RU210101U1 - Unit for increasing soil fertility after harvesting grain crops - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model relates to agricultural machinery. The design of the unit consists of a traction power tool, a boom sprayer, additional tanks, a pump and devices for applying liquid mineral fertilizers, a disc harrow and a seeder. The layout of the unit provides for the installation of a boom sprayer on the front mounted system of the traction power tool, a tank for liquid mineral fertilizers on the side members of the frame of the traction power tool, a disc harrow with a roller on the rear mounted system. A bar with tips for applying liquid mineral fertilizers and a seeder for sowing green manure are installed on the frame of the disc harrow. The proposed design of the unit for increasing soil fertility after harvesting grain crops makes it possible to perform a number of operations in one pass of the machine-tractor unit: processing plant residues of the harvested grain crop (stubble) with a destructor, loosening the soil to a depth of 10 cm, plant residues incorporation and their mixing in the layer soil, the application of liquid mineral fertilizers to the soil, the sowing of plant seeds used for green manure, and the rolling of crops. This creates favorable conditions for the decomposition of plant residues, which increases soil fertility, in addition, soil fertility increases due to the accumulation of green manure plant mass. 1 ill.

Description

The utility model relates to agricultural machines and can be used to improve soil fertility after harvesting crops.

After harvesting a grain crop, crop residues (stubble and straw) remain on the soil surface. There are various ways of processing plant residues in order to further effectively involve them as sources of mineral nutrition for crops and increase potential soil fertility.

Mineralization or decomposition of plant residues is a biological process based on the vital activity of soil microorganisms. In order for the mineralization process to take place efficiently, i.e. in a short time, it is necessary to create favorable conditions for the vital activity of these microorganisms. As a result of the analysis of practical experience and a number of studies, it has been established that the process of decomposition of straw and stubble of grain crops takes place as efficiently as possible under aerobic conditions, at high humidity (up to 75%), in an environment close to neutral (pH from 5.5 to 7.8) , at a ratio of carbon to nitrogen C / N in the range of 20 ... 40, at a positive temperature, in a uniformly mixed medium, when plant residues are crushed.

The technology of harvesting the non-grain part of the crop is widely known (Khalansky V.M., Gorbachev I.V. Agricultural machines. Textbook. - M .: KolosS 2004. - 624 p. Section "Harvesting the non-grain part of the crop"), in which straw is crushed by a combine harvester and evenly spread over the surface of the field, then the surface tillage is carried out sequentially with a cultivator or a disc harrow and moldboard plowing with a plow. At the same time, plant residues are buried to a considerable depth and find themselves in anaerobic conditions, which greatly slows down the process of mineralization of plant residues. In addition, the technology involves the use of a large number of equipment and is characterized by high labor costs.

A known unit for introducing a destructor and sowing green manure (RF patent No. 162755 MPK A01V 49/04, A01V 21/08 publ. residues into the surface layer of the soil, sowing green manure crops and rolling the surface. As a result of processing the field with such an aggregate,

a significant increase in the number of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) in the soil that decompose plant residues;

plant residues treated with a destructor are immediately embedded in the surface layer of the soil, without being exposed to sunlight;

due to shallow incorporation, plant residues are under aerobic conditions;

sowing and rolling of the green manure crop is carried out, which, with its further incorporation, additionally contributes to the accumulation of organic matter in the soil.

The disadvantage of the prototype is the reduced efficiency of decomposition of plant residues due to the suboptimal ratio of carbon and nitrogen, as well as the insufficient supply of plants used for green manure, nutrients to obtain the maximum possible vegetative mass.

The technical task is to increase soil fertility, create conditions for the rapid decomposition of crop residues and the accumulation of plant mass of green manure crops by combining in one design of the machine-tractor unit the functions of processing plant residues with a destructor solution using a boom sprayer, applying liquid mineral fertilizers with simultaneous loosening of the soil and embedding the plant residues of the previous grain crop treated with the destructor into the soil using a disc harrow and sowing the green manure crop using a pneumatic seeder.

The task is achieved by the fact that the unit for increasing soil fertility after harvesting grain crops, including a traction power tool, a tank for a destructor solution, a boom sprayer, a disc harrow with a track roller and with a seeder mounted on the harrow, according to the utility model, is equipped with tanks for liquid mineral fertilizers mounted on the frame of the traction power tool, a pump mounted on the rear power take-off shaft, and a bar with tips for applying liquid mineral fertilizers, located on the frame of the disc harrow behind the disc sections.

A combined unit is compiled, which includes

a boom sprayer mounted on the tractor's front mounted system, while the pump can be driven from the front power take-off shaft or the tractor's hydraulic system;

mounted tank for the destructor, mounted on the frame of the tractor, a pump with a drive and a boom sprayer with hoses;

mounted tanks for liquid mineral fertilizers mounted on the tractor frame, a pump driven by the rear power take-off shaft or the tractor hydraulic system, and a hose system;

mounted disc harrow with a roller, mounted on the rear mounted system of the tractor;

pneumatic seeder mounted on the frame of a disc harrow, with a drive of the sowing unit and a pneumatic system fan from the tractor's electrical network or from the tractor's hydraulic system.

The width of the sprayer boom and the spreading width of green manure seeds correspond to the width of the disc harrow and the roller, the hoses of the hydraulic system for applying liquid mineral fertilizers are led to the racks of the harrow discs. This design of the combined unit makes it possible to apply the destructor solution on plant residues, immediately incorporate them into the soil, apply liquid mineral fertilizers and sow green manure crops in one pass of the unit. Fast incorporation of plant residues treated with the destructor prevents the destruction of the destructor microorganisms from the action of sunlight. The application of liquid mineral fertilizers, incorporation and mixing of plant residues in a soil layer up to 10 cm creates favorable conditions for their decomposition. The use of liquid mineral fertilizers makes it possible to more evenly distribute the nutrients of the fertilizer on the surface of the field, incl. on plant residues, which increases the efficiency of their use. The application of liquid mineral fertilizers makes it possible to achieve an optimal ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the range of 20–40, which creates favorable conditions for the vital activity of microorganisms that decompose plant residues, and provides nutrients for plants used for green manure. Sowing green manure crops, their subsequent incorporation into the soil and rolling crops allow additional accumulation of organic matter in the soil. Thus, soil fertility increases due to the mineralization of plant residues, an increase in the content of nutrients in the soil of liquid mineral fertilizers and green manure.

The utility model is illustrated by a drawing, which shows a unit for increasing soil fertility after harvesting grain crops, top view.

The proposed device consists of a traction power tool 1, equipped with front 2 and rear 3 hinged systems. On the front mounted system 2 there is a boom sprayer 4 with a tank 5, a pump (not shown) and a boom 6 with sprayers. Tanks 7 for liquid mineral fertilizers are attached to the frame spars (not shown) 1. A pump 8 is mounted on the rear power take-off shaft (not shown) of the traction power tool 1. A disc harrow 9 with disc sections 10, a frame 11 and a track roller 12 is installed on the rear mounted system 3. On the frame 11 of the disc harrow 9 behind each section of discs 10 rods with tips 13 are mounted. Also on the frame 11 of the disc harrow 9 is mounted a seeder 14 for green manure with a hopper 15 for seeds, sowing units (not shown) and seed ducts 16.

The device works as follows.

When the traction and energy means 1 moves, the destructor solution comes from the tank 5 of the sprayer 4 to the boom 6 with sprayers and is applied to the stubble crop residues on the field surface. Sections 10 of the disc harrow 9 loosen the top layer of soil, crush the plant residues treated with the destructor and incorporate them into the soil. At the same time, liquid mineral fertilizers are pumped from tanks 7 by a pump 8 into rods with tips 13 and introduced into the soil into the space under the disk sections 10. Seeds of green manure crop coming from the hopper 15 of the seeder 14 through the 16 seed tubes are fed into the area between the disk sections 10 and the track roller 12. Track roller 12 compacts green manure crops.

The proposed design of the unit provides an increase in soil fertility after harvesting grain crops, allows you to perform a number of operations in one pass of the machine-tractor unit: processing plant residues of harvested grain crops (straw and stubble) with a destructor, applying liquid mineral fertilizers to the soil, incorporating plant residues, loosening the soil to a depth of up to 10 cm and mixing them with the soil, sowing seeds of green manure crops and rolling crops. This creates favorable conditions for the decomposition of plant residues, which increases soil fertility, in addition, soil fertility is increased due to the vegetative mass of green manure crops and the application of liquid mineral fertilizers.

Claims (1)

A unit for increasing soil fertility after harvesting grain crops, including a traction power tool equipped with front and rear mounted systems, a boom sprayer with a tank for destructors is installed on the front mounted system, and a disc harrow with a track roller and a pneumatic seeder mounted on the harrow is installed on the rear , characterized in that it is equipped with tanks for liquid mineral fertilizers, mounted on the frame of the traction power tool, a pump mounted on the rear power take-off shaft, and a bar with tips for applying liquid mineral fertilizers, located on the frame of the disc harrow behind the disc sections.

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