NO176975B - Fremgangsmåte ved klorfri bleking av masse - Google Patents
Fremgangsmåte ved klorfri bleking av masse Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO176975B NO176975B NO904673A NO904673A NO176975B NO 176975 B NO176975 B NO 176975B NO 904673 A NO904673 A NO 904673A NO 904673 A NO904673 A NO 904673A NO 176975 B NO176975 B NO 176975B
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- ozone
- pulp
- mass
- bleaching
- containing gas
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 title claims description 57
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 39
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title description 2
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 72
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000008331 Pinus X rigitaeda Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000011613 Pinus brutia Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 241000018646 Pinus brutia Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011121 hardwood Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 21
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 20
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxidochlorine(.) Chemical compound O=Cl=O OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorite Chemical compound Cl[O-] WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000018185 Betula X alpestris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000018212 Betula X uliginosa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004155 Chlorine dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000003992 Peroxidases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019398 chlorine dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004069 differentiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000020477 pH reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108040007629 peroxidase activity proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfite Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
- D21C9/10—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor
- D21C9/147—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor with oxygen or its allotropic modifications
- D21C9/153—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor with oxygen or its allotropic modifications with ozone
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
- Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT0249489A AT404740B (de) | 1989-10-30 | 1989-10-30 | Verfahren zum chlorfreien bleichen von zellstoffen |
AT258889 | 1989-11-10 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO904673D0 NO904673D0 (no) | 1990-10-29 |
NO904673L NO904673L (no) | 1991-05-02 |
NO176975B true NO176975B (no) | 1995-03-20 |
Family
ID=25598564
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO904673A NO176975B (no) | 1989-10-30 | 1990-10-29 | Fremgangsmåte ved klorfri bleking av masse |
Country Status (25)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5346588A (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0426652B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2995422B2 (ja) |
AR (1) | AR243946A1 (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE105599T1 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU636173B2 (ja) |
BG (1) | BG51052A3 (ja) |
BR (1) | BR9005476A (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2028788C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE59005677D1 (ja) |
DK (1) | DK0426652T3 (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2023623T3 (ja) |
FI (1) | FI102194B (ja) |
GR (1) | GR910300078T1 (ja) |
HR (1) | HRP930459B1 (ja) |
HU (1) | HU205175B (ja) |
LV (1) | LV10513B (ja) |
NO (1) | NO176975B (ja) |
PH (1) | PH30483A (ja) |
PT (1) | PT95718B (ja) |
RO (1) | RO107715B1 (ja) |
SI (1) | SI9012041B (ja) |
TR (1) | TR24891A (ja) |
UA (1) | UA27098A1 (ja) |
YU (1) | YU47233B (ja) |
Families Citing this family (65)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5411634A (en) * | 1991-04-30 | 1995-05-02 | Kamyr, Inc. | Medium consistency ozone bleaching |
US5411633A (en) * | 1991-04-30 | 1995-05-02 | Kamyr, Inc. | Medium consistency pulp ozone bleaching |
ES2106848T5 (es) * | 1991-05-24 | 2001-09-01 | Union Camp Patent Holding | Metodo de blanqueo con ozono. |
NO912449L (no) * | 1991-06-24 | 1992-12-28 | Norske Stats Oljeselskap | Flyttbar plattform til havs. |
ZA924351B (en) * | 1991-06-27 | 1993-03-31 | Ahlstroem Oy | Ozone bleaching process |
FR2684697B1 (fr) * | 1991-12-09 | 1996-05-03 | Toulouse Inst Nat Polytech | Procede de fabrication de pate a papier blanchie. |
SE9200183L (sv) * | 1992-01-23 | 1993-07-24 | Kamyr Ab | Avskiljningsanordning samt foerfarande |
EP0581631A1 (en) * | 1992-07-31 | 1994-02-02 | L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Selective treatment of pulp with ozone |
CA2078276C (en) * | 1992-09-15 | 2004-05-25 | Derek Hornsey | Recovery of oxygen-rich gas from ozone bleaching processes |
SE500335C2 (sv) * | 1992-10-26 | 1994-06-06 | Sca Wifsta Oestrand Ab | Blekning av sulfatmassa med peroxid-ozon-peroxid |
US5364505A (en) * | 1992-12-07 | 1994-11-15 | Kamyr, Inc. | Pressurized ozone pulp delignification reactor and a compressor for supplying ozone to the reactor |
US6010594A (en) * | 1993-03-03 | 2000-01-04 | Ahlstrom Machinery Corporation | Method of bleaching pulp with chlorine-free chemicals wherein a complexing agent is added immediately after an ozone bleach stage |
FI93232C (fi) * | 1993-03-03 | 1995-03-10 | Ahlstroem Oy | Menetelmä massan valkaisemiseksi kloorivapailla kemikaaleilla |
SE501253C2 (sv) * | 1993-06-08 | 1994-12-19 | Kvaerner Pulping Tech | Klorfri blekning av kemisk pappersmassa |
BR9407457A (pt) * | 1993-09-03 | 1996-11-12 | Union Camp Patent Holding | Processo para a preparação de uma polpa alvejada possuindo um certo brilho e uma certa resistência como indicado por uma certa viscosidade |
AU7243594A (en) * | 1993-09-15 | 1995-04-03 | Kamyr Inc. | Eop stage for chlorine free bleaching |
US5529660A (en) * | 1994-04-15 | 1996-06-25 | L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Calude | Method of reducing fluorescence in deinked pulp by treating pulp with ozone and a bleaching agent |
US5770011A (en) * | 1995-11-17 | 1998-06-23 | International Paper Company | Neutral monoperoxysulfate bleaching process |
AT402827B (de) * | 1995-12-22 | 1997-09-25 | Chemiefaser Lenzing Ag | Celluloseformkörper und verfahren zu seiner herstellung |
US6045588A (en) | 1997-04-29 | 2000-04-04 | Whirlpool Corporation | Non-aqueous washing apparatus and method |
DE19816925B4 (de) | 1998-04-16 | 2009-12-10 | SOCIéTé BIC | Handgerät zum Übertragen eines Filmes von einem Trägerband auf ein Substrat |
US6579412B2 (en) * | 1998-05-08 | 2003-06-17 | L'air Liquide - Societe' Anonyme A' Directoire Et Conseil De Surveillance Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Process for ozone bleaching of low consistency pulp |
US6773547B2 (en) * | 1998-05-08 | 2004-08-10 | American Air Liquide, Inc. | Process for the bleaching of low consistency pulp using high partial pressure ozone |
FI981808A (fi) * | 1998-08-24 | 2000-02-25 | Crs Reactor Engineering Uk Ltd | Menetelmä massan valkaisemiseksi |
US20050173082A1 (en) * | 1998-08-24 | 2005-08-11 | Arbozon Oy Ltd. | Bleaching of medium consistency pulp with ozone without high shear mixing |
DE10158449C1 (de) * | 2001-11-30 | 2003-12-24 | Wedeco Umwelttechnologie Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Verdichten von ozonhaltigem Gas für eine Ozon-Zellstoffbleiche |
US7739891B2 (en) | 2003-10-31 | 2010-06-22 | Whirlpool Corporation | Fabric laundering apparatus adapted for using a select rinse fluid |
US7300468B2 (en) | 2003-10-31 | 2007-11-27 | Whirlpool Patents Company | Multifunctioning method utilizing a two phase non-aqueous extraction process |
US7513004B2 (en) | 2003-10-31 | 2009-04-07 | Whirlpool Corporation | Method for fluid recovery in a semi-aqueous wash process |
US7695524B2 (en) | 2003-10-31 | 2010-04-13 | Whirlpool Corporation | Non-aqueous washing machine and methods |
US7837741B2 (en) | 2004-04-29 | 2010-11-23 | Whirlpool Corporation | Dry cleaning method |
US7966684B2 (en) | 2005-05-23 | 2011-06-28 | Whirlpool Corporation | Methods and apparatus to accelerate the drying of aqueous working fluids |
US20080177089A1 (en) | 2007-01-19 | 2008-07-24 | Eugene Steven Sadlowski | Novel whitening agents for cellulosic substrates |
EP2571941A2 (en) | 2010-05-18 | 2013-03-27 | Milliken & Company | Optical brighteners and compositions comprising the same |
US8262744B2 (en) | 2010-05-18 | 2012-09-11 | Milliken & Company | Optical brighteners and compositions comprising the same |
US8476216B2 (en) | 2010-05-28 | 2013-07-02 | Milliken & Company | Colored speckles having delayed release properties |
US8470760B2 (en) | 2010-05-28 | 2013-06-25 | Milliken 7 Company | Colored speckles for use in granular detergents |
US20120101018A1 (en) | 2010-10-22 | 2012-04-26 | Gregory Scot Miracle | Bis-azo colorants for use as bluing agents |
WO2012054058A1 (en) | 2010-10-22 | 2012-04-26 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Bis-azo colorants for use as bluing agents |
JP6129740B2 (ja) | 2010-10-22 | 2017-05-17 | ミリケン・アンド・カンパニーMilliken & Company | 青味剤用ビス−アゾ着色剤 |
US8715368B2 (en) | 2010-11-12 | 2014-05-06 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Thiophene azo dyes and laundry care compositions containing the same |
JP2014500350A (ja) | 2010-11-12 | 2014-01-09 | ミリケン・アンド・カンパニー | チオフェンアゾ色素およびこれを含有する洗濯ケア組成物 |
CA2817718C (en) | 2010-11-12 | 2016-02-09 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Laundry care compositions comprising charged thiophene azo dyes |
US20120205581A1 (en) | 2011-02-16 | 2012-08-16 | Robert Richard Dykstra | Compositions and methods of bleaching |
WO2012116021A1 (en) | 2011-02-25 | 2012-08-30 | Milliken & Company | Capsules and compositions comprising the same |
US9163146B2 (en) | 2011-06-03 | 2015-10-20 | Milliken & Company | Thiophene azo carboxylate dyes and laundry care compositions containing the same |
FR3007044B1 (fr) * | 2013-06-13 | 2016-01-15 | Air Liquide | Procede de traitement des pates papetieres chimiques par traitement a l'ozone en presence d'ions magnesium |
US9902923B2 (en) | 2015-10-13 | 2018-02-27 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Polyglycerol dye whitening agents for cellulosic substrates |
US10155868B2 (en) | 2015-10-13 | 2018-12-18 | Milliken & Company | Whitening agents for cellulosic substrates |
US9745544B2 (en) | 2015-10-13 | 2017-08-29 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Whitening agents for cellulosic substrates |
US9777250B2 (en) | 2015-10-13 | 2017-10-03 | Milliken & Company | Whitening agents for cellulosic substrates |
US9976035B2 (en) | 2015-10-13 | 2018-05-22 | Milliken & Company | Whitening agents for cellulosic substrates |
US9719056B1 (en) | 2016-01-29 | 2017-08-01 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Bis-azo colorants for use as bluing agents |
US20180072970A1 (en) | 2016-09-13 | 2018-03-15 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Stable violet-blue to blue imidazolium compounds |
US20200123475A1 (en) | 2018-10-18 | 2020-04-23 | Milliken & Company | Polyethyleneimine compounds containing n-halamine and derivatives thereof |
US20200123472A1 (en) | 2018-10-18 | 2020-04-23 | Milliken & Company | Polyethyleneimine compounds containing n-halamine and derivatives thereof |
US20200123319A1 (en) | 2018-10-18 | 2020-04-23 | Milliken & Company | Polyethyleneimine compounds containing n-halamine and derivatives thereof |
US11299591B2 (en) | 2018-10-18 | 2022-04-12 | Milliken & Company | Polyethyleneimine compounds containing N-halamine and derivatives thereof |
US11732218B2 (en) | 2018-10-18 | 2023-08-22 | Milliken & Company | Polyethyleneimine compounds containing N-halamine and derivatives thereof |
US11518963B2 (en) | 2018-10-18 | 2022-12-06 | Milliken & Company | Polyethyleneimine compounds containing N-halamine and derivatives thereof |
US11718814B2 (en) | 2020-03-02 | 2023-08-08 | Milliken & Company | Composition comprising hueing agent |
US20210269747A1 (en) | 2020-03-02 | 2021-09-02 | Milliken & Company | Composition Comprising Hueing Agent |
US20220079862A1 (en) | 2020-09-14 | 2022-03-17 | Milliken & Company | Hair care composition containing polymeric colorant |
US11344492B2 (en) | 2020-09-14 | 2022-05-31 | Milliken & Company | Oxidative hair cream composition containing polymeric colorant |
WO2022197295A1 (en) | 2021-03-17 | 2022-09-22 | Milliken & Company | Polymeric colorants with reduced staining |
Family Cites Families (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4119486A (en) * | 1975-08-14 | 1978-10-10 | Westvaco Corporation | Process for bleaching wood pulp with ozone in the presence of a cationic surfactant |
US4080249A (en) * | 1976-06-02 | 1978-03-21 | International Paper Company | Delignification and bleaching of a lignocellulosic pulp slurry with ozone |
CA1090510A (en) * | 1976-06-02 | 1980-12-02 | Arthur W. Kempf | Delignification and bleaching of a lignocellulosic pulp slurry with ozone |
US4216054A (en) * | 1977-09-26 | 1980-08-05 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Low-consistency ozone delignification |
US4372812A (en) * | 1978-04-07 | 1983-02-08 | International Paper Company | Chlorine free process for bleaching lignocellulosic pulp |
US4229252A (en) * | 1979-01-11 | 1980-10-21 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Additives for ozone bleaching |
US4310384A (en) * | 1979-01-11 | 1982-01-12 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Reducing chemical transfer between treatment stages |
US4283251A (en) * | 1980-01-24 | 1981-08-11 | Scott Paper Company | Ozone effluent bleaching |
US4619733A (en) * | 1983-11-30 | 1986-10-28 | Kooi Boon Lam | Pollution free pulping process using recycled wash effluent from multiple bleach stages to remove black liquor and recovering sodium hydroxide from the black liquor |
AT380496B (de) * | 1984-06-27 | 1986-05-26 | Steyrermuehl Papier | Verfahren und reaktor zur delignifizierung von zellstoff mit sauerstoff |
US4902381A (en) * | 1988-12-09 | 1990-02-20 | Kamyr, Inc. | Method of bleaching pulp with ozone-chlorine mixtures |
FI89516B (fi) * | 1989-05-10 | 1993-06-30 | Ahlstroem Oy | Foerfarande foer blekning av cellulosamassa med otson |
-
1990
- 1990-10-15 AU AU64552/90A patent/AU636173B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1990-10-23 RO RO146180A patent/RO107715B1/ro unknown
- 1990-10-23 PH PH41432A patent/PH30483A/en unknown
- 1990-10-26 AR AR90318208A patent/AR243946A1/es active
- 1990-10-26 TR TR90/1031A patent/TR24891A/xx unknown
- 1990-10-29 HU HU906923A patent/HU205175B/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-10-29 BR BR9005476-8A patent/BR9005476A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-10-29 SI SI9012041A patent/SI9012041B/sl unknown
- 1990-10-29 BG BG093110A patent/BG51052A3/xx unknown
- 1990-10-29 YU YU204190A patent/YU47233B/sh unknown
- 1990-10-29 UA UA4831464A patent/UA27098A1/uk unknown
- 1990-10-29 CA CA002028788A patent/CA2028788C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-10-29 PT PT95718A patent/PT95718B/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-10-29 NO NO904673A patent/NO176975B/no unknown
- 1990-10-29 FI FI905327A patent/FI102194B/fi active IP Right Grant
- 1990-10-30 DE DE59005677T patent/DE59005677D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-10-30 DK DK90890291.9T patent/DK0426652T3/da not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-10-30 JP JP2290960A patent/JP2995422B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-10-30 AT AT9090890291T patent/ATE105599T1/de active
- 1990-10-30 ES ES90890291T patent/ES2023623T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-10-30 EP EP90890291A patent/EP0426652B2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1991
- 1991-12-10 GR GR91300078T patent/GR910300078T1/el unknown
-
1992
- 1992-03-26 US US07/859,236 patent/US5346588A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1993
- 1993-01-12 LV LVP-93-20A patent/LV10513B/lv unknown
- 1993-03-23 HR HRP-2041/90A patent/HRP930459B1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
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