KR20180100700A - Tapered spiral gas turbine with homo-polar DC generator for combined cooling, heating, power, pressure, work and water - Google Patents

Abstract

A tapered exponential spiral for the gas expander 503 for work extraction or air cooling is used. These tapered exponential spirals may also be used in the gas compressor 501 to raise the pressure and temperature of the air. The compressor-expander forms a single simple structure for easy manufacture. A simple formula for the temperature drop across a tapered exponential spiral for adiabatic expansion of air is derived. Increasing pressure is also induced as the air is compressed outwardly for isothermal compression of the air. Spirals are proven to be efficient in energy conversion. By changing the geometry and technique, the Faraday homo-polar DC generator is improved. High one-to-electricity conversion efficiency, and high voltage and power generation are achieved. The same generator structure can be used as a homo-polar DC motor. By controlling the voltage, the speed of the motor or generator is controlled. By controlling the current, the torque used or generated is controlled. Homopolar generators and motors can be easily integrated with helical compressors and expanders. Three applications using this basic invention are proposed. First, a thermal turbine powered by the combustion of condensed solar energy or gaseous fuel is proposed. Second, a heat pump powered by electricity for cooling, freezing and heating water is proposed. Third, a method of desalination by solar heat using condensed sunlight to evaporate brine under reduced pressure is proposed. Firefly technology provides small, local, and simple generation of many types of energy, enabling people to re-supply solar energy to people whenever and wherever they are needed.

Description

Tapered spiral gas turbine with homo-polar DC generator for combined cooling, heating, power, pressure, work and water

This application claims the benefit of US Provisional Application Ser. No. 10 / 542,131, filed Feb. 2, 2016, entitled " A Tapered Spiral Gas Turbine for Combined Cooling, Heating, Power, Pressure, Pressure, Work, and Water ", assigned Serial No. 62 / 290,393, and claims priority to, and incorporates the subject matter disclosed in, the United States Provisional Patent Application, which describes the invention made by the inventor.

The world demands clean, air, water, food, energy, and transportation that are accessible and fair in every country as well as in developed countries. At the heart of the universal provision of these amenities is the ability to use their own resources in the presence of people, such as solar power and bottled liquid petroleum gas, supported by local or available energy sources. It is a technological development that meets these needs.

We are facing global climate change due to the burning of fossil fuels that cause global warming and sea level rise. Combustion of coal causes air pollution. Groundwater drains quickly. Global warming brings extreme heat, and air conditioning uses more global warming fossil fuels. Transportation requires expensive petroleum products and causes chronic particulate contamination in major cities.

In order to mitigate energy shortages and climate change, we emphasize three focus shifts. The first focus shifts from energy generation to energy application. Energy generation is only intermediate to clean air, water, food, and final means of transportation. Energy conservation often brings more comfort.

The second focus shifts from electricity to heat. We can use heat directly to heat space and water, and indirectly use heat to generate cooling, water, cooking, motion, and motion-induced electricity. Electricity is generated for lighting, communication, computing and electricity transportation.

We must store energy close to the form used: the heat energy of the heat bath, the pressure energy as a pressurized gas, the chill as condensed refrigerant or freezing material, the electrical energy of a chemical cell. If an efficient small turbine is available, we must store the chemical energy as fuel.

The third focus shift is the geographical creation, storage, conversion and use of energy. We want to reverse the utility model of Edison of the centralized generation (CG) to the grid distribution.

We invented a technology to integrate a micro-turbine with a micro DC generator. We still say that personal Firefly technology is as efficient as large power plants. CG becomes unnecessary and is replaced by Personal Energy (PE) for mobile acquisition, storage, conversion and use of energy.

PE, which replaces CG, brings us to the forefront in the fourth stage of the industrial revolution. The primary revolution centralized work generation by large steam engines. The Second Revolution supplied the world with a large AC generator driven by a steam engine. The third revolution of micro-electronics provided us with a global computing and communications network. The fourth revolution of MEMS (Micro-Electronic-Mechanical Systems) reverses the first and second revolution of CG and gives us PE, making everything local, small and personal.

The Firefly has 10S: Smart, Small, Simple, Scalable, Savings, Strong, Silent, Safe. Stores and Stylish. Firefly provides combined cooling, heating, power, pressure, work and water (abbreviated CCHP ² W ² ).

Firefly can help industrialization of poor countries, making people productive where there is no electricity or water supply network. Half of the world lives without reliable electricity or running water supplies.

At the heart of CCHP ² W ² is an efficient micro-turbine powered by internal combustion of condensing solar or gaseous fuels. An integrated micro DC motor-generator is integrated with the microturbine.

Let's look at the history of heat engines and electric generators. Alexandria's Hero invented the first thermal turbine before 2000 years. The steam generated in the boiler was discharged through the nozzle in the opposite direction to rotate the hinged boiler. Hero's turbine is a rare artifact exhibited in the Alexandria Library.

Between the hero and the first industrial revolution, the kinetic energy of wind and water was obtained by a turbine, a literally rotating device, such as a wind mill or a water mill. A blade or bucket cuts off the wind or running water and rotates the turbine to extract the work.

The first powerful and practical steam engine was patented by James Watt in 1769. Steam from a coal fired boiler drives the piston in the cylinder to pump water and provide a considerable force to weave the fabric and drive the train. Steam powered locomotives brought people to the city. Centralized manufacturing was done by steam engines. These Rankine cycle heat engines work by boiling the liquid to create pressure.

The Stirling engine was patented by Pastor Stirling in 1816. Sterling was interested in the tremendous pressure of the steam boiler. The Stirling engine uses two cylinders, one for air heating and the other for air cooling. The expanding air performs work. These Carnot cycle heat engines operate at high temperatures.

By 1830, Michael Faraday invented a homopolar disc generator. The current is collected from the periphery of the rotating disk interposed between the poles of the C-shaped magnet. Lossy eddy currents flow in the rotating disk. Despite such improvements by Nicola Tesla, these generators were not used for practical development due to their low efficiency and voltage.

The inventions of Edison and Tesla created power utilities in the early 20th century. The coal-fired steam engine generates electricity by Tesla's AC generator. The steam engine is large and inefficient. They are strong but slow. To generate a large current, the alternator needs a large electromagnet.

Nicola Tesla invented a three-phase electric generator by mutual induction of currents in stator and rotor coils. The ease of voltage conversion enables efficient high-voltage transmission across a long-haul electrical network with much less ohmic losses in power. The power plant adopts AC more than DC.

Nicola Tesla also invented the Tesla Turbine. The turbine includes a stack of closely spaced disks. The steam is injected in a tangential direction on the turbine periphery. The steam moves spirally inward toward the center of the stack between the disks. The steam drags the disc by gas viscosity. Tesla has claimed isentropic efficiencies of 90% of the theoretical Carnot cycle efficiency, which is not even validated by today's technology.

Since 1950, gas and steam turbines have made power plants much more efficient. Steam turbines powered by steam produced by burning coal have an efficiency of about 40%. A large amount of water is required to condense the low pressure steam from the steam turbine. The combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) achieves efficiencies of more than 60%. CCGT uses natural gas to drive a Brayton cycle gas turbine. The hot gas exhaust generates steam to power the Rankine cycle steam turbine.

Since the 21st century, the world has faced pollution from the burning of fossil fuels. The resulting climate change threatens human survival. However, many of the world's population remains poorly served by water, heat, cold, food and transportation. CG is failing in poor countries where power infrastructure is lacking. But poor people suffer most from global warming, sea-level rise, and chronic air pollution.

Burning more coal is not a solution to help people live a comfortable life. We can not afford to build expensive, polluting and wasteful energy collection, generation and distribution infrastructures. Natural gas and solar heat are our energy sources chosen for PE. Both are available in abundance for personal energy generation and use. PE is efficient, clean, local, compact, useful, and therefore excellent.

To address energy and environmental crises, we must personalize energy generation, storage, conversion and use. We will focus on heat as our energy source. Heat can arise from solar, geothermal, or the combustion of propane carried in piped natural gas and canisters.

Our goal is to make small gas turbines as efficient as large gas turbines, at a low cost per watt of power. In addition to electricity, we want cogeneration of heat, cold, water and work.

We want to reveal the correct geometry of the open gas flow that allows gradual release of the gas pressure to produce work. We want to avoid a sudden change of pressure to the kinetic energy of the gas.

We also want to re-invent Faraday Homo Polar DC generators using modern magnets and solid state electronics. We found a new geometric shape for motion-induced electricity and solved the old problem of low efficiency and low voltage of the Faraday generator.

We propose three applications based on the invention of our micro-turbine and micro-homopolar generators. First, we describe a thermal turbine incorporating spiral compressors, spiral expanders and homo-polar DC generators. These Firefly heat engines generate electricity or electricity.

Such a micro-turbine can be used to directly power a drive train or indirectly power the generated electricity to drive a car. The turbine may be modified as a turbocharger for an automotive piston engine, using a tailpipe exhaust to rotate the spiral inflator and drive the spiral compressor to increase the engine pressure. Firefly can also be used to fly a drone. Firefly can power a homes off grid that does not use the facility network due to solar and gas energy.

The second application is a heat pump of an air spiral compressor driven by a homopolar DC motor to compress the air. Compressed heat is used to heat the water. The compressed air generates water when it is cooled. The compressed air, when inflated, provides dry low temperature air for air conditioning and refrigeration.

Third, we describe a solar desalination system. Solar energy boils salt water under reduced pressure. Solar energy drives spiral compressors to condense the steam. This desalination system has high efficiency because condensation heat is reused to evaporate more salt water.

Tapered exponential spirals are found as effective geometric shapes for gas flows to convert the internal energy of pressurized and hot gases into kinetic energy. We have solved the temperature and pressure drop of the adiabatic gas flow to the outside of the helix, which pressurizes the turbine to generate kinetic energy.

The same exponential spiral when rotating in the counter-rotating direction may be an effective geometric shape for the compression of gas which converts kinetic energy into pressurized and heated gas. We have solved the pressure gain of the gas being isothermally compressed by the spiral wall which pressurizes the gas towards the center.

Faraday Homo Polar DC disc generators are modified to solve the problem of current circulation loss and low voltage induction in the disc. The new DC generator uses a ring of permanent magnets as the rotor. The magnet ring has the same stimulus (hereinafter referred to as homopolar) to induce a current on the ring solenoid acting as the stator coil. The induced voltage is the product of the magnetic field strength, the speed of the rotor rim, the number of turns of the stator coil and the height of the stator coil.

We integrate spiral compressors and spiral expanders with DC generators and motors to invent systems for three applications.

The first application is a thermal turbine capable of converting solar or gas combustion heat into solar and electricity. These thermal turbines can be used to drive vehicles such as cars, buses, trucks, trains, and small aircraft by motion and electricity generated from thermal conversions.

The second application is a heat pump powered by a DC motor to compress the humid air to higher temperatures and pressures. The compressed air is cooled at room temperature to remove heat and moisture, resulting in heated water and drinking water with condensed water. The cooled and dried compressed air may be expanded in a spiral inflator to create work for air conditioning and cold air.

The third application is a solar desalination system. The focused sunlight boils the salt water at a temperature lower than 100 ° C under reduced pressure. The low pressure steam at the head of the heated water column is compressed by a helical compressor using solar electricity. Condensing the higher pressure steam exchanges the heat of compression and condensation to further heat the brine column to produce lower pressure steam for much more drinking water. Drinking water is collected at the bottom of the column of evaporated brine.

Figure 1 shows a tapered exponential helix,
And Figure 2 illustrates the gas temperature steel Harvey T / T ₀ for the radius r, and a Brayton cycle,
And Figure 3 illustrates a compression ratio p ₀ / p for radius r, and Hui cycle,
Figure 4 shows the geometry of the DC homo-polar generator and motor,
Figure 5 shows a vertical section (center) of the turbine and generator and a horizontal cross-sectional view of the inflator (upper spiral disc) and compressor (lower spiral disc)
Figure 6 shows a cross-sectional view of a heat pump for water heating and air conditioning,
Figure 7 shows a cross-sectional view of a solar desalination system using a helical compressor,
8 shows a parabolic conical mirror for condensing sunlight on a water column at the focal line,
Figure 9 shows a scrolling compressor in an open position (when the spirals are closest to each other, top view) and a closed position (bottom view if the helix is farthest). There are air pockets between the spirals.

Tapered exponential spiral

The traditional means of compressing or expanding the gas mainly uses two devices, a piston or a fan blade. The gas is sealed in the cylinder by a moveable piston to compress or expand the gas. The gas may also be impinged by a high-speed rotating blade to impart or obtain kinetic energy of the gas.

We have 3D printed the turbine to reveal the proper geometry of the spiral gas flow channel. We changed the spiral size and shape. We have attempted an Archimedes spiral with a linearly increasing radius r = αθ + b according to the rotation angle θ. Tests with pressurized gas showed that the Archimedes spiral did not work well.

는 각도 θ에 따라 지수적으로 증가한다. 도 1은 지수적 나선을 도시하고 있다.We also tried an exponential spiral, also known as the Bernoulli spiral named after the inventor. Helix radius

Increases exponentially with angle [theta]. Figure 1 shows an exponential helix.

Exponential spirals are often found in nature, such as shells and plants. Fluid mechanics induces an exponential spiral shape for hurricanes. The galaxy arm is an exponential spiral. An exponential spiral originates from growth physics. Growth is often self-generating and self-similar.

The exponential helix is self-similar. As we zoom in on the center of the spiral, the spiral looks similar. The spinning Bernoulli spiral does not appear to contract or expand visually.

This self-similarity is due to the important properties of the Bernoulli helix: the helical tangent is at a constant angle to the helix radius. The gas flowing in the Bernoulli spiral is pressed against the spiral wall at a constant angle. Conversely, the Archimedes spiral presses at a reduced angle to the spiral wall.

The eagle zooms in a similar way when turning the food image. The eagle fixes the eyes on the food. The eagle's gaze toward the prey is at a fixed angle. As the eagle turns, the distance of the eagle from the prey decreases algebraically. This algebraic helix is the inverse of the exponential helix.

를 가지며, 여기서 θ는 라디안 단위의 극 각도(polar angle)이다. 대수적 나선은

를 갖는다. 우리는 θ로부터 r로의 변수의 변경에 대한 관계식

을 사용할 것이다. 나선 접선은 반경과 일정한 각도

를 이룬다. r = a에서의 나선 길이는

이다.The exponential helix is the radius

, Where [theta] is the polar angle in radians. Algebraic helix

. We have the relation for changing the variable from θ to r

. Helical tangent is the radius and constant angle

Respectively. The spiral length at r = a is

to be.

Figure 1 shows a helix with an outer wall that is exponentially spiral. The width between the outer and inner walls is shown as being tapered. The spiral channel width decreases exponentially with angle [theta]. We will show that these tapers are at the heart of maintaining gas pressure without increasing the gas's rapid rate.

Temperature change for adiabatic expansion of gas in tapered spiral

We provide a simple solution of the gas temperature when the gas expands adiabatically (meaning no heat exchange with the surroundings) in a tapered exponential spiral. This simple solution is at the heart of our invention. We can theoretically demonstrate the effect of a tapered exponential helix. The closed form solution to the gas temperature in modern gas turbines is not very close.

Initially, we experimented with pressurized air moving a long spiral of narrow, constant width. The turbine was spinning fast, but almost never produced torque. Torque is important in generating work.

The torque is generated by the pressing force. In order to maintain better control of pressure release, we consider changing the bore area A = wd, i.e. the width w x depth d of the spiral. The gas velocity increases due to the internal pressure gradient as specified by the Navier-Stokes equation. The taper prevents gas velocity increase due to gas shrinkage. We will show that these taper bores relieve pressure release.

The tapered spiral allows the explosive gas to apply a greater torque to the outer spiral wall longer than the inner wall. Besides the larger surface area, the outer spiral wall also has a larger radius than the inner spiral wall. This larger surface area and radius of the outer spiral wall provides a torque greater than the counter torque acting on the inner spiral wall.

The high pressure and hot gases moving inside the helix have two main energy components. The first component is the gas internal energy due to heat, which is the chaotic motion of the gas molecules.

The second component is the gas kinetic energy, which is the systematic velocity of the gas. At the center of the helix where the high pressure gas is heated, the heat energy inside the gas is high. Gas velocity is low.

Most micro-turbine designs use a nozzle to immediately release the gas pressure, instantaneously converting the internal energy of the gas into kinetic energy. The gas is rapidly cooled. After the nozzle, the high velocity gas is rapidly turbulent. The high-velocity gas impacts on the turbine blades and generates little torque. Most of the kinetic energy of the gas is converted back into heat rather than work.

We are trying not to reduce the gas pressure drastically. We use the pressure force of the hot compressed gas to generate considerable torque at low angular velocity of the turbine. The nozzle-driven turbine provides little torque and rotates the turbine at very high speeds.

를 갖는 이상 기체 법칙에서 기인한다.As explained by Bernoulli's law, the gas kinetic energy plays a minor role in the energy conversion of the turbine. Bernoulli's law states that the energy density of a gas contains two components. The first component is a pressure having a unit of energy per unit volume. The pressure p is the internal heat energy density of the gas. this is

Lt; / RTI >

이며, 여기서 ρ는 가스의 질량 밀도이고, v는 속도이다. 급격한 압력 방출 및 가스 속도 증가를 방지함으로써, 우리는 이러한 성분을 작게 유지한다.The second element is the kinetic energy density

, Where p is the mass density of the gas and v is the velocity. By preventing sudden pressure release and increasing gas velocity, we keep these components small.

이 일정하다고 말한다. 우리의 터빈의 경우, 우리는 압력을 높게, 즉 10 bar 또는 1 백만 파스칼(Pascal)로 유지한다. 고속 v = 100 m/s로 이동하는 밀도 ρ~1 kg/㎥의 가스의 경우, 가스 운동 에너지 밀도는

이다. 10 bar의 압력이 급격하게 1 bar까지 방출되면, 가스 속도는 1000 m/s를 초과하는 초음속이 된다. Bernoulli's law is the sum of these two components

It is said to be constant. In the case of our turbines, we keep the pressure high, say 10 bar or 1 million Pascal. For gases with a density ρ~1 kg / m3 moving at high speed v = 100 m / s, the gas kinetic energy density

to be. When the pressure of 10 bar is suddenly released to 1 bar, the gas velocity becomes supersonic exceeding 1000 m / s.

In our design, we prefer to taper the depth instead of the width of the spiral channel. Figure 5 shows a conically shaped inflator at the top of the turbine. We reduce the bore area A = wd by reducing the depth d while maintaining a constant width w, as shown in the inflator section.

× 토크의 레버리지(leverage) rcosα이고, 여기서

이다. 순 토크(net torque)는 채널의 내측 벽의 토크력과 외측 벽의 보다 큰 토크력 사이의 차이이다. 우리는 나선의 좁은 폭에 걸쳐 일정한 압력을 가정한다.We consider the torque generated by the pressure acting on the turbine wall. Torque is the pressure p x spiral wall area

× torque leverage rcosα, where

to be. The net torque is the difference between the torque of the inner wall of the channel and the greater torque of the outer wall. We assume a constant pressure over a narrow width of the helix.

Torque is pressure x area x leverage. The net torque between the outer and inner walls is:

In the case of a turbine rotating at angular velocity ω, this differential torque produces a differential power:

Derivation of the power extraction from the gas is simplified by the following assumptions. We ignore the kinetic energy component of Bernoulli's law. At low speed, the viscosity of the gas flow is ignored. We assume a fast spinning spiral in which the pressing force is consumed as work rather than used to increase the gas velocity. We also assume constant pressure and velocity of the gas over the radial width of the thin spiral channel.

We now consider the power flow of the gas inside the helix. Consider the pressure energy component P _f of the gas flow. The pressure power flow across the area A of the gas flowing at velocity u is P _f = Aup.

By energy conservation, the power loss P _f is the power gain due to the turbine P _p . Therefore, it is as follows:

The conservation of the mass flow means a constant Auρ. The equation is divided by Auρ as follows:

을 사용하여 θ로부터 r로 변수를 변경하면 다음과 같다:Relation

To change the variable from θ to r:

From ideal gas law pV = nRT, we get:

The molar mass m _w is the weight of one mole of gas. Therefore, p / p represents the gas temperature.

According to this substitution, we get a very simple differential equation:

These equations are independent of the nature of the gas used. The first term is the heat energy loss of the gas across the radius. The second term is the one benefit of the turbine.

이고, 다음과 같이 된다:The gas flow is assumed to be adiabatic, which means a constant TV ^γ-1 . The gas volume V is proportional to the Au of the gas flow rate u over the area A. therefore,

And is as follows:

, 즉 채널의 반경 r에 대한 선형 테이퍼를 갖는 A = wd를 선택한다. r = r₀ 경우 d = d₀인 것에 주목하자. 나선형 채널의 반경 및 길이가 각도 θ에 따라 지수적으로 증가하기 때문에, 채널 깊이 d는 채널 길이

에 따라 지수적으로 감소한다.We have constant w and varying depth

, That is, A = wd with a linear taper for the radius r of the channel. Note that d = d ₀ for r = r ₀ . Since the radius and length of the helical channel increase exponentially with angle < RTI ID = 0.0 >#,<

In the same way.

According to the geometry of these channels, we obtain the following differential equation:

The initial condition is T = T ₀ when r = r ₀ . The solution of the differential equation is as follows:

이 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 및 1.0인 경우 터빈을 가로지르는 온도 강하 T/T₀ 대 반경 r₀=1㎝ ≤ r ≤ r₁=4㎝의 플롯이다. 우리는 r₀ = 1㎝, d₀ = 2㎝, 최대 나선 반경 r₁ = 4㎝, c = 0.2, w = 0.3㎝, 및 γ = 1.4를 선택한다.FIG.

0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0, when the temperature across the turbine drops T / T ₀ for the radius r ₀ = a 1㎝ ≤ r ≤ r ₁ = 4㎝ plot of. We choose r ₀ = 1 cm, d ₀ = 2 cm, maximum spiral radii r ₁ = 4 cm, c = 0.2, w = 0.3 cm, and γ = 1.4.

이고, 여기서 T_H = T₀이 가스의 높은 연소후 온도 및 T_L이 가스의 낮은 출구 온도이다.

= 1.0에서, 효율은 60%만큼 높다. ω = 377 rad/s(60Hz)에서, u₀ = 377 ㎝/s, 즉 미풍 속도(시속 15km 미만)이다. 가스는 1000K에서 400K(127℃)까지 냉각된다.Efficiency

Where T _H = T ₀ is the post-combustion temperature of the gas and T _L is the low outlet temperature of the gas.

= 1.0, the efficiency is as high as 60%. At ω = 377 rad / s (60 Hz), u ₀ = 377 cm / s, that is, the breeze speed (less than 15 km per hour). The gas is cooled from 1000K to 400K (127 DEG C).

Pressure variation for isothermal compression of gas in exponential spiral

We repeat the above analysis for isothermal compression instead of the adiabatic expansion of the gas in the previous section. This analysis is important for understanding the performance of the heat pump and the isothermal process for the heat pump improves the efficiency of heat or cold generation.

The thermal energy can be exchanged between the working gas and the environment. In the isothermal process, the internal _gas energy Q _gas = αnRT does not change due to the constant gas temperature T. For air, the degree of freedom of gas molecules (ie, 5) divided by 2 is α = 2.5.

에서 첫 번째 항

이다. 항

에서 행해진 일은 환경으로 전달되는 열이다. 등온 과정의 경우, 열 전달은

이다. 등온 가스 유동의 미분 방정식은 다음 방정식으로 정리된다:For isothermal processes with constant T, the differential equation for the adiabatic process

The first term

to be. term

What is done in the heat is the heat transferred to the environment. In the isothermal process, heat transfer

to be. The differential equation of the isothermal gas flow is summarized by the following equation:

In the isothermal process, pV = nRT is constant due to constant T. The velocity u satisfies the condition that Aup = Aup = A ₀ u ₀ p ₀ is a constant for a given value A ₀ , u ₀ , p ₀ . The above differential equation is as follows:

Solving the above differential equation with a similar taper factor c, we have the following pressure ratio:

이 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25인 경우 r₀=2㎝ ≤ r ≤ r₁=16㎝의 범위의 r에 대한 압력비를 플롯한다. 우리는 c = 0.025(d₀=4.5㎝ ≥ d ≥ d₁=3㎝) 및 폭 w = 1㎝를 갖는 테이퍼를 선택한다.FIG.

The pressure ratio for r in the range of r ₀ = 2 cm? R? R ₁ = 16 cm is plotted for 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25. We choose a taper with c = 0.025 (d ₀ = 4.5 cm ≥ d ≥ d ₁ = 3 cm) and width w = 1 cm.

에 대한 상기의 방정식의 해가 되도록 조정될 것이다.The unknown exit velocity u ₀ is determined by the pressure at the two ends of the spiral, that is, p ₀ and p ₁ . The velocity u ₀ is given by

Lt; / RTI > for the above equation.

The pressure increases linearly with the angular velocity ω and the compressor radius. The compression increases as the flow velocity u ₀ slows down because the same thing is done for a smaller volume of gas flow.

를 대입하면 다음과 같다:The flow velocity u ₀ is related to the rim flow velocity u ₁ by the conservation of the flow equation in the case of isothermal compression A ₀ u ₀ p ₀ = Aup. In the pressure ratio equation

The following is given:

을 갖는다. ω 또는 반경 r을 증가시킴으로써, 중심을 향한 가스 유동이 느려진다. 가스 유동이 느려짐에 따라 압축이 증가한다.In the case of c = 0, we simply

Respectively. By increasing? or radius r, the gas flow toward the center is slowed down. The compression increases as the gas flow slows down.

The tapered bore can increase the compression ratio. Another way to achieve a high compression ratio is to compress the air to multiple stages. Stages of helical compressors can be manufactured by 3D laminate printing. For high efficiency heat engines, a high compression ratio exceeding 20 is required.

Air conditioning and solar desalination can use compression ratios as low as two, in which case our spiral compressors can be effective without spiral tapers or without using multiple spiral stages.

New DC Homo Polar Motor Generators & Motors

The heat pump uses heat to transfer heat from cold to hot. The driving force can be provided by an electric motor. The heat engine converts heat to heat. The driving force is transformed into electricity by the electric generator. We embarked on a redesign of the electric generator and motor. Pioneers such as Edison, Tesla and Steinmetz were frustrated by the technology available at the time. We are now good at redesigning the generator with modern technology, making the generator compact and efficient.

The first electric generator was demonstrated by Michael Ferrardy around 1830. Faraday's homopolar DC disk generators were inefficient. Thereafter, three major technical deficiencies are identified here. The geometry of Faraday's invention was also erroneous.

The first problem was that there was no strong permanent magnet. Because of the absence of strong permanent magnets, Faraday and Henry had to use large electromagnets instead for motion or electric induction. The second problem was that there were no high-speed heat engines like modern gas turbines. Magnets must be strong to convert slow but large torque of the steam engine. The third problem was that there was no solid-state electronics for digital and solid-state control of voltage and current. Voltage control by induction coil and transformer is cumbersome.

Modern technology has solved these problems. We have rare earth magnets with strong magnetic field strength. High-speed turbines operate much faster than piston steam engines. Solid state high power electronics provide flexible control of voltage and current. We re-invent a homo-polar DC generator integrated with our turbine. Generators are smaller due to higher power and voltage than Faraday. Brush or commutator is not required. Since there is no eddy current and magnetic hysteresis loss, the efficiency is high.

We employ a new DC generator as part of Firefly technology. We believe DC is more useful than AC for LED lighting, automotive operation and battery charging. Digital control and solid-state electronics enable easy change of DC voltage and current over time. There is no need to convert DC to AC as required for solar panels connected to the facility network in order to convert the solar-generated DC to the facility network AC.

We describe our generator by the Space Tether Experiment, which was implemented in the space shuttle in 1996. The 2 - kilometer - long metal core tether connects the space shuttle that flies east from the lower equatorial orbit to the more compact external satellite. After the generated current became 1 A, the Teflon coated tether caused pinhole leakage of such current onto the ionosphere, causing the tether to melt, causing loss of satellites.

The Earth's magnetic field of about 25 micro-Tesla at the equator points north, and traverses the tether at an orbital velocity of 10 km / s. The electrons flowed inward into the space shuttle and then leaked from there to the ionosphere. The generated voltage is V = E.d = | v || B | d = 10,000 m / s x 0.000025T x 2000 m = 5000 volts. The tether broke at a voltage of 3500 volts closer to the end of the shuttle end than to the end of the satellite. A high voltage of 3500 volts penetrates the Teflon barrier and the electrons jump through the ionosphere and onto the space shuttle for further dissipation into the surrounding ionosphere.

The space tether test may also be a motor that drives the space shuttle to a higher orbit by inducing current through a rigid tether to generate an electromotive force to press the space shuttle forward. This forward pushing can lift the space shuttle to a higher orbit. Compared to a generator, the shorter and stiffer the pushrod is, the higher the current flow, and multiple rods may be needed for the motor. A figure 8 wiring between the ends of the two parallel rods is required for circuit closure.

Our homopolar DC generator has a similar geometry. We consider the space shuttle to be a fixed one against the rotating earth, that is, the earth becomes a rotor while the space shuttle becomes a stator. We use a rotating disc magnet with the Antarctic facing axially downward. The rotating magnetic field creates an electric field in the stator wire disposed under the disk magnet. Instead of a long stator wire with a current return through the ionosphere, we feed current back to the next loop of stator wire through a winding. We can use the entire magnetic field by wiring the entire orbit as a toroidal solenoid.

A new homo-polar generator is shown in Fig. We explain our generator by two analogies. The upper part of FIG. 4 is based on analogy of the Faraday homopolar DC generator. The bottom view of Figure 4 is based on analogy of space tether experiments. Magnetic rotors are similar to rotating earth. The stator coil is similar to a space tether with a current return.

The Faraday homopolar disc generator has a rotating disc that moves at circumferential speed v from the periphery of the disc. The periphery passes through a single magnetic gap of intensity B. A radial electric field E = v x B is induced, causing current to flow from the center of the disc to the periphery.

The generated current is collected by the brush at the periphery of the disk. The collected electric current is returned to the center of the disk through an external circuit to supply electric power to an electric device such as an ohmic heater.

Our new geometric shape, similar to Faraday, is shown in the top view of FIG. We use a cylindrical body of permanent magnets with an arctic on the outer surface of the cylinder and an Antarctic on the inside of the cylinder. The cylindrical body of the permanent magnet forms the rotor of the generator.

Our geometry is different from Faraday. Our rotor is a circular magnet. Faraday's rotor is a metal disc that rotates between stimuli. Eddy currents flow to the disk around the stimulus causing loss.

Our stator is an outer cylindrical body that is concentric with the rotor. The air gap between the stator and the rotor is as small as 1 millimeter. When the radial magnetic field B moves at a velocity v and induces an upwardly directed electric field, an electric field E = v x B is created along the length of the stator cylinder. The two ends of the metal stator cylinder include oppositely charged electrodes.

The voltage is the scalar product of the electric field E and the length vector d of the cylinder. If the magnetic rotor cylinder has a depth d = | d |, then the generated voltage is V = E.d = | v || B | d.

When operating as a generator, this cylindrical homo-polar DC generator produces a current I. The generated power is P _E = IV = I | v || B | d.

Power is generated by dissipating the mechanical power through a magnetic field due to the current I. According to Ampere's law, the force F due to the current I flowing across the distance d in the magnetic field B is F = I | B | d, neglecting the edge effect. This force acts to resist the mechanical power generated by the turbine.

This magnetic field is the mechanical power P _M = F | v | = I | B | d | v | = IV = P _E , and this work is changed to power P _E. The energy is conserved at exactly the same power generated from the mechanical power.

Our generator does not have a dissipative current loop in the cylinder because the only return path of the current is outside the stator cylinder.

Instead of a cylinder with a limited voltage V = E.d = | v || B | d, we can increase the voltage by connecting the voltages in series. One way of doing so is to use a stator solenoid of n turns instead of the stator cylinder as shown in Fig. The induced voltage in the solenoid is now V = n || E.d || = n | v || B | d.

Another configuration of a generator similar to the space tether experiment is shown in the lower portion of Fig. The stator solenoid is disposed below the magnetic rotor cylinder having a magnetic axis along the cylinder axis. Other stator solenoids may also be placed on the magnetic rotor. The solenoid can be operated as a separate voltage source, or can be connected in series to double the voltage. The induction force between the stator and the rotor acts as a magnetic bearing for gravity, and floats the rotor.

As an example, consider a Hui turbine with radius r = 16 cm rotating at f = 100 Hz. The magnetic field from the rare earth magnet has an intensity of B = 1T, and the height of the magnet is d = 1 cm. The stator winding has n = 100 turns. The electric field strength is | E | = | v x B | = 2 pi rf x 1 T = 100.5 V / m. The induced voltage is V = n | E | d = 100.5V. The power of the generator is P = IV, and the current drawn by the external circuit generates a torque opposite to the torque of the turbine.

This secondary generator can also operate as a rear motor. According to Ampere's law, the force F due to the current I flowing across the distance d in the magnetic field B is F = I | B | d, neglecting the edge effect. When the rotor is not rotating, there is no electric field E = v x B for the zero velocity vector v = 0.

In order to operate the Hui generator as a rear motor, the current controller for I needs to provide a force of F = I | B | d. The current controller fixes the current flow irrespective of the terminal voltage V of the motor. At higher speeds, the induced electric field becomes stronger, producing a larger induced voltage V.

The current controller determines the rate at which the power P = IV is converted to mechanical power. Modern solid state electronics provide effective current and voltage control to facilitate torque generation and speed maintenance.

Huyi motors have many advantages. Torque and speed control is simple. We can achieve close to 100% efficiency. The induction motor experiences 10 +% energy loss due to eddy current and magnetic hysteresis. Our motors have no eddy currents. We do not use heavy or lossy magnetic cores. Our new geometry can make the motor smaller. Our DC motors can directly use DC power sources such as chemical cells, super capacitors, solar panels or our DC generator. We avoid round-trip conversions with loss from DC to AC.

First application of tapered spiral turbine: gas turbine with homo-polar generator

Our thermal turbines convert heat to heat using a Breton thermodynamic cycle. The pressure versus volume graph of the cycle is shown in the lower portion of FIG. The thermodynamic efficiency of the Brayton cycle is affected by the effects of air entrainment and isentropic compression (1 → 2), isobaric expansion and expansion of gas (2 → 3), gas insulation and isentropic expansion (3 → 4) And four steps of isobaric cooling of the gas passing through the turbine (4 → 1).

The Breton cycle thermo-mechanical efficiency is analyzed as follows. Consider the temperature T of the gas and the pressure p over the entire Brayton cycle. In the case of adiabatic compression of gas, we have constant pV ^γ and TV ^{γ -1} . The adiabatic coefficient is γ = 1.4 for a multi-atom gas. Suppose that air and fuel are at a pressure of 1 bar and a temperature of 300K (27 ° C). Adiabatic compression of 8 times the volume increases the pressure to 18.38 bar and raises the temperature to 689.2K (343.3 ° C).

When the fuel-air mixture is combusted under a constant pressure, the heat of combustion increases the volume of the combusted mixture and provides work as the volume expands. After isobaric expansion, the burned air expands further as pressure drops towards the spiral outlet, as opposed to adiabatic compression of the fuel-air mixture. Work is further generated by the adiabatic expansion gas inside the helix.

And W is the area in the pressure versus volume plot of the Brayton cycle. In the case of adiabatic expansion, pV ^γ is constant. The pressures P _L and P _H are low and high pressures before and after the compressor. The volumes V _L and V _H are low and high pressure volumes before and after the compressor. The work performed by the Brayton cycle is as follows:

The constants C and C 'depend on the initial conditions of the gas volume. Normalized by the combustion heat Q for each cycle, the efficiency of this Brayton cycle heat engine is:

또는 압축비

에 따라 달라진다. 카르노 열 기관 효율은

로 주어지는데, 이는 저온 대 고온의 비

에 따라 달라진다. The Brayton cycle has a constant pressure (equal pressure) in two stages of the cycle with the pressures P _L and P _H. The efficiency

Or compression ratio

≪ / RTI > Carnot heat engine efficiency

, Which is the ratio of low to high temperature

≪ / RTI >

Assuming an 8-fold volume compression by the compressor, the pressure is increased by 18.38 times, depending on the constant pV ^γ . The Brayton cycle efficiency is as follows:

An example of a post heat engine is shown in FIG. The lower portion is a cylindrical cylinder of the compressor having a spiral having a constant depth with a width that can be tapered. An alternative compressor that may be used is the Archimedean scroll compressor shown in Fig. The upper part is an inflator conical having a tapered spiral with a certain width having a depth. The compressed air passes from the upper center of the compressor to the lower center of the inflator. The fuel flows through a small tube from the lower center of the compressor to ignite in the central combustion chamber of the inflator. The pressing force of the expanding air after combustion rotates the single compressor-inflator assembly to provide the driving force. Electricity is generated at the bottom of the assembly through the homopolar generator.

Second application of tapered spiral turbine: DC motor driven heat pump / dehumidifier

Heat pumps and refrigeration use refrigerants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFC). The compression of the gaseous HFC pumped heat into the pressurized HFC that is liquefied upon cooling. Evaporation of liquid HFC under reduced pressure removes heat from the environment. This liquefaction-evaporation cycle constitutes a Rankine cycle heat pump process. However, refrigerants such as HFC are powerful global warming gases that, when released into the atmosphere, capture more than 1000 times more heat for the same volume of carbon dioxide. HFCs are expected to be replaced quickly in developed countries.

The airplane uses an alternative air conditioning method using a Rankine cycle heat pump. Air is added from the compressor of the jet engine. A gentle reduction in air pressure causes the added air to cool quickly. I often wonder why mist is often created in the cooled air from the cabin air vent. The mist further cools the air by evaporative cooling. I have concluded that the mist comes from the saturation of the saturated moisture under increased air pressure. The compression of humid air has the advantage of eliminating the heat of condensation of air moisture.

This observation inspired the use of a post-helical compressor to generate cold and condensate. Here, we explain the thermodynamic benefits. Here, we introduce a new thermodynamic heat pump process named after-cycle as shown in the lower part of Fig. The postcycle merges two thermodynamic cycles: a Carnot cycle with isothermal and adiabatic stages, and a Brayton cycle with isobaric and adiabatic stages. We replace the adiabatic process of the Breton cycle with an isothermal process. Isothermal compression reduces the amount of work required. Isothermal expansion increases the work done using ambient heat from the environment.

The after-cycle requires a compressor and an expander together with an internal heat exchanger. Heat exchange can be achieved by ambient air flowing between the helical channels. The steps of the post-cycle are shown in FIG. There are three temperatures: ambient temperature T _a , high temperature T _H where heat is extracted, and low temperature T _L where cold air is generated.

을 필요로 하고, 여기서 p_H, p_L은 등압 단계의 고압 및 저압이다. 이러한 일은 가스의 온도를 상승시키지 않고서 소산되는 압축 열 Q_c로 완전히 변화된다.Step 1 → 2 is the isothermal compaction step of the gas at T _H ,

, Where p _H , p _L are the high and low pressures of the equi-pressure stage. This work is completely changed to the compressive heat Q _c which dissipates without raising the temperature of the gas.

Step 2 → 2a is isobaric cooling of the gas from the high temperature T _H to the ambient temperature T _a . Step 2a → 3 is additional isobaric cooling of the gas from the ambient temperature T _a to the low temperature T _L.

이다.Step 3 → 4 is the isothermal expansion step of the gas at the low temperature T _L , producing the expansion work W _e by the absorption heat Q _e ,

to be.

Step 4 → 4b is isobaric heating of the gas from the low temperature T _L to the ambient temperature T _a . Step 4b → 1 is additional isobaric heating of gas from ambient temperature T _a to high temperature T _H.

We use countercurrent heat exchangers to reuse heat. In the case of step 2 → 2a, the generated heat is absorbed correctly by step 4b → 1. In the case of step 2a → 3, the generated heat is accurately absorbed by steps 4 → 4b.

We consider heating and cooling performance as follows. The heating performance coefficient COP _h is the resultant heat Q _h divided by the net work done W _net = W _c - W _e . Therefore, it is as follows:

The cooling performance factor COP _c is the cold Q _e produced by the isothermal expansion divided by the net date W _net = W _c - W _e . Therefore, it is as follows:

및

를 갖는다.Consider heating the water from T _a = 27 ° C (300K) to T _H = 77 ° C (350K) and cooling the air from T _a = 27 ° C (300K) to 7 ° C (280K). We are

And

.

I asked why compression of refrigerants such as CFCs or HFCs that deplete ozone or capture heat is preferred over compressing air directly. The after-cycle can achieve the ideal heat pump efficiency. Work is recovered from the inflation gas. Conversely, evaporation of refrigerant does not produce work. I suspect that the preference for liquefaction is that we are better at liquefaction by effective refrigerants. According to an efficient and compact spiral turbine, we can effectively compress air to avoid the use of refrigerant.

More preferably, the moist air condenses to condense moisture in the air upon removal of the compressed heat. The condensation heat is dispersed. Traditional air conditioning requires the use of cool air generated by evaporation of the refrigerant gas to remove moisture and condensation heat. Dehumidification of the air increases the workload of the air conditioner to the same air temperature drop. In urban high-rise buildings where the condenser of the air conditioner is located outside the building, condensate often falls to people, causing irritation to pedestrians. We eliminate this irritation by accommodating condensate inside a sealed condenser. The collected water can be emptied by the tube or collected for human and plant consumption.

The evaporation of water applies a vapor pressure which depends only on the temperature. Such vapor pressure is part of the pressure exerted by humid air. Each component gas of the air, such as oxygen (19 vol.%), Nitrogen (80 vol.%), Argon (1 vol.%) And water Atmospheric pressure.

The humidity of the air is defined as the moisture content in the air divided by the moisture content in the 100% humidity air. The dew point is defined as the temperature at which air cools to the point at which moisture begins to condense in 100% humidity air. The dew point and air temperature are the same at 100% humidity.

For 100 grams of air, take air at 100% humidity, for example at 25 ° C and 14 ° C, containing 2 grams of water and 1 gram of water, respectively. Thus, the dew point of 50% humidity air at 25 ° C is 14 ° C.

What happens to air moisture when we double the pressure of 100% humidity air at 25 ° C? Initially, the vapor pressure of all air components is doubled. Humid air heated by compression is again cooled to 25 占 폚. Since the water vapor pressure depends only on the temperature, the increased water vapor pressure due to compression causes the water to condense. Half of the water vapor in the air will have to be condensed to recover to the same vapor pressure of water at 25 ° C.

In the case of high humidity air, when we compress the air by a factor of two to three, much of the air condenses. Such condensation releases a significant amount of condensation heat. Consider increasing the pressure by a factor of 2 for 80% humidity air at 25 ° C. Such air has 1.6 grams of water per 100 grams of humid air. The pressure excretes 0.6 grams of water. In more than 2200 joules per gram of vaporized water, the pressure will release 1320 lines of energy for 0.6 grams of condensed water.

을 제거한다. 25℃에서의 80% 습도 공기의 압력을 4배가 되게 하면, 1.2 그램의 수증기가 배출될 것이다. 공기에서 제거된 물은 인간 또는 식물 소비를 위한 물을 생성한다.This heat is remarkable as compared with the latent heat of 100 grams of air cooled to 20 占 폚. Air cooling to < RTI ID = 0.0 > 20 C < / RTI >

. 80% humidity at 25 ° C If the air pressure is quadrupled, 1.2 grams of water vapor will be emitted. Water removed from the air produces water for human or plant consumption.

Figure 6 shows a rear heat pump for producing hot water, cooling air and condensed water. The upper, upper compressor compresses air from the lower center of the compressor into the heat exchanger tube. The tube passes through the center of the water tank and provides heat for air compression and water condensation to heat the water in the tank. Condensate and cooled compressed air are collected in the lower tank. The compressed air drives the upper inflator to provide cooled air for space cooling. Compressed air may also be dispensed through nylon tubes to the inflator of the room for cooling, as well as the generation of electricity and work for consumption and illumination by the appliance.

Third application of tapered spiral turbine: solar desalination

We can use helical compressors for solar desalination. Electricity that drives the compressor can be generated by solar heat or solar power. Solar energy can be collected as heat to boil seawater at depressurized air pressure. Our spiral compressors can be used to condense vapors from salty water evaporated from the sun. The compression of the low pressure steam raises the temperature at which the steam condenses. Condensation heat can evaporate more brine under reduced pressure.

Solar desalination was inspired while I was strolling Lhasa in Tibet, China. I heard a big hissing sound and saw the steam coming out of the solar water heater. If the atmospheric pressure decreases by half, water boils at 80 ° C. The food grew lukewarm when it was eaten on a railway car passing through the world's highest rail pass between Qinghai and Tibet. I asked for a reheating of the microwave in the dish, which was not of much use: my egg foo yung quickly cooled by the evaporation of food moisture in sparse air.

We can reproduce this low pressure environment in the head of a high water column. The water boils at 80 ° C at the top of the 5-meter water column, where the pressure is reduced by half. The 10 meter water column has zero pressure at the top where water evaporates much. The resulting vapor pressure causes the water column to descend. We need a pump to remove the steam to generate almost vacuum at the top.

Fig. 7 shows a solar water desalination apparatus of Huyi. In the case of a conventional solar water heater, solar heat is captured to heat the water in the glass tube contained in another vacuum glass tube. The outer glass tube has a reflective half surface that reflects sunlight onto the inner water heating tube. Hui solar water heaters use a large reflector of light in the form of a semi-conical shape to focus sunlight along a vertically arranged tube of water. The reflector tracks the sun at an azimuthal position alpha defined by the horizontal angle of the sun from north with alpha = 0. The reflector also tracks the sun at elevation or elevation, defined by the angle beta that the sunlight makes with the horizon. The sun just above the head in the zenith is β = 90 °.

Fig. 8 shows a paraboloid conical reflector. We call the apex line the center line of the parabolic cone. The apex line must point to the sun from the horizon, depending on the azimuthal position of the sun. To track the sun at elevation, the gradient angle δ of the apex line should be such that the reflected light is horizontally reflected on the vertical line of the focal point where the salt water is heated.

The horizontal section of the cone is a parabola with a focus on the vertical z-axis. The vertical position of the focus of such a parabolic cross section depends on the elevation angle of the sun and the inclination of the cone. Let us consider the sun directly above the ceiling with β = 90 °. When the parabolic circle is inclined at an elevation angle of δ = 45 °, the sunlight above the head is horizontally reflected on the salt water column. The reflector is conical in that it is formed by light rays from the circle origin (0, 0, 0). The surface of the cone can be formed by resembling Mylar's cutout fabric on a carbon fiber rod, which is the ray of the cone. The flat mylar sheet fits on the curved surface of the parabolic cone.

Consider an elevation angle of? = 45 占 for the cone as shown in Fig. Let the bottom center of the column be (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0). The parabolic cross section at level z has a vertex (minimum value of the parabola) located at (x, y, z) = (0, -z, z). 8, the light is focused on (x, y, z) = (0, 0, z) with a focal length p = z when the sun is directly above head at? = 90 degrees.

이고, 이는 δ = 45°일 때 천정 β = 90°에서의 태양의 경우, 및 δ = 90°일 때 β = 0°를 갖는 수평선 상의 태양에 대해 확인된다. 정점선은 y-z 평면에서 방정식 y = ztanδ가 된다. 그러면, 포물면 원추 표면은 x² = 4ztanδ(y + ztanδ)이다.Consider a more general case where β> 0. The parabolic surface is x ² = 4p (y + p) for a given vertical level z. We want to reflect sunlight so that the sun hits the vertical pillar horizontally. The resulting slope of the vertex line is

, Which is confirmed for the sun on the ceiling β = 90 ° when δ = 45 ° and on the horizon with β = 0 ° when δ = 90 °. The vertex line becomes the equation y = ztan δ in the yz plane. Then, the surface of the parabolic cone is x ² = 4z tan δ (y + z tan δ).

While it is important for the reflector to track the sun well at azimuth, it is less important to be able to track the sun at elevation. The resulting focus line is maintained in the z-axis, but this focal line can be shifted up or down on that axis depending on the altitude of the sun. Thus, it may be sufficient to have two predetermined inclination delta for the reflector, such as delta = 60 DEG and delta = 75 DEG. Transition from delta = 60 [deg.] to delta = 75 [deg.] can be done by folding origami of the parabola cone.

The decrease in pressure at the head causes water to boil at lower temperatures. The water boils when the vapor pressure of water, which depends only on temperature, is equal to the ambient pressure. As shown in Figure 7, the key step for desalination is to compress the low pressure steam to condense it to a higher pressure. Spiral compressors are placed above the head to remove water vapor.

The compressed and heated water vapor escapes from the center of the helical compressor into a long, thin tube below the center of the water column. As water vapor exchanges with the surrounding boiling water to generate heat, the water condenses.

As the water vapor condenses, a significant amount of condensation heat is produced. The capture of this condensation heat greatly improves the efficiency of desalination.

Condensate is collected in a closed vessel at the bottom of the column as shown in FIG. Fresh water can be pumped from a condensing chamber that can be depressurized.

In chickenpox, evaporation concentrates the salt. This heavy brine solution is discharged after passing the heat through the brine heat exchanger to the brine.

The efficiency of desalination has thermodynamic limitations. The evaporation heat of brine is more than the condensation heat of fresh water. Heat is abundantly supplied by the sun.

Inefficiency is due to incomplete heat exchange. Heat is also lost by convection, which can be limited by insulation. Due to good insulation and heat exchange, we expect high desalination efficiency.

Electricity is supplied by the sun through solar power or solar power. Electricity is used to compress low pressure steam. Electrical energy is converted into compressed heat. Both compression and condensation heat are used to evaporate more brine.

We believe this can be a very economical and sustainable way to desalinate seawater for human and plant consumption. Drinking brine is a health problem in the Indian subcontinent. Islanders may also rely on solar desalination for drinking and cleaning purposes.

Detailed description of integrated heat turbine and generator

Figure 5 shows a cross-sectional view of a thermal turbine and generator. The thermal turbine includes a compressor 501, a heat chamber 502 and an expander 503, and a horizontal cross-sectional view is shown as a four-helix disk at the top and bottom of FIG.

The four compressor spiral channels 504, 505, 506, and 507 rotate to compress air from the outside. Thereafter, the compressed air passes from the center of the compressor 501 into the heat chamber 502. As the compressor rotates in one direction (shown clockwise in the figure), the gas is compressed by flowing in the opposite direction (counterclockwise in the figure) in the compressor spiral channel.

In the case of heat generation by gas combustion, the combustible gas enters the heat chamber 502 through the fuel nozzle 508 where the fuel-air mixture ignites.

In the case of heat generation by condensing solar power generation, sunlight is focused on the top of the chamber 501, possibly allowing the chamber to have a glass top so that focused solar light can enter the chamber.

As one turbine rotates in one direction, the compressor 501 and the inflator 503 rotate clockwise in the same direction shown in the figure when viewed from the top down. The gas expands in the four expander channels (509, 510, 511, 512). The gas rotates in these channels in the opposite direction of the turbine rotation (counterclockwise). The pressure of the gas rotates the turbine clockwise as shown. The pressurized gas escapes from the periphery of the inflator.

Although the gas flows in the same direction (counterclockwise), the spiral expands in the opposite direction to the compressor (clockwise) and inflator (counterclockwise).

The inflator spiral is tapered by a depth decreasing from a deeper depth 513 near the center to a shallower depth 514 near the exit. These tapers allow slow release of pressure from the spiral.

The compressor spiral can be tapered to induce a higher compression ratio. Alternatively, we can use a layered stack of multiple compressors. Compressed air from the center of the compression stage is guided to the rim of the next stage compressor through the centrifugal center. We can use a scroll compressor with two Archimedes spirals instead of a tapered spiral compressor.

The turbine rotates about the two ends (515, 516) on the rotating shaft fixed on the turbine casing. We can use ball bearings, air bearings or magnetic bearings for smooth rotation.

Details of the electric generator 517 are shown in the lower portion of Fig. We place magnets 518 on the rim of the rotor disc to have opposite poles on the top and bottom of the rotor disc as shown.

We use two annular solenoids on the top and bottom of the magnet. These two solenoids can be connected in series to double the voltage output. These two solenoids can serve as magnetic bearings for the turbine. The permanent magnets 518 are floated by the magnetic forces from the solenoids 519 and 520.

The two ends 521 and 522 form the terminals of the DC generator. The external load 523 consumes generated electricity. A load controller may be used to control the rotational speed of the turbine. High voltage increases the speed of rotation. Low external load resistance increases current flow. The high current flow imparts a strong torque resistance to the work provided by the thermal turbine.

Thermal turbines can work directly on external mechanical loads such as the car's gearbox or turboprop of an aircraft. The generated electricity can be stored through a chemical cell or supercapacitor. The generated DC electricity is stored without inversion of DC-AC. The stored DC electricity can be recovered as DC to drive the electric motor. The electric motor may be an electric generator of the combined compressor-expander-generator-motor shown in FIG. We may not need another motor.

Detailed description of air conditioner and dehumidifier

An embodiment of an air conditioner and a dehumidifier is shown in Fig.

One embodiment uses the same structure of a single combined turbine of compressor 601 and inflator 602. A heat chamber for heat absorption is not required. The heat can be sufficiently dispersed by the forced air flow between the helical channels. The compressed, partially cooled air may enter directly into the expander 602 for additional cooling. The inflator also serves as a fan for blowing cold air directly to the body for effective personal cooling.

Instead of directing the partially cooled compressed air from the compressor directly to the expander, we can convert the compressed air downward into a heat exchanger 603 that produces gas heat to the water heating tank 604. [ Cooling of the compressed air condenses in chamber 605 and produces moisture that is collected through 618. The low temperature water enters at 616 and is heated in the water tank 604. High temperature water is extracted at 617.

The compressed air at low temperature is further cooled by the surrounding air and is sent to the expander 602 through the conduit 606. The pressure-consumed air from the inflator 602 is discharged through the air vent 607. The inflator also serves as an air blower for delivering the cooled and dried air to the room in the building.

The compressor is powered by a DC motor (608) structurally identical to a DC generator for a thermal turbine. The rotor magnet 609 is a ring having a magnetic axis aligned with the rotation axis of the rotor. The stator coils 610 and 611 are powered by a DC power supply 612.

The motor control 613 controls the motor voltage and current. The voltage controls the rotation speed. The compressor motor is gradually accelerated to the speed required for compression. The current controls the torque required for compression. The compressor is hinged to the bearing at 614, 615.

An alternative embodiment separates the compressor 601 from the inflator. Compressed air can be delivered to the individual room by a thin nylon tube. An inflator is positioned in each chamber to deliver cool air and possibly electricity generated by the rotating inflator.

Such alternatives may be used in villages with centralized compressors and electric generators. The power for the compressor can be obtained from the solar panel or from our thermal turbine driven by solar or gas burning. We deliver compressed air to the hut instead of power through metal conductors. Compressed air provides low-voltage DC as well as cold air for LED lighting, TV and battery charging. Compressed air may also be stored in large quantities for evening use.

Detailed description of solar desalination

Figure 7 shows a desalination system for evaporating salt water under reduced pressure using solar heat. The power source 710 for driving the compressor 704 may use solar energy.

The system configuration of the water heating and vapor condensation subsystem is very similar to the system configuration for air conditioning with dehumidification. We compress the low pressure steam instead of humid air.

The high water column 701 has a reduced pressure at the head of water 702. The brine tank 703 can be made of strong glass, reinforced concrete or ceramic material that can withstand brine corrosion.

At the top of the water column and inside the water tank 703, the compressor 704 driven by the motor 705 sucks the low pressure steam from the inlet 715. Thereafter, the compressed steam is condensed at 712, 713 after exiting the hinged compressor. The condensate heats the brine in tank 703 for further evaporation.

The circulation of brine is as follows. The brine can be preheated before entering the water chamber 703 through the inlet 710. Preheating can be achieved through heat exchange with salty brine waste. We can preheat the brine in a solar water heater with a vacuum glass heating tube.

The parabolic solar collector 709 focuses solar energy on the brine pillars 703. A more accurate geometric shape of the collector is shown in FIG. The focused sunlight heats the brine and the brine rises to the upper portion 716 and evaporates much due to the reduced pressure at the head. The water is also heated by the condensed vapor in heat exchanger 706.

The more dense brine moves to 717, is cooled by further evaporation, and sinks to the bottom. The brine effluent exits at 711. Heat exchange may occur between brine effluent at high temperatures and brine entering.

To facilitate circulation from the inlet 710 to the outlet 711 through the upper position 716, 717, we can partition the vertical volume of the salt water tank into sectors. If the brine tank is made of clear glass, the sector boundary can also absorb the focused sunlight.

Water may be condensed in chamber 707 and withdrawn through 708.

Solar power can also be provided by a condensing solar powered thermal turbine. Hot air exhaust from the turbine may be used to heat the column of water instead of the condenser mirror 709. Combined thermal organs and solar desalination can be a true life saver for marine vessels and stranded island people.

Conclusion

There are three essential elements in human survival: air, water, sunlight. From these three, perhaps with the help of the gaseous fuel as a precaution, we gain all the human conveniences of cooling, heating, water for food, drinking and cleaning, and the energy required for communication, computing and transportation. We believe that the described invention will provide such human conveniences at the time and place required through the paradigm of personal energy instead of centralized development.

Acknowledgments: Jim Hussey of Monarch Power, Ankur Ghosh, Forest Blair and Jerry Jin have implemented and tested early versions of the turbine. Professor Daniel Bliss from Arizona State University, Professor YC Chiew from Rutgers University, and Professor Falin Chen from National Taiwan University have actively discussed the hydrodynamics of spiral turbines. ASU professor Keng Hsu has 3D laser printing of the metal turbine model.

Claims (29)

An inflator for pressurized gas for converting pressure energy into motion,
Wherein each of the plurality of coaxial disks has a plurality of closed spiral channels for spiral flow of gas from a center to a periphery of each disk,
An increasing radius including an angle increasing linearly or exponentially with an angle rotated by the gas in the channel, and a bore area decreasing with an angle rotated by the spiral channel;
To provide a gas flow with a pressure that gradually decreases with an angle of rotation by applying a pressing force to the outer spiral channel wall to produce a torque greater than an inner spiral channel wall having a smaller wall area and radius. CLAIMS 1. A compressor for compressing gas and increasing gas pressure using motion,
Wherein the compressor includes a plurality of coaxial disks each of which includes a plurality of enclosed spiral channels for spiral flow of gas from a periphery of each disk to a center of the disk, The channel,
A decreasing radius that decreases linearly or logarithmically with an angle that is rotated by the gas in the channel, and a bore area that can increase with an angle that is rotated by the spiral channel;
Wherein the gas flows at a pressure that increases with an angle rotated by an outer spiral channel wall that presses against the gas at a greater torque force than an inner spiral channel wall having a smaller wall area and radius. A compressor-inflator combination of the compressor of claim 2 and the inflator of claim 1,
The combination of compressors is a coaxial stack of stepped arrayed compressor disks wherein the compressed gas from the center of the disk is directed to a peripheral input of the disk of the next stage such that the gas pressure increases from the first stage to the next stage A coaxial stack of a plurality of compressor disks;
A plurality of inflator disks arranged in a staggered arrangement, wherein the partially expanded gas from the periphery of the disk is directed to the center input of the disk of the next stage so that the gas consumes pressure for work;
A conduit of pressurized gas from a compressor stack to an inflator stack, said conduit being an opening between a coupled compressor and an inflator, said conduit being external and further comprising a pressurized gas reservoir between the compressor and the inflator, Including a compressor-inflator combination. An electric generator for converting motion into electricity, said generator comprising a rotor disk, said rotor disk being coaxial with a stator disk on one or both sides of a flat surface of said rotor disk,
The rotor disk is a toroid of permanent magnets having a polarity oriented axially in the vertical direction;
The stator disk is a coaxial annular solenoid having two ends of a solenoid wire including an anode and a cathode interconnected with other electrodes;
Wherein the generator generates electricity in accordance with a right-hand rule to induce an electric field in a radial direction by the rotation of the rotor and by the motion of a vertically oriented magnetic field, thereby generating power as a product of the induced voltage and current. An electric motor for converting electricity into motion, said motor comprising a rotor disk, said rotor disk being coaxial with a stator disk on one or both sides of a flat surface of said rotor disk,
The rotor disk is a toroid of permanent magnets having a polarity oriented axially in the vertical direction;
The stator disk is a coaxial annular solenoid having two ends of a solenoid wire including an anode and a cathode interconnected with other electrodes;
The motor generates rotational motion in accordance with a right-hand rule for the Lorentz force by a vertically oriented magnetic field of the permanent magnet interacting with a magnetic field generated by a current directed in a radially radial direction from the stator disk, Generating a Lorentz magnetic force acting in the circumferential direction of the rotor. The electric generator according to claim 4 and the electric motor according to claim 5,
The electric generator of claim 4, which operates from time to time to cause electricity to be recovered later to be stored in another power storage device to drive the electric generator of claim 4 operating in the same manner as the electric motor of claim 5. A disk-shaped turbine, which is powered by a pressurized gas,
A central chamber in which the pressurized gas is injected by an aqueous nozzle, the gas being heated in the chamber by fuel burning or condensed solar energy;
A plurality of helical channels extending from the central chamber and including an extension radius and a tapered bore;
Wherein the tapered bore is configured to release pressure gradually through the length of the helix and from the periphery of the turbine;
Wherein the turbine is configured to maintain a pressure exerted on the perimeter and wherein the perimeter has an outer surface area that is greater than an inner surface area of the tapered bore so that gas pressure can rotate the turbine in a direction opposite the gas flow A disk-shaped turbine, which allows. 8. The method of claim 7,
The disk turbine further comprising a combined turbine and a generator, the disk turbine being adapted to act as a rotor for the generator and to match an electric generator, the generator further comprising an annulus of electromagnets around the disk turbine, Wherein the annulus of the electromagnet is configured to induce galvanic electricity on the stator coil coaxial with the disc-shaped turbine of claim 7. 9. The method of claim 8,
Wherein the disk turbine further comprises a heat engine and a generator, the disk turbine being matched with the generator and configured to serve as a rotor for the generator, the generator further comprising an annulus of electromagnets around the disk turbine, Wherein the annulus of the electromagnet is configured to induce direct current electricity on a stator coil located at a periphery of the turbine casing and the disc shaped turbine further comprises a disc type compressor configured to rotate by an external torque,
A central chamber configured to allow the compressed gas to escape;
A plurality of compressor spiral channels extending from the central chamber and including an expansion radius and a tapered bore;
The compressed gas from the outside of the compressor is forced inward through the spiral channel in response to the compressive forces of the larger outer surface area of these compressor spiral channels,
Wherein the turbine is configured to drive the compressor through torque force pressure. 10. The method of claim 9,
Wherein the disk-like turbine and the disk-type compressor include a cone shape having a linear taper of each of the plurality of spirals and the plurality of compressor spirals, and the linear taper includes a linear relationship between a channel depth and a spiral radius. Type turbine. 9. The method of claim 8,
Wherein the disc-shaped turbine comprises an Archimedean scroll compressor driven by an electric motor. 8. The method of claim 7,
Wherein the plurality of helical channels have a radius that exponentially increases with the angle of rotation. 8. The method of claim 7,
Wherein the plurality of helical channels have a bore size that decreases exponentially with the angle of rotation. A method of using a compressed gas to drive a turbine,
Forcing the gas into a turbine central chamber rotating through the compressor, the rotating turbine chamber comprising:
A plurality of closed channels for spiral flow of gas from the center to the periphery of each disk; Each spiral channel,
An increasing radius which linearly or exponentially increases with the angle of rotation in the channel by the gas, and
A bore area that can be reduced in accordance with an angle rotated by the helical channel;
Wherein the gas flows at a pressure that gradually decreases with an angle of rotation by applying a pressing force to an outer spiral channel wall that produces a torque greater than an inner spiral channel wall having a smaller wall area and radius. . 15. The method of claim 14,
Further comprising generating cold air through the compressor by expanding the compressed air in the spiral of the rotating turbine;
Wherein the step of generating cold air is completed without the injection of heat by combustion or condensed solar energy. 15. The method of claim 14,
Wherein the compressed gas is delivered by a tube from a disc-shaped compressor configured to rotate by an external torque,
A central chamber configured to allow the compressed gas to escape;
A plurality of helical channels extending from the central chamber and including an extension radius and a tapered bore;
Wherein the compressed gas from the outside of the compressor is forced inwardly through the helical channel in response to a compressive force of a larger outer surface area of the helical channel. 17. The method of claim 16,
Further comprising a motor configured to use the disk compressor as a magnetic rotor of an electric motor configured to drive the compressor, wherein a direct current flows in a plurality of solenoids to drive a rotor magnet having an axial magnetic rotor, Type compressor. 17. The method of claim 16,
Further comprising a heated liquid, wherein the liquid is heated through compression heat of air. 17. The method of claim 16,
Wherein the drinking water is obtained through the gas, the gas comprises humid air, and the drinking water is extracted from moisture in the humid air after compression. 17. The method of claim 16,
Further comprising a container configured to receive air from the compressor, wherein the container is configured to store air after dehumidification as cooled, pressurized, and dehumidified air, the disk being powered by pressurized air supplied from the container, Type turbine, the disc-shaped turbine further comprising:
A central chamber in which the pressurized gas is injected by an aqueous nozzle, the gas being heated in the chamber by fuel burning or condensed solar energy;
A plurality of helical channels extending from the central chamber and including an extension radius and a tapered bore;
Wherein the tapered bore is configured to release pressure gradually through the length of the helix and from the periphery of the turbine;
Wherein the turbine is configured to maintain a pressure exerted on the periphery and wherein the periphery has an outer surface area that is greater than an inner surface area of the tapered bore so that gas pressure can rotate the turbine in a direction opposite the gas flow Disc type compressor. 17. The method of claim 16,
Wherein the plurality of helical channels have a radius that exponentially increases with the angle of rotation. 17. The method of claim 16,
Wherein the plurality of helical channels have a bore size that decreases exponentially with angle of rotation. 17. The method of claim 16,
Wherein the plurality of helical channels have a bore size that decreases exponentially with angle of rotation. 17. The method of claim 16,
Wherein the plurality of spirals have a constant width but the spiral channel depth exponentially decreases with an angle of rotation. In a solar water purification apparatus,
A reflective parabolic conical surface for concentrating solar heat, having a central apex line that tracks the azimuthal position of the sun;
A vertical column at the focal line of the reflective parabolic conical surface and receiving water to be purified;
A compressor inside the vertical column for compressing the low pressure steam at the head of the water column;
A heat exchange tube using condensation heat of compressed steam by a water column; And
And a condenser chamber for collecting the condensed vapor as drinking water. 26. The method of claim 25,
A reflective parabolic conical surface whose elevation of the center vertex is increased to track the altitude of the sun above the horizon. 26. The method of claim 25,
The compressor includes a plurality of disk compressors each having a plurality of helical gas channels with a reduced radius and an increased channel bore area, whereby the gas is directed to an outer spiral And is compressed by the channel to raise the pressure and temperature of the gas. 26. The method of claim 25,
Wherein the compressor is powered by a disk motor having a magnetic rotor with axial magnetization and a solenoid stator driven by DC to produce rotational motion for gas compression. 26. The method of claim 25,
The vertical column is configured to be used to produce reduced water pressure at the head of the column of water to lower the evaporation temperature so that the resulting low temperature and pressure vapors are compressed to produce condensation heat for further evaporation of water to be purified and water, Solar water purification system.

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