.) flavonoids, alkaloids (homfrenin, monvilein, amaranthine, betanine, etc.) and other elements that are detrimental to weeds growing near amaranth.

A seeding rate of more than 3 kg / ha increases the cost of implementing the method. The proposed norm (2.5-3 kg / ha) is sufficient to displace weeds. At the same time, amaranth is a drought tolerant plant with high adaptive abilities in any growing conditions.

An important feature of amaranth is the large biomass of plants, providing 30-50 tons of green mass. Amaranth culture has high plasticity, due to which there is a strong variability not only of the morpho-physiological properties of the plant, but also of the biochemical composition and content of substances in the leaves.

Compared to other plants, amaranth is characterized by a higher photosynthetic activity of nitrogen, not only with an excess, but also with a lack of this element in the soil.

The high silicon content in green plants and roots (3-5% in dry matter) promotes the adsorption of heavy metals and toxic substances from the soil. Most of the silicon (more than 50%) contained in the leaves is associated with the organic components of plant tissue (proteins, lipids, fiber), which indicates the significant potential of silicon compounds (organogenic, soluble, polymer and general) to absorb toxic elements, accelerate metabolism metabolism in the amaranth plant itself.

Therefore, using amaranth as a sideral culture, you can not only clean the soil of toxic substances, but also from harmful organisms, and most importantly, from weeds.

The use of amaranth as siderates increases the biological activity of the soil. At the same time, saprophytic microflora is developing intensively, and the content of actinomycetes and other soil microorganisms that are antagonists of root rot pathogens of grain crops, diseases of potatoes and other field crops is increasing.

The justification of the selected parameters of the seeding rate of 2.5-3 kg / ha is also explained by the biological characteristics of amaranth: high allelopathic properties, the release of substances during the metabolism that reduce the vital activity of other growing weeds.

By the beginning of flowering phase, the height of amaranth plants reaches 50-70 cm, and the mowed mass reaches more than 50 t / ha. Mowing in this phase is justified by the fact that amaranth plants are capable of producing many seeds, which can become sources of clogging in crops of subsequent crops. In addition, during this period, green mass is most rich in nutrients that enrich the soil.

To accelerate the mineralization of green mass in the soil, before mowing grass, amaranth is sprayed with waste from the alcohol industry - alcohol stillage in an amount of 150-200 l / ha.

Bard alcohol contains a significant amount of nitrite nitrogen (17.5 mg / l) and nitrate (186 mg / l). The reaction of the bardic acid medium is acidic (pH 3.8). The bard contains a number of substances useful for microflora (protein, fat, ash, etc.). Nitrogen compounds and bardic acidity do not inhibit the adaptive properties of amaranth, adapted to an excess of nitrogen and growing conditions. The high physiological characteristics of amaranth and the calcium contained in it (4-6%) neutralizes acidity without acidifying the soil solution. Mowed green mass of amaranth after treatment with alcohol bard and scented into the soil decomposes faster, microbiological processes in the arable layer are activated. The rationale for the selected parameters of the amount of alcohol stillage is explained by the content of elements in it, with a sufficiently high acidity.

Thus, a number of positive aspects are resolved - reducing the clogging of crops, recycling alcohol stillage, introducing organic matter, improving soil fertility.

After plowing green fertilizers, winter wheat is sown on the site. The subsequent culture of continuous sowing - winter wheat also contributes to the reduction of weeds.

Example 1. In the link of crop rotation after harvesting row crops of corn (where a significant number of weeds accumulate), autumn plowing was performed. In spring, the soil was well cut for a small-seeded crop - amaranth. Sowing was carried out with a grass seeder with a seeding rate of 2.5 kg / ha. At the beginning of flowering phase (3rd decade of June), amaranth crops were sprayed with distillery stillage (waste from the alcohol industry) in an amount of 150 l / ha. After 1-2 days, the mass was crushed by the KIR aggregate and plowed into the soil. After 2-3 months, the soil was cultivated before sowing winter wheat.

Example 2. Preparing the soil, as in the first example. Amaranth seeding rate of 3 kg / ha. At the beginning of flowering, grass was sprayed with distillery stillage at a dose of 200 l / ha. Plants were crushed and plowed into the soil.

The results are summarized in table.

Based on the data in the table, it can be concluded that at the rate of seeding of amaranth (2.5-3 kg / ha), the number of weeds decreases from 186 (in the prototype) to 19 pcs / m ² . At the same time, the mass of weeds also decreases from 215.8 to 12.6 g / m ² . Spraying the crops with alcohol bard increases the yield of winter wheat grain (in comparison with the proposed norm for sowing amaranth) by 5.6 c / ha.

Therefore, sowing amaranth in the first year of sowing reduces the number of weeds, cleanses and enriches the soil, increasing the yield of the subsequent crop.

Claims (1)

A method of controlling weeds in biological farming, including thickened continuous sowing of grass in a crop rotation link with an increased sowing rate, mowing, harvesting biomass and plowing the field, characterized in that sowing an annual amaranth culture with a sowing rate of 2.5-3 kg / ha and in the phase of the beginning of flowering, plants are sprayed with distillery stillage in an amount of 150-200 l / ha, after which the grass is mowed and scented on a green fertilizer.