NL2029763B1 - Organic cultivation method of gramineous forage grass in alpine pastoral region - Google Patents

Abstract

The present disclosure discloses an organic cultivation method for gramineous forage grasses in an alpine pastoral region, comprising the steps of land selection, land preparation and fertilization, seed selection and planting, field management and mature harvesting, wherein, the step of land selection comprises: selecting a land parcel in an organic certification or organic certification conversion period, and the selected land parcel is a complete plot without conventional production; the step of land preparation and fertilization comprises: evenly spreading base fertilizer on the land surface of the selected land parcel, and deeply ploughing soil of the land parcel with a machine or animal power so as to dry the soil in the sun; the step of seed selection and planting comprises: applying seed fertilizer during sowing, wherein a seed and fertilizer layered sowing machine is used for applying the seed fertilizer; the step of field management comprises: applying topdressing fertilizer before forage grass jointing; wherein the base fertilizer, the seed fertilizer and the topdressing fertilizer are farmyard manure or bio—organic fertilizer or a combination of the farmyard manure and the bio— organic fertilizer, the farmyard manure is composted and decomposed farmyard manure of animal manure, livestock manure, green manure and straws in a farm or an animal farm, and the biological organic fertilizer is a biological organic fertilizer approved by an certification authority.

Description

P805/NLpd

ORGANIC CULTIVATION METHOD OF GRAMINEOUS FORAGE GRASS IN ALPINE

PASTORAL REGION

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of cul- tivation of forage grasses in alpine pastoral regions, and more particularly to an organic cultivation method of gramineous forage grasses in an alpine pastoral region.

BACKGROUND ART

In recent years, the awareness of people for health and envi- ronmental protection has continuously increased, and organic ani- mal husbandry with the concept of protecting the ecological envi- ronment and producing healthy food has rapidly developed around the world. Organic cultivation and management of the forage mate- rials can solve the problem of the ‘environmental brand’, and at the same time provides a solid foundation for the certification of organic milk, organic beef and organic mutton.

The alpine pastoral region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is insuf- ficient in supplementary forage grasses in cold seasons, the live- stock is highly dependent on forage grasses, especially, organic grass sources are insufficient, and conventional forage grasses can only be produced in the non-organic agricultural production region. In the conventional forage grass production process, the problems that pesticide residues exceed the standard, nitrate is caused by excessive nitrogen fertilizer, and soil, water sources and other heavy metal {such as Zn and Cd} are polluted due to long-term phosphate fertilizer application exist. Heavy metal in soil has the features of being difficult to degrade, migrate and conceal, high in toxicity and the like, is prone to being accumu- lated in soil, influences the crop growth and possibly threatens human health. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an alternative production method for the current conventional cultivation method of supplementary forage grasses.

SUMMARY

In view of this, the present disclosure provides an organic cultivation method of gramineous forage grasses in an alpine pas- toral region. The organic cultivation method effectively reduces pollution to the environment in the forage grass planting and pro- duction process and meanwhile reduces food pollution caused by food chain transmission. The present disclosure adopts the follow- ing technical solution:

The organic cultivation method for the gramineous forage grasses in the alpine pastoral region comprises the steps of land selection, land preparation and fertilization, seed selection and planting, field management and mature harvesting, wherein,

The step of land selection comprises: selecting a land parcel in an organic certification or organic certification conversion period or selecting a land parcel which allows second ploughing after leisure for three years or above or an approved new land parcel;

The step of land preparation and fertilization comprises: evenly spreading base fertilizer on the land surface of the se- lected land parcel, and deeply ploughing soil of the land parcel with a machine or animal power so as to dry the soil in the sun, wherein the ploughing depth is 25-35 cm so that the soil and the fertilizer can be fully mixed;

The step of seed selection and planting comprises: applying seed fertilizer during sowing, wherein a seed and fertilizer lay- ered sowing machine is used for applying the seed fertilizer;

The step of field management comprises: applying topdressing fertilizer before forage grass jointing, wherein the topdressing fertilizer is applied in a spreading mode or a furrow application mode or a foliage spray mode;

Wherein, the base fertilizer, the seed fertilizer and the topdressing fertilizer are farmyard manure or bio-organic ferti- lizer or a combination of the farmyard manure and the bio-organic fertilizer; and the base fertilizer accounts for 60-70% of the to- tal fertilization amount in the planting process, the seed ferti- lizer accounts for 10-20% of the total fertilization amount in the planting process, and the topdressing fertilizer accounts for 10-

20% of the total fertilization amount in the planting process.

Preferably, a crop rotation system, that is the crop rotation system for deep-rooted crops or leguminous crops and shallow- rooted gramineous crops, is established for the selected land par- cel; high-stubble harvesting is adopted when harvesting the crops in autumn, and ground covering measures are carried out to improve the soil conservation and water storage capacity of soil; and no- tillage is implemented after the crops are harvested in autumn, and livestock grazing is allowed in winter.

Preferably, the pH value of the soil of the selected land parcel is detected, and dolomite powder or limestone or sulfur powder is used for adjusting the pH value of the soil.

Preferably, in the step of field management, when it is con- firmed that the forage grasses have the risk of element deficien- cy, leaf fertilizer is sprayed to supplement deficient elements; and the leaf fertilizer is one or more of mineral source fertiliz- er, trace element fertilizer and microbial fertilizer.

Preferably, the step of seed selection and planting specifi- cally comprises: (a) Seed cleaning; {(b) Seed soaking and awn removing; (c) Seed drying by the sun before sowing; and (d) Sowing: a seed and fertilizer layered sowing machine is used for sowing, and soil covering, harrowing and in-time leveling are performed.

Preferably, when the seed and fertilizer layered sowing ma- chine is used for sowing, the sowing line spacing is 15-30 cm, and the sowing depth is 0.5-5 cm; the larger the grain size of forage grass seeds is, the deeper the sowing depth is; and the smaller the water content of the soil is, the deeper the sowing depth is.

The present disclosure has the following beneficial effects: the organic cultivation method of the gramineous forage grasses in the alpine pastoral region provided by the embodiment of the pre- sent disclosure is used for planting and producing the gramineous forage grasses in the alpine pastoral region. Organic forage grass cultivation is an environment-friendly cultivation mode, organic fertilizer is advocated to be applied to replace chemical ferti-

lizer in organic forage grass production, the soil fertility is maintained and improved by cooperating with agricultural measures such as leguminous crop rotation and planting green manure, the toxicity of chemical pesticides to soil microorganisms is reduced, external investment is reduced fundamentally, and pesticide resi- dues are reduced. The organic cultivation method has the remarka- ble advantages that the physical and chemical properties of soil can be obviously improved, the soil microorganisms can be in- creased, the health and sustainable utilization of the soil are facilitated, and a series of environmental pollution problems such as the pesticides and the chemical fertilizer are reduced. Accord- ing to the production mode, safe and high-quality products are provided for the society, the pollution to the environment is re- duced, and meanwhile the soil is improved, so that organic culti- vation is more sustainable than conventional cultivation, and eco- logical balance and environmental protection are better facilitat- ed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The embodiment of the present disclosure provides an organic cultivation method of gramineous forage grasses in an alpine pas- toral region, and the method mainly comprises the steps of land selection, land preparation and fertilization, seed selection and planting, field management and mature harvesting. (I). Land selection

A land parcel in an organic certification or organic certifi- cation conversion period is selected; or a land parcel which al- lows second ploughing after leisure for three years or above or an approved new land parcel is selected; the land of the land parcel should be a complete land parcel, and a land parcel for conven- tional production should be not allowed to be among the land par- cels, but an organic conversion land parcel is allowed to be clamped between the land parcel. If parallel production exists around the organic forage grasses, a buffer zone must be arranged between the organic forage grass planting area and the convention- al forage grass planting area. The buffer zone is set according to factors such as the intensity of a pollution source, the distance and the wind direction. The buffer zone is preferably a natural barrier of mountains, rivers, lakes and the like, and forests and planted crops can be artificially built.

In a preferred embodiment, the pH value of the soil of the 5 selected of a pollution source is detected, and if the pH value is smaller than 6.0, dolomite powder or limestone is used for adjust- ing the pH value of the soil to be increased to 6.5-7.5; and if the pH value is greater than 9.0, sulfur powder is used for ad- justing the pH value of the soil to be reduced to 6.5-7.5.

In a preferred embodiment, a crop rotation system is estab- lished for the selected land parcel, excepting perennial gramine- ous forage grasses. Fallowing or leguminous crop planting is ar- ranged in an organic annual forage grass production system accord- ing to local conditions, continuous single consumption of soil nu- trients can be reduced by adopting a reasonable crop rotation sys- tem, and germs can be inhibited, diseases, pests and weeds can be reduced, and a foundation is laid for geographical fertilization of organic production and prevention and control of diseases, pests and weeds. Planting leguminous forage grasses and leguminous crop to fertilize soil is an effective measure for land utiliza- tion and soil improvement. The biological diversity is increased, and soil fertility is kept. (II). Soil preparation and fertilization

About 2 weeks before sowing, a base fertilizer is uniformly spread on the surface of the selected land parcel, the soil of the organic land parcel is deeply ploughed by using a machine or ani- mal power and is dried in the sun, wherein the ploughing depth is about 25-35 cm so that the soil and the fertilizer are fully mixed, and meanwhile, root stubbles, broadleaf weeds and the like are ploughed into the lower layer of the soil to eliminate hidden pathogenic bacteria and pests. The organic matter content of the forage grass organic planting soil should be greater than 2%.

Wherein, the base fertilizer is farmyard manure or a biologi- cal organic fertilizer or combination of the farmyard manure and the biological organic fertilizer, the farmyard manure is compost- ed and decomposed farmyard manure of animal manure, livestock ma- nure, green manure and straws in a farm or an animal farm, and the biological organic fertilizer is a biological organic fertilizer approved by an certification authority. The types of the applied organic fertilizers are suitable to be replaced year by year or a plurality of organic fertilizers are simultaneously applied in a mixed manner in one year, and the carbon-nitrogen ratio is adjust- ed by adopting a balanced fertilization and formula fertilization mode according to the soil fertility and the characteristics of the fertilizers so as to determine the fertilization amount.

In a preferred embodiment, the base fertilizer accounts for 60-70% of the total fertilization amount in the planting process by weight ratio. Furthermore, the content of pure nitrogen in the base fertilizer does not ezceed 200 kg/hm?, the application amount of the farmyard manure is 15,000-18,000 kg/hm?, and the application amount of the biological organic fertilizer is 600-2,700 kg/hm’.

Furthermore, one or more of mineral potash magnesium fertilizer, plant ash and ground phosphate rock is/are added into the base fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the mineral potash magnesium fertilizer is 600-700 kg/ hm®, the application amount of the plant ash is 700-800 kg/ hm?, and the application amount of the ground phosphate rock is 300-350 kg/ hm’. The use of the mineral fertilizer is strictly controlled to prevent heavy metal accumula- tion in soil. (ITI). Seed selection and planting {1), Seed selection: during selecting varieties, the genetic diversity of the forage grass should be fully considered and pro- tected, and drought-resistant and cold-resistant forage grass va- rieties which adapt to the soil and climate characteristics of the alpine pastoral region are selected; and a three-dimensional planting mode is adopted if necessary to prevent the prevalence of diseases and insect pests caused by large-area cultivation of the same crop. (2), Seed cleaning: manual cleaning or mechanical cleaning is performed before sowing, a cleaning device is fully cleaned by using clear water to remove pollutant residues, and full, balanced and disease-free seeds are selected; and foreign grains, broken grains and shriveled grains mixed in crop seeds are removed before sowing to ensure that the purity is not lower than 95% and the cleanliness is not lower than 98%. (3), Seed soaking and awn removing: awn-containing gramine- ous grass seeds are easy to agglomerate when being directly sowed without treatment, and the seeds are not uniformly sowed, so the awn is removed before sowing; and the seeds can be soaked for 1 h through biological bacteria such as Bt, then the seeds are scaked for 2 to 3 days by using 1% of quicklime water, and the seeds are mechanically beaten after being tedded and air-dried to prevent the seeds from transmitting diseases, and the seeds are strictly prohibited to be soaked by using chemical agents. (4), Seed drying treatment before sowing: the seeds are spread to have the thickness of 3 to 5 cm in sunny and windless weather before sowing, and the seeds are dried in the sun for 2 to 3 days in a dry and sunny place to achieve sterilization and pro- mote the enzyme activity in the seeds so as to improve the germi- nation rate and viability of the seeds. (5), Seed germination test: the seed germination test is performed before sowing, and the germination rate is required to reach over 95%. And (6) Sowing: a seed and fertilizer layered sowing machine is used. When equipment such as agricultural implements and the like is used in conventional land parcel and organic land parcel, the equipment must be cleaned before sowing and recorded to ensure that the seeds and fertilizers are not polluted. The row spacing is controlled to be between 15 cm and 30 cm during sowing; and the operations such as ditching and pressing are finished at one time, and soil covering, harrowing and in-time leveling are performed after sowing. During sowing, seed fertilizers are applied in a layered mode, and the seed fertilizers are applied by using the seed and fertilizer layered sowing machine. In a preferred embodi- ment, the seed fertilizers account for 10% to 20% of the total weight in the planting process according to the weight ratio.

Wherein, the seeding rate is as follows: the seeding rate of general gramineous large-grain seeds is 17-20 kg/mu, the seeding rate of gramineous small-grain seeds is 1-2 kg/mu, and about 1.1 million seedlings are kept per hectare. The specific seeding rate is determined according to the soil condition, and seeds are slightly sparse in a fertile land and are slightly dense in a thin land.

Wherein, the seeding time is as follows:

The seeding is performed in proper time. Specifically, for

Qinghai Province, in view of the unique natural environment of this region that the winter is severe cold, the frozen soil is thick, and the pest and disease damage seldom occurs, seeding is started in the last ten-day of April in the lake surrounding area, and seeding is not suitable to be performed later than the last ten-day of June at the latest; and seeding is started in the first ten-day period of May in Qingnan region, and seeding is not suita- ble to be performed later than the first ten-day period of June at the latest.

Wherein, the seeding depth is as follows:

The seeding depth is determined according to the seed size and the soil moisture content, the general seeding depth is 0.5-5 cm, and the larger the grain size of forage grass seeds is, the deeper the seeding depth is; the smaller the soil moisture content is, the deeper the seeding depth is. For the small-grain seeds, when the soil moisture content is 16% or above, the seeding depth is 0.5-1 cm, and when the soil moisture content is 10%-16%, the seeding depth is 2-3 cm. For the large-grain seeds, when the soil moisture content is 16% or above, the seeding depth is 2-3 cm, and when the soil moisture content is 10%-16%, the seeding depth is 5 cm. It is required that the seeds are uniform, seeding missing is avoided, ridges are not broken, the depth is consistent, and lev- elling is needed after seeding to facilitate seedling emergence. (IV), Field management: (1), Topdressing:

According to different nutritional requirements and produc- tion purposes of the forage grasses, topdressing is performed be- fore gramineous forage grass jointing. If the final purpose is to harvest stems and leaves of the forage grasses, an organic ferti- lizer rich in nitrogen and phosphorus can be mainly applied before gramineous forage grass jointing, and farmyard manure or other or- ganic fertilizers are used as auxiliary fertilizers; and if the final purpose is to harvest seeds of the forage grass, an organic fertilizer rich in potassium and calcium can be mainly applied be- fore gramineous forage grass jointing, and farmyard manure or oth- er organic fertilizers are used as auxiliary fertilizers;

Wherein, the topdressing fertilizer applying modes comprise broadcasting, furrow application and foliage spray. The applica- tion amount of the topdressing fertilizer is controlled to be 10% to 20% of the total application amount. The furrow application method is generally to cut a grassland and dig small furrows with the depth of 10 cm, then the fertilizer is applied in furrows, and the broadcasting and the furrow application are preferably per- formed on the day before a rainy day. The foliage spray is used as a nutritional supplement form of foliage application, and the max- imum amount of active ingredients of the foliage spray cannot ex- ceed 10 to 15% of the total active ingredient amount of the sup- plementary fertilizer. The foliage spray is performed in overcast days, cloudy days or before 10 o 'clock in the morning and after 4 o' clock in the evening, and the topdressing cannot be performed in hot time at noon. And fully decomposed human excrement and urine can only be used for watering the roots of the forage grass- es, cannot be used as the foliage fertilizer, and chemical top- dressing is strictly forbidden. (2), Supplementation of trace elements

When the forage grasses are determined to have the risk of element deficiency, the foliage fertilizer is sprayed to supple- ment the deficient elements, and the foliage fertilizer is one or more of a mineral source fertilizer, a trace element fertilizer and a microbial fertilizer. The mineral source fertilizer, the trace element fertilizer and the microbial fertilizer can only be used as auxiliary materials for fertilizing soil. The physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil are comprehen- sively improved based on the relationship of root systems, micro- organisms and the soil, and the microbial content of the soil and the like is increased, so that the relationship of the root sys- tems, the microorganisms and the soil is coordinated, which is fa- vorable for the health and continuous utilization of the soil, the product quality of the forage grasses is improved, and thus the product safety is ensured.

(V), Harvesting: the stems and the leaves or the seeds of the forage grasses are harvested according to different production purposes of the forage grasses.

The above description is merely specific embodiments of the present application. It should be noted that, for those of ordi- nary skill in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principles of this application, and these improvements and modifications shall fall within the scope of protection of the present application.

Claims (1)

CONCLUSIONS 1. Organic cultivation method for herbaceous forage grasses in an alpine pasture region, which includes the steps of land selection, land preparation and fertilization, seed selection and planting, field management and ripe harvesting, wherein: the land selection step includes: selecting a parcel of land in an organic certification or conversion period for organic certification or selection of a field to be plowed after a break of three years or more, or an approved new field; wherein the soil pH of the selected plot is detected and dolomite powder or limestone or sulfur powder is used to adjust the soil pH; the step of land preparation and fertilization includes: spreading basic fertilizer evenly on the land surface of the selected plot, and deep plowing the soil of the plot with machine or animal power to dry the soil in the sun, with the plowing depth 25-35 cm is so that the soil and manure can be completely mixed; the step of seed selection and planting specifically includes: seed cleaning; soak seed and remove canopy; drying seed by sun before sowing; and sowing; when the seed and fertilizer layer seeder is used for sowing, the seeding line distance is 15-30 cm and the seeding depth is 0.5-5 cm; the field management step includes: applying topdressing fertilizer for grouting forage grass, wherein the topdressing fertilizer is applied in a spreading mode or a pre-application mode or a foliar spray mode; when it is confirmed that the forage grasses are at risk of element deficiency, foliar spraying to supplement the deficient elements; and the foliar fertilizer is one or more of mineral fertilizers, trace element fertilizers and microbial fertilizers; wherein the base manure, the seed fertilizer and the top dressing fertilizer are farmyard manure or bio-organic fertilizer or a combination of the farmyard manure and the bio-organic fertilizer; and the basic fertilizer is good for 60- 70% of the total fertilizer amount, the seed fertilizer for 10-20% of the total fertilizer amount, and the top dressing fertilizer for 10-20% of the total fertilizer amount; a crop rotation system is set up for the selected field.