PL1817108T3 - Ekstrakcja kompleksów niklu(0) z mieszanin nitryli ze zmniejszonym powstawaniem kożucha - Google Patents
Ekstrakcja kompleksów niklu(0) z mieszanin nitryli ze zmniejszonym powstawaniem kożuchaInfo
- Publication number
- PL1817108T3 PL1817108T3 PL05798767T PL05798767T PL1817108T3 PL 1817108 T3 PL1817108 T3 PL 1817108T3 PL 05798767 T PL05798767 T PL 05798767T PL 05798767 T PL05798767 T PL 05798767T PL 1817108 T3 PL1817108 T3 PL 1817108T3
- Authority
- PL
- Poland
- Prior art keywords
- hydrocarbon
- stream
- extraction
- complexes
- nickel
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical class [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 title 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 abstract 4
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 abstract 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 abstract 4
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005669 hydrocyanation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J38/00—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts, in general
- B01J38/48—Liquid treating or treating in liquid phase, e.g. dissolved or suspended
- B01J38/50—Liquid treating or treating in liquid phase, e.g. dissolved or suspended using organic liquids
- B01J38/56—Hydrocarbons
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/40—Regeneration or reactivation
- B01J31/4015—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals
- B01J31/4053—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals with recovery of phosphorous catalyst system constituents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
- B01D11/04—Solvent extraction of solutions which are liquid
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
- B01D11/04—Solvent extraction of solutions which are liquid
- B01D11/0426—Counter-current multistage extraction towers in a vertical or sloping position
- B01D11/0434—Counter-current multistage extraction towers in a vertical or sloping position comprising rotating mechanisms, e.g. mixers, rotational oscillating motion, mixing pumps
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
- B01J31/1845—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing phosphorus
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
- B01J31/1845—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing phosphorus
- B01J31/185—Phosphites ((RO)3P), their isomeric phosphonates (R(RO)2P=O) and RO-substitution derivatives thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/24—Phosphines, i.e. phosphorus bonded to only carbon atoms, or to both carbon and hydrogen atoms, including e.g. sp2-hybridised phosphorus compounds such as phosphabenzene, phosphole or anionic phospholide ligands
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/40—Regeneration or reactivation
- B01J31/4015—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals
- B01J31/4023—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
- B01J31/403—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts containing metals containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper containing iron group metals or copper
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C253/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles
- C07C253/08—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles by addition of hydrogen cyanide or salts thereof to unsaturated compounds
- C07C253/10—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles by addition of hydrogen cyanide or salts thereof to unsaturated compounds to compounds containing carbon-to-carbon double bonds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C253/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles
- C07C253/32—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
- B01J2231/32—Addition reactions to C=C or C-C triple bonds
- B01J2231/323—Hydrometalation, e.g. bor-, alumin-, silyl-, zirconation or analoguous reactions like carbometalation, hydrocarbation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
- B01J2531/84—Metals of the iron group
- B01J2531/847—Nickel
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/584—Recycling of catalysts
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102004050935A DE102004050935A1 (de) | 2004-10-18 | 2004-10-18 | Extraktion von Nickel(0)-Komplexen aus Nitrilgemischen mit verminderter Mulmbildung |
| PCT/EP2005/010956 WO2006042675A2 (de) | 2004-10-18 | 2005-10-12 | Extraktion von nickel(0)-komplexen aus nitrilgemischen mit verminderter mulmbildung |
| EP05798767A EP1817108B1 (de) | 2004-10-18 | 2005-10-12 | Extraktion von nickel(0)-komplexen aus nitrilgemischen mit verminderter mulmbildung |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| PL1817108T3 true PL1817108T3 (pl) | 2008-11-28 |
Family
ID=36120664
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL05798767T PL1817108T3 (pl) | 2004-10-18 | 2005-10-12 | Ekstrakcja kompleksów niklu(0) z mieszanin nitryli ze zmniejszonym powstawaniem kożucha |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7935229B2 (pl) |
| EP (1) | EP1817108B1 (pl) |
| JP (1) | JP2008516907A (pl) |
| KR (1) | KR101222389B1 (pl) |
| CN (1) | CN100493716C (pl) |
| AT (1) | ATE397489T1 (pl) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0516617A (pl) |
| CA (1) | CA2582813A1 (pl) |
| DE (2) | DE102004050935A1 (pl) |
| ES (1) | ES2306233T3 (pl) |
| MY (1) | MY140569A (pl) |
| PL (1) | PL1817108T3 (pl) |
| WO (1) | WO2006042675A2 (pl) |
Families Citing this family (29)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2850966B1 (fr) * | 2003-02-10 | 2005-03-18 | Rhodia Polyamide Intermediates | Procede de fabrication de composes dinitriles |
| FR2854891B1 (fr) | 2003-05-12 | 2006-07-07 | Rhodia Polyamide Intermediates | Procede de preparation de dinitriles |
| US7973174B2 (en) | 2005-10-18 | 2011-07-05 | Invista North America S.A.R.L. | Process of making 3-aminopentanenitrile |
| US7629484B2 (en) | 2006-03-17 | 2009-12-08 | Invista North America S.A.R.L. | Method for the purification of triorganophosphites by treatment with a basic additive |
| US7919646B2 (en) | 2006-07-14 | 2011-04-05 | Invista North America S.A R.L. | Hydrocyanation of 2-pentenenitrile |
| US7880028B2 (en) | 2006-07-14 | 2011-02-01 | Invista North America S.A R.L. | Process for making 3-pentenenitrile by hydrocyanation of butadiene |
| WO2009075692A2 (en) | 2007-05-14 | 2009-06-18 | Invista Technologies S.A.R.L. | High efficiency reactor and process |
| EP2164587B1 (en) | 2007-06-13 | 2018-04-04 | INVISTA Textiles (U.K.) Limited | Process for improving adiponitrile quality |
| CN101910119B (zh) | 2008-01-15 | 2013-05-29 | 因温斯特技术公司 | 用于制备和精制3-戊烯腈，和用于精制2-甲基-3-丁烯腈的方法 |
| EP2229353B1 (en) | 2008-01-15 | 2018-01-03 | INVISTA Textiles (U.K.) Limited | Hydrocyanation of pentenenitriles |
| US20090240068A1 (en) * | 2008-03-19 | 2009-09-24 | Invista North America S.A.R.L. | Methods of making cyclododecatriene and methods of making laurolactone |
| ES2526868T3 (es) | 2008-10-14 | 2015-01-16 | Invista Technologies S.À.R.L. | Procedimiento de preparación de 2-alquilsecundario-4,5-di-(alquilnormal)fenoles |
| CN102471218B (zh) | 2009-08-07 | 2014-11-05 | 因温斯特技术公司 | 用于形成二酯的氢化并酯化 |
| US9040733B2 (en) | 2010-07-07 | 2015-05-26 | Invista North America S.A.R.L. | Process for making nitriles |
| EP2794046B1 (en) | 2011-12-21 | 2016-02-03 | Invista Technologies S.A R.L. | Extraction solvent control for reducing stable emulsions |
| JP2015503510A (ja) | 2011-12-21 | 2015-02-02 | インヴィスタ テクノロジーズ エスアエルエル | 安定なエマルジョンを減じるための抽出溶媒制御 |
| HK1199629A1 (en) | 2011-12-21 | 2015-07-10 | 因温斯特技术公司 | Extraction solvent control for reducing stable emulsions |
| WO2013095852A1 (en) | 2011-12-21 | 2013-06-27 | Invista North America S.A.R.L. | Extraction solvent control for reducing stable emulsions |
| WO2014205190A1 (en) | 2013-06-20 | 2014-12-24 | Invista Technologies Sàrl | Extraction solvent control for reducing stable emulsions |
| US9676800B2 (en) | 2013-06-20 | 2017-06-13 | Invista North America S.A.R.L. | Extraction solvent control for reducing stable emulsions |
| WO2014205188A1 (en) | 2013-06-20 | 2014-12-24 | Invista North America S.A.R.L. | Extraction solvent control for reducing stable emulsions |
| WO2014205195A1 (en) * | 2013-06-20 | 2014-12-24 | Invista Technologies S.A.R.L. | Extraction solvent control for reducing stable emulsions |
| WO2014205183A1 (en) | 2013-06-20 | 2014-12-24 | Invista Technologies S.A.R.L. | Extraction solvent control for reducing stable emulsions |
| CN105992757B (zh) | 2014-02-07 | 2018-02-16 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 己二腈(adn)的纯化 |
| CN106573879B (zh) | 2014-06-27 | 2019-09-24 | 英威达纺织（英国）有限公司 | 增强从包含腈的混合物萃取杂质 |
| WO2015200630A1 (en) | 2014-06-27 | 2015-12-30 | Invista North America S.A R.L. | Integrated process for nitrile manufacture with enhanced liquid-liquid extraction |
| EP3344598B1 (en) * | 2015-09-03 | 2021-04-14 | INVISTA Textiles (U.K.) Limited | Inhibiting cpi formation from adiponitrile |
| CN109071421B (zh) | 2016-05-02 | 2022-02-25 | 英威达纺织（英国）有限公司 | 减少二腈流中的cpi的方法 |
| CN112794948B (zh) | 2020-12-31 | 2022-08-26 | 浙江大学 | 多孔聚合物及其制备方法、催化剂以及己二腈的制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA966146A (en) | 1970-11-03 | 1975-04-15 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Separation of organic phosphorus compounds and their metal complexes organic dinitriles |
| US3773809A (en) | 1972-06-28 | 1973-11-20 | Du Pont | Separation of organic phosphorus compounds and their metal complexes from organic nitriles in the hydrocyanation of olefins |
| US4339395A (en) * | 1981-04-15 | 1982-07-13 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Treatment of olefin hydrocyanation products |
| US4385007A (en) | 1981-09-24 | 1983-05-24 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Preparation of zerovalent nickel complexes |
| US4416824A (en) * | 1981-12-21 | 1983-11-22 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co. | Recovery of triarylboranes by forming boron-containing metal compounds |
| US4990645A (en) | 1990-06-27 | 1991-02-05 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Hydrocyanation process |
| US5767321A (en) * | 1995-12-06 | 1998-06-16 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Metal-ligand complex catalyzed processes |
| US5847191A (en) | 1997-07-29 | 1998-12-08 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Process for the hydrocyanation of monoolefins using bidentate phosphite ligands and zero-valent nickel |
| US5932772A (en) | 1998-02-02 | 1999-08-03 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Separation processes |
| US6310260B1 (en) * | 2000-03-15 | 2001-10-30 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Separation processes |
| US6936171B2 (en) * | 2003-01-08 | 2005-08-30 | Invista North America S.A.R.L. | Process for catalyst recovery from hydrocyanation product mixtures |
| DE10311122A1 (de) | 2003-03-12 | 2004-09-23 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Hydrocyanierung einer olefinisch ungesättigten Verbindung |
| US6844289B2 (en) * | 2003-04-08 | 2005-01-18 | Invista North America S.A.R.L. | Process for the preparation of a nickel/phosphorous ligand catalyst |
| JP4509125B2 (ja) | 2004-01-29 | 2010-07-21 | ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピア | 直鎖のペンテンニトリルの製造方法 |
| TW200535122A (en) | 2004-01-29 | 2005-11-01 | Basf Ag | Removal of nickel(0) complexes and phosphorus ligands from nitrile mixtures |
| DE102004045036A1 (de) | 2004-09-15 | 2006-03-16 | Basf Ag | Abtrennung von Nickel(O)-Komplexen und phosphorhaltigen Liganden aus Nitrilgemischen |
| DE102004004683A1 (de) | 2004-01-29 | 2005-08-18 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Dinitrilen |
-
2004
- 2004-10-18 DE DE102004050935A patent/DE102004050935A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2005
- 2005-10-12 CN CNB2005800355046A patent/CN100493716C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-10-12 CA CA002582813A patent/CA2582813A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-10-12 JP JP2007536077A patent/JP2008516907A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-10-12 KR KR1020077011215A patent/KR101222389B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-10-12 US US11/577,231 patent/US7935229B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-10-12 PL PL05798767T patent/PL1817108T3/pl unknown
- 2005-10-12 EP EP05798767A patent/EP1817108B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2005-10-12 ES ES05798767T patent/ES2306233T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2005-10-12 WO PCT/EP2005/010956 patent/WO2006042675A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2005-10-12 BR BRPI0516617-9A patent/BRPI0516617A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-10-12 DE DE502005004359T patent/DE502005004359D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2005-10-12 AT AT05798767T patent/ATE397489T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-10-17 MY MYPI20054872A patent/MY140569A/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2006042675A2 (de) | 2006-04-27 |
| EP1817108A2 (de) | 2007-08-15 |
| US20080083607A1 (en) | 2008-04-10 |
| ATE397489T1 (de) | 2008-06-15 |
| CA2582813A1 (en) | 2006-04-27 |
| DE502005004359D1 (de) | 2008-07-17 |
| CN101043946A (zh) | 2007-09-26 |
| BRPI0516617A (pt) | 2008-09-16 |
| CN100493716C (zh) | 2009-06-03 |
| ES2306233T3 (es) | 2008-11-01 |
| US7935229B2 (en) | 2011-05-03 |
| KR101222389B1 (ko) | 2013-01-15 |
| WO2006042675A3 (de) | 2006-07-13 |
| MY140569A (en) | 2009-12-31 |
| KR20070072593A (ko) | 2007-07-04 |
| JP2008516907A (ja) | 2008-05-22 |
| EP1817108B1 (de) | 2008-06-04 |
| DE102004050935A1 (de) | 2006-04-20 |
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