KR950008131A - 액체 분사 프린트 헤드용 노즐판 및 그 제조 방법 - Google Patents
액체 분사 프린트 헤드용 노즐판 및 그 제조 방법 Download PDFInfo
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- KR950008131A KR950008131A KR1019940021734A KR19940021734A KR950008131A KR 950008131 A KR950008131 A KR 950008131A KR 1019940021734 A KR1019940021734 A KR 1019940021734A KR 19940021734 A KR19940021734 A KR 19940021734A KR 950008131 A KR950008131 A KR 950008131A
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- Prior art keywords
- nozzle plate
- nozzle
- liquid
- manufacturing
- liquid jet
- Prior art date
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- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- 229910000531 Co alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- GXCLVBGFBYZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N-methylprop-2-en-1-amine Chemical compound CN(CCC1=CNC2=C1C=CC=C2)CC=C GXCLVBGFBYZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001128 Sn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001297 Zn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- -1 ether ether ketone Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 229920006393 polyether sulfone Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003908 quality control method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005323 electroforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001459 lithography Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
- B41J2/1631—Manufacturing processes photolithography
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/14—Structure thereof only for on-demand ink jet heads
- B41J2/14016—Structure of bubble jet print heads
- B41J2/14032—Structure of the pressure chamber
- B41J2/1404—Geometrical characteristics
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/14—Structure thereof only for on-demand ink jet heads
- B41J2/1433—Structure of nozzle plates
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/1601—Production of bubble jet print heads
- B41J2/1603—Production of bubble jet print heads of the front shooter type
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/162—Manufacturing of the nozzle plates
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
- B41J2/1623—Manufacturing processes bonding and adhesion
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
- B41J2/1625—Manufacturing processes electroforming
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
- B41J2/1626—Manufacturing processes etching
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
- B41J2/1632—Manufacturing processes machining
- B41J2/1634—Manufacturing processes machining laser machining
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/16—Production of nozzles
- B41J2/1621—Manufacturing processes
- B41J2/1637—Manufacturing processes molding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/14—Structure thereof only for on-demand ink jet heads
- B41J2002/14387—Front shooter
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/14—Structure thereof only for on-demand ink jet heads
- B41J2002/14403—Structure thereof only for on-demand ink jet heads including a filter
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S29/00—Metal working
- Y10S29/005—Method or apparatus with casting
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49401—Fluid pattern dispersing device making, e.g., ink jet
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
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- Y10T29/49982—Coating
- Y10T29/49984—Coating and casting
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/4998—Combined manufacture including applying or shaping of fluent material
- Y10T29/49988—Metal casting
Abstract
액체 분사 헤드용 노즐판 및 그 제조 방법으로서, 액체 분사 헤드는 경제적인 비용과 고도의 정밀도를 요하는 노즐판의 영역내에서 세개의 판들로 서로 끼워 맞춰진다. 신규한 노즐판을 제공함으로써, 제조 공정수와 부품수 및 품질 제어에 필요한 비용을 감소시킬 수 있다.
신규의 노즐판은 노즐, 액체실 및 액체실과 액체용 공급 콘테이너 사이의 연결 채널을 포함한다. 모든 기능 영역들은 하나 이상의 미세한 몰드 인서트로부터 주조에 의해 미세구조체로서 일체형으로 제조된다. 노즐간의 최소 간극은 공지의 노즐판에서 보다 상당히 작은 프린팅 밀도를 증가시킨다.
신규의 노즐판은 (단색 또는 다색) 액체 분사 프린트 헤드용으로 제공된다.
Description
본 내용은 요부공개 건이므로 전문내용을 수록하지 않았음
제 1도는 석판술(lithography) 및 전기 주조(electroforming)에 의해 몰드 인서트(mould insert)를 제조하는 주요 단계를 도시하는 도면,
제 2도는 대향판에의 부착에 도움을 주는 조절 기구의 예로서 노즐, 액체 홈통, 액체실 및 컷아웃을 구비한 노즐판을 도시하는 도면,
제 3도는 실리콘판(18)과의 조립전에 위로부터 본 노즐판(12)을 도시하는 도면,
제 4도는 두 개의 실리콘판과의 조립전 일체형 노즐판을 도시하는 도면.
Claims (7)
- 노즐, 액체실 및, 상기 액체실과 액체용 공급 콘테이너 사이의 연결 채널로 구성되며, 몰드 인서트에의한 주조에 의해 일체형 미세 구조체로서 제조되는 액체 분사 프린트 헤드용 복수의 기능 영역을 갖는 것을 특징으로 하는 노즐판.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 노즐판의 다른 기능 영역들과 동시에, 몰드 인서트에의한 주조에 의해 제조되는 일체형 조절 소자, 필터 및 액체용 구조물로도 구성되는 것을 특징으로 하는 노즐판.
- 제1항 및 제2항에 있어서, 상기 노즐판은 원형 또는 비원형이나, 정방형 또는 비정방형 횡단면을 갖는 노즐 구멍을 갖는 것을 특징으로 하는 노즐판.
- 제1항 내지 제3항에 있어서,노즐 간극은 노즐판의 두께보다 작은 것을 특징으로 하는 노즐판.
- 제1항 내지 제4항에 있어서, 상기 노즐판의 플라스틱 양호하게는 폴리설폰, 폴리(에테르 설폰), 폴리(메틸 메타크릴레이트), 폴리카보네이트, 폴리[에테르 에테르 케톤(ketone)], 또는 액정 폴리머로 구성되는 것을 특징으로 하는 노즐판.
- 제1항 내지 제4항에 있어서, 상기 노즐판은 메탈, 양호하게는 니켈, 동,니켈/코발트 합금 또는 동/주석/아연 합금으로 구성되는 것을 특징으로 하는 노즐판.
- 노즐, 액체실 및 상기 액체실과 액체용 공급 콘테이너 사이의 연결 채널뿐만 아니라 양호하게는, 조절 소자, 필터 및 유체구조물을 포함하는 액체 분사프린트 헤드용 노즐을 제조하는 방법에 있어서, 노즐판의 모든 기능 영역들을 보완 구조물내에 포함하는 미세 구조의 금속 몰트 인서트를 제조하는 단계와, 다중 기능의 일체형 미세 구조체로서 모든 기능 영역을 갖는 플라스틱제의 미세한 노즐판을 주조하는 단계를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 액체 분사 프린트 헤드용 노즐판의 제조 방법.※ 참고사항 : 최초출원 내용에 의하여 공개하는 것임.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DEP4329728.5 | 1993-09-03 | ||
DE4329728A DE4329728A1 (de) | 1993-09-03 | 1993-09-03 | Düsenplatte für Fluidstrahl-Druckkopf und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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KR950008131A true KR950008131A (ko) | 1995-04-17 |
Family
ID=6496729
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
KR1019940021734A KR950008131A (ko) | 1993-09-03 | 1994-08-31 | 액체 분사 프린트 헤드용 노즐판 및 그 제조 방법 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US5588597A (ko) |
EP (1) | EP0641657B1 (ko) |
JP (1) | JPH0781069A (ko) |
KR (1) | KR950008131A (ko) |
CN (2) | CN1068280C (ko) |
DE (2) | DE4329728A1 (ko) |
Families Citing this family (50)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5818479A (en) * | 1993-09-03 | 1998-10-06 | Microparts Gmbh | Nozzle plate for a liquid jet print head |
DE4329728A1 (de) * | 1993-09-03 | 1995-03-09 | Microparts Gmbh | Düsenplatte für Fluidstrahl-Druckkopf und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
US5992769A (en) * | 1995-06-09 | 1999-11-30 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Microchannel system for fluid delivery |
KR100225082B1 (ko) * | 1997-01-15 | 1999-10-15 | 윤종용 | 프린트 헤드의 잉크 분사 장치 구조 |
EP1019696A4 (en) * | 1997-09-19 | 2003-07-23 | Aclara Biosciences Inc | LIQUID TRANSFER SYSTEM AND METHOD |
JP2957528B2 (ja) * | 1997-10-07 | 1999-10-04 | 株式会社東京機械製作所 | インクジェット印刷用ノズル、そのオリフィス部材及びオリフィス部材の製造方法 |
US6339881B1 (en) * | 1997-11-17 | 2002-01-22 | Xerox Corporation | Ink jet printhead and method for its manufacture |
US6209203B1 (en) * | 1998-01-08 | 2001-04-03 | Lexmark International, Inc. | Method for making nozzle array for printhead |
US6382777B1 (en) * | 1998-06-19 | 2002-05-07 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid jet recording head |
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-
1993
- 1993-09-03 DE DE4329728A patent/DE4329728A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1994
- 1994-07-29 DE DE59407762T patent/DE59407762D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-07-29 EP EP94111846A patent/EP0641657B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-08-30 US US08/297,780 patent/US5588597A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-08-30 JP JP6205099A patent/JPH0781069A/ja active Pending
- 1994-08-31 KR KR1019940021734A patent/KR950008131A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-09-02 CN CN94115646A patent/CN1068280C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1996
- 1996-09-17 US US08/715,096 patent/US5809646A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2000
- 2000-01-25 CN CN00101197A patent/CN1264646A/zh active Pending
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CN1264646A (zh) | 2000-08-30 |
CN1068280C (zh) | 2001-07-11 |
DE59407762D1 (de) | 1999-03-18 |
JPH0781069A (ja) | 1995-03-28 |
US5588597A (en) | 1996-12-31 |
CN1112879A (zh) | 1995-12-06 |
DE4329728A1 (de) | 1995-03-09 |
EP0641657A1 (de) | 1995-03-08 |
EP0641657B1 (de) | 1999-02-03 |
US5809646A (en) | 1998-09-22 |
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