KR20160064206A - 한정된 산도를 갖는 음이온성 안정화제 및 폴리(3,4-에틸렌디옥시펜)을 포함하는 안정한 조성물 - Google Patents
한정된 산도를 갖는 음이온성 안정화제 및 폴리(3,4-에틸렌디옥시펜)을 포함하는 안정한 조성물 Download PDFInfo
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- KR20160064206A KR20160064206A KR1020167011366A KR20167011366A KR20160064206A KR 20160064206 A KR20160064206 A KR 20160064206A KR 1020167011366 A KR1020167011366 A KR 1020167011366A KR 20167011366 A KR20167011366 A KR 20167011366A KR 20160064206 A KR20160064206 A KR 20160064206A
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Abstract
본 발명은 한정된 산도를 갖는 이온성 안정화제와 폴리(3,4-에틸렌디옥시티오펜)의 안정한 조성물에 관한 것이다.
Description
본 발명은 한정된 산도를 갖는 이온성 안정화제와 폴리(3,4-에틸렌디옥시티오펜) 의 안정한 조성물에 관한 것이다.
약어 PEDOT 로서 공지되어 있는, 폴리(3,4-에틸렌디옥시티오펜) 은, 1980 년대 말에, AGFA 사와 공동으로 독일 Bayer AG 사의 실험실에서 발견된 중합체이다. 이는 이의 우수한 전도도 및 특히 이의 산화에 대한 안정성 및 이의 투명성으로 인해, 특히 유기 전자 응용제품, 특히 광전지, 보다 일반적으로는 광전자적 응용제품에서 사용된다.
PEDOT 는 통상의 용매 중에 불용성인 중합체이다. 이는 일반적으로, 이를 물 중에 분산가능하도록 만드는, 폴리(스티렌-코-스티렌-술폰산) (PSS) 공중합체와 조합된다. PSS 는 충전제 도펀트로서 작용하여, PSS-풍부 크라운으로 커버된 PEDOT-풍부 코어를 갖는, PEDOT 에 연결된 PSS 사슬의 엉킴 (entanglement) 으로 이루어진 콜로이드 입자를 형성한다. 상이한 전도도를 갖는 이러한 입자들이 시판되고 있다. PEDOT:PSS 는 잉크-젯 프린팅 또는 스핀 캐스팅과 같은 통상의 방법을 통해 박막 형태로 용이하게 증착될 수 있다. 다수의 광전자 소자에서, PEDOT:PSS 층은 산화인듐주석 (ITO) 으로 이루어진 전극층과 활성 유기 재료층 사이에 배치되어 있다. PEDOT:PSS 는 전극의 기능성을 개선시키고, 거친 ITO 표면을 평활하게 하고, 결과적으로 합선을 방지하며, 인듐 및 산소를 포함하지 않는 활성 유기층을 보호하여, 시스템의 수명을 연장시킨다.
불행하게도, PEDOT:PSS 조성물의 바로 이러한 본질은 결점을 갖는다. 특히, PEDOT:PSS 의 콜로이드 분산액은 매우 강산성으로, 인접한 층 열화의 잠재적 원인이 된다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여, PEDOT:PSS 의 이점, 특히 분산액의 안정성을 유지하면서, 강산성인 PSS 를, 또 다른 폴리전해질로 대체하는 것이 요구된다.
수많은 시험 후, 본 출원인은 전하 도펀트로서 작용하여, PEDOT 를 갖는 콜로이드 분산액의 매우 우수한 안정성을 제공하면서, 동시에 이러한 콜로이드 분산액의 산도를 한정하는, 폴리음이온 (Pan) 안정화제 계열을 발견하였다. 수득한 필름은 제조가 용이하고, 우수한 전기 전도도 및 우수한 기계적 특성을 갖는다.
발명의 요약:
본 발명은 PEDOT:폴리음이온 조성물로서, 여기서 폴리음이온이 하기 화학식 I 에 해당하는 단량체를 포함하는 조성물에 관한 것이다:
본 발명의 조성물에 사용되는 PAn 은, 이온성 또는 비이온성 공단량체의 임의적 존재 하에서 단량체 I 의 라디칼 중합 또는 제어 라디칼 중합 (controlled radical polymerization) 에 의해 수득된다.
I 과 임의로 공중합되는 단량체는, 비닐, 비닐리덴, 디엔, 올레핀계, 알릴계 및 (메트)아크릴계 단량체로부터 선택된다. 이러한 단량체는 더욱 특히 비닐방향족 단량체, 예컨대 스티렌 또는 치환 스티렌, 특히 α-메틸스티렌, 아크릴계 단량체, 예컨대 아크릴산 또는 이의 염, 알킬, 시클로알킬 또는 아릴 아크릴레이트, 예컨대 메틸, 에틸, 부틸, 에틸헥실 또는 페닐 아크릴레이트, 히드록시알킬 아크릴레이트, 예컨대 2-히드록시에틸 아크릴레이트, 알킬 에테르 아크릴레이트, 예컨대 2-메톡시에틸 아크릴레이트, 알콕시- 또는 아릴옥시-폴리알킬렌 글리콜 아크릴레이트, 예컨대 메톡시폴리에틸렌 글리콜 아크릴레이트, 에톡시폴리에틸렌 글리콜 아크릴레이트, 메톡시폴리프로필렌 글리콜 아크릴레이트, 메톡시폴리에틸렌 글리콜폴리프로필렌 글리콜 아크릴레이트 또는 이들의 혼합물, 아미노알킬 아크릴레이트, 예컨대 2-(디메틸아미노)에틸 아크릴레이트 (DAMEA), 플루오로 아크릴레이트, 실릴 아크릴레이트, 포스포러스 아크릴레이트, 예컨대 알킬렌 글리콜 포스페이트 아크릴레이트, 글리시딜 또는 디시클로펜테닐옥시에틸 아크릴레이트, 메타크릴계 단량체, 예컨대 메타크릴산 또는 이의 염, 알킬, 시클로알킬, 알케닐 또는 아릴 메타크릴레이트, 예컨대 메틸 메타크릴레이트 (MMA), 라우릴, 시클로헥실, 알릴, 페닐 또는 나프틸 메타크릴레이트, 히드록시알킬 메타크릴레이트, 예컨대 2-히드록시에틸 메타크릴레이트 또는 2-히드록시프로필 메타크릴레이트, 알킬 에테르 메타크릴레이트, 예컨대 2-에톡시에틸 메타크릴레이트, 알콕시- 또는 아릴옥시-폴리알킬렌 글리콜 메타크릴레이트, 예컨대 메톡시폴리에틸렌 글리콜 메타크릴레이트, 에톡시폴리에틸렌 글리콜 메타크릴레이트, 메톡시폴리프로필렌 글리콜 메타크릴레이트, 메톡시폴리에틸렌 글리콜-폴리프로필렌 글리콜 메타크릴레이트 또는 이들의 혼합물, 아미노알킬 메타크릴레이트, 예컨대 2-(디메틸아미노)에틸 메타크릴레이트 (DAMEMA), 플루오로 메타크릴레이트, 예컨대 2,2,2-트리플루오로에틸 메타크릴레이트, 실릴 메타크릴레이트, 예컨대 3-메타크릴로일프로필트리메틸실란, 포스포러스 메타크릴레이트, 예컨대 알킬렌 글리콜 포스페이트 메타크릴레이트, 히드록시에틸이미다졸리돈 메타크릴레이트, 히드록시에틸이미다졸리디논 메타크릴레이트, 2-(2-옥소-1-이미다졸리디닐)에틸 메타크릴레이트, 아크릴로니트릴, 아크릴아미드 또는 치환 아크릴아미드, 4-아크릴로일모르폴린, N-메틸올아크릴아미드, 메타크릴아미드 또는 치환 메타크릴아미드, N-메틸올메타크릴아미드, 메타크릴아미도프로필트리메틸암모늄 클로라이드 (MAPTAC), 글리시딜 또는 디시클로펜테닐옥시에틸 메타크릴레이트, 이타콘산, 말레산 또는 이의 염, 말레산 무수물, 알킬 또는 알콕시- 또는 아릴옥시-폴리알킬렌 글리콜 말레에이트 또는 헤미-말레에이트, 비닐피리딘, 비닐피롤리디논, (알콕시)폴리(알킬렌 글리콜) 비닐 에테르 또는 디비닐 에테르, 예컨대 메톡시폴리(에틸렌 글리콜) 비닐 에테르, 폴리(에틸렌 글리콜) 디비닐 에테르, 올레핀계 단량체 (이 중에서 에틸렌, 부텐, 헥센 및 1-옥텐이 언급될 수 있음), 디엔 단량체 (부타디엔, 이소프렌 및 플루오로 올레핀계 단량체 포함), 및 비닐리덴 단량체 (이 중에서 비닐리덴 플루오라이드가 언급될 수 있음), 또는 이러한 단량체들의 조합에서 선택된다.
PAn 의 중합은 바람직하게는 제어 라디칼 중합 (니트록시드를 통해서든 아니든 관계없이), RAFT (가역적 첨가 분절 연쇄이동 (reversible addition fragmentation transfer)) 또는 ATRP (원자 이동 라디칼 중합 (atom-transfer radical polymerization)) 에 의해 수행된다.
본 발명의 제 1 측면에 있어서, 제어 라디칼 중합은 안정한 자유 라디칼 (1) 에서 유도된 알콕시아민에서 출발하여 수행된다:
[식 중, 라디칼 RL 은 15.0342 g/mol 초과의 몰 질량을 가짐]. 라디칼 RL 은 할로겐 원자, 예컨대 염소, 브롬 또는 요오드, 선형, 분지형 또는 시클릭, 포화 또는 불포화 탄화수소계 기, 예컨대 알킬 또는 페닐 라디칼, 또는 에스테르기 -COOR 또는 알콕시기 -OR, 또는 포스포네이트기 -PO(OR)2 일 수 있고, 단, 이는 15.0342 초과의 몰 질량을 갖는다. 1가 라디칼 RL 은 니트록시드 라디칼의 질소 원자에 대하여 β 위치에 존재하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 화학식 (1) 에서 탄소 원자 및 질소 원자의 나머지 원자가 위치는, 각종 라디칼, 예컨대 수소 원자, 탄화수소계 라디칼, 예컨대 탄소수 1 내지 10 의 알킬, 아릴 또는 아릴알킬 라디칼에 결합될 수 있다. 화학식 (1) 에서 탄소 원자 및 질소 원자가 2가 라디칼을 통해 함께 연결되어, 고리를 형성하는 것도 배제되지 않는다. 하지만, 바람직하게는, 화학식 (1) 의 탄소 원자 및 질소 원자의 나머지 원자가 위치는 1가 라디칼에 연결된다. 바람직하게는, 라디칼 RL 은 30 g/mol 초과의 몰 질량을 갖는다. 라디칼 RL 은, 예를 들어 40 내지 450 g/mol 의 몰 질량을 가질 수 있다. 예로써, 라디칼 RL 은 포스포릴기를 포함하는 라디칼일 수 있고, 상기 라디칼 RL 은 하기 화학식으로 표시될 수 있다:
[식 중, R3 및 R4 는, 동일하거나 상이할 수 있고, 알킬, 시클로알킬, 알콕시, 아릴옥시, 아릴, 아르알킬옥시, 퍼플루오로알킬 및 아르알킬 라디칼로부터 선택될 수 있고, 1 내지 20 개의 탄소 원자를 포함할 수 있음]. R3 및/또는 R4 는 또한 할로겐 원자, 예컨대 염소 또는 브롬 또는 플루오린 또는 요오드 원자일 수 있다. 라디칼 RL 은 또한 페닐 라디칼 또는 나프틸 라디칼 (이는 예를 들어 탄소수 1 내지 4 의 알킬 라디칼로 치환될 수 있음) 과 같은 하나 이상의 방향족 고리를 포함할 수 있다.
더욱 특히, 하기 안정한 라디칼에서 유도된 알콕시아민이 바람직하다:
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N-tert-부틸-1-페닐-2-메틸프로필 니트록시드,
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N-tert-부틸-1-(2-나프틸)-2-메틸프로필 니트록시드,
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N-tert-부틸-1-디에틸포스포노-2,2-디메틸프로필 니트록시드,
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N-tert-부틸-1-디벤질포스포노-2,2-디메틸프로필 니트록시드,
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N-페닐-1-디에틸포스포노-2,2-디메틸프로필 니트록시드,
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N-페닐-1-디에틸포스포노-1-메틸에틸 니트록시드,
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N-(1-페닐-2-메틸프로필)-1-디에틸포스포노-1-메틸에틸 니트록시드,
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4-옥소-2,2,6,6-테트라메틸-1-피페리디닐옥시,
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2,4,6-트리-tert-부틸페녹시.
제어 라디칼 중합에 사용되는 알콕시아민은 단량체 순서의 우수한 제어를 가능하게 해야한다. 따라서, 이들이 모두 특정 단량체의 우수한 제어를 가능하게 하는 것은 아니다. 예를 들어, TEMPO 에서 유도된 알콕시아민은 오로지 한정된 수의 단량체만 제어할 수 있고, 이는 2,2,5-트리메틸-4-페닐-3-아자헥산 3-니트록시드 (TIPNO) 에서 유도된 알콕시아민의 경우에도 마찬가지이다. 한편, 화학식 (1) 에 해당하는 니트록시드에서 유도된 기타 알콕시아민, 특히 화학식 (2) 에 해당하는 니트록시드에서 유도된 알콕시아민 및 보다 더욱 특히 N-tert-부틸-1-디에틸포스포노-2,2-디메틸프로필 니트록시드에서 유도된 알콕시아민은, 이러한 단량체의 제어 라디칼 중합을 다수의 단량체로 확장시킬 수 있다.
또한, 알콕시아민의 개시 온도 또한 경제적 요인에 영향을 미친다. 저온의 사용은 산업적 애로사항을 최소화하는데 바람직할 수 있다. 따라서, TEMPO 또는 2,2,5-트리메틸-4-페닐-3-아자헥산 3-니트록시드 (TIPNO) 에서 유도된 알콕시아민에 비해, 화학식 (1) 에 해당하는 니트록시드에서 유도된 알콕시아민, 특히 화학식 (2) 에 해당하는 니트록시드에서 유도된 알콕시아민 및 보다 더욱 특히 N-tert-부틸-1-디에틸포스포노-2,2-디메틸프로필 니트록시드에서 유도된 알콕시아민이 바람직할 수 있다.
본 발명의 제 2 측면에 있어서, 제어 라디칼 중합은 RAFT 를 통해, 및 더욱 특히 하기 화학식 II 에 해당하는 RAFT 작용제를 이용하여 수행된다:
[식 중, R 은 탄소수 1 내지 22, 바람직하게는 탄소수 10 내지 18 및 더욱 바람직하게는 탄소수 12 의 알킬기를 나타냄].
본 발명의 주제인 PEDOT:PAn 조성물은 나노충전제, 예컨대 탄소 나노튜브 (단일벽이든 다중벽이든 관계없이), 그래핀 또는 은 나노얀 (nanoyarn) 을 분산시키는데 사용될 수 있다. 이러한 조성물을 이용하여 수득된 필름은 우수한 투명도 및 우수한 전도도를 갖는다. 본 발명의 조성물은 또한 첨가제, 특히 에틸렌 글리콜을 함유할 수 있다.
실시예 1:
RAFT 를 통한 칼륨 4-스티렌술포닐 (트리플루오로메틸술포닐)이미드와 2-(도데실-술파닐-티오카르보닐-술파닐)-2-메틸프로피온산의 중합:
STFSIK 로서 공지된 단량체 칼륨 4-스티렌술포닐 (트리플루오로메틸술포닐)이미드의 합성을 문헌 [R. Meziane et al., Electrochimica Acta, 2011, 57, 14-19] 에 기재된 바와 같이 수행하였다.
RAFT 작용제 (2-(도데실-술파닐-티오카르보닐-술파닐)-2-메틸프로피온산) 을 문헌 [J.T. Lai et al., Macromolecules, 2002, 35, 6754-6756] 에 기재된 바와 같이 합성하였다.
2 g (5.66 mmol) 의 칼륨 4-스티렌술포닐 (트리플루오로메틸술포닐)이미드, 36.4 mg (0.1 mmol) 의 2-(도데실-술파닐-티오카르보닐-술파닐)-2-메틸프로피온산, 3.28 mg (0.02 mmol) 의 AIBN (아조비스이소부티로니트릴) 및 4 ml 의 디메틸포름아미드 (DMF) 를 건조시킨 쉬렝크 (Schlenk) 튜브 내에 위치시켰다. 이어서, 쉬렝크 튜브를 불활성으로 만들고, 65℃ 오일 배쓰 중에 위치시켰다. 완전 전환 (24 시간) 후, 쉬렝크 튜브를 액체 질소 중에 침지시켰다. 중합체 PSTFSIK (칼륨 폴리(4-스티렌술포닐 (트리플루오로메틸술포닐)이미드)) 를 침전화 및 이어서 에테르를 이용한 여과에 의해 2 회 세정하였다. 이어서, 중합체를 진공 하 오븐 내에서 60℃ 에서 건조시켰다. 중합체의 구조를 양성자 NMR (도 1) 및 19-플루오린 NMR (도 2) 로 확인하였다.
폴리스티렌 표준을 이용하여 SEC 에 의해 측정된 수-평균 분자량은 20 000 g/mol 였고, 다분산도 지수는 1.1 이었다.
실시예 2: PSTFSIK 존재 하에서의 EDOT 의 중합:
150 ml 의 탈이온수 중에 용해시킨 1.65 g (Mn 20 000 g/mol) 의 PSFTSIK, 0.3 ml (2.81 mmol) 의 EDOT (Sigma-Aldrich) 를, 교반 하에서 1-구 둥근 바닥 플라스크에 위치시켰다. 이어서, 암모늄 퍼술페이트 (640 mg, 2.81 mmol) 및 염화제2철 (ferric chloride) (136 mg, 0.84 mmol) 의 혼합물을 도입하였다. 반응 혼합물을 질소 분위기 하 25℃ 에서 48 시간 동안 격렬하게 교반하였다. 이로써, 진청색 분산액을 수득하였다. 수득한 PEDOT 및 PSTFSIK 의 분산액을 탈이온수 존재 하에서 재생 셀룰로오스 Millipore 멤브레인 NMWL:100 000 (분획 분자량) 을 이용하여 초미세여과로 세정하여, PEDOT 에 결합되지 않은 PSTFSIK 및 산화제에서 유래된 염을 제거하였다. 고체의 최종 수율은 85% 였다. 이러한 분산액을 이용하여 스핀 코팅에 의해 필름을 제조하고, AFM 이미징에 적용하였다. 도 3 은 40 내지 50 nm 범위의 입자 크기를 나타낸다.
실시예 1 에서 제조된 PEDOT-폴리스티렌-코-폴리스티렌 술포네이트 라텍스를 시판용 라텍스 (PEDOT-폴리스티렌-코-폴리스티렌 술포네이트) 와 비교하였다.
이러한 제품을 탈이온수 (1 질량%) 중에 분산시키고, IKA T18 Ultra-turrax 블렌더를 사용하여, 다양한 속도 (15 500, 20 000, 24 000 rpm) 에서, 각각의 속도에 대하여 5 분 동안 전단에 적용하였다.
이러한 조건 하에서, 시판용 라텍스이든지 본 발명의 주제인 라텍스이든지에 관계없이, 최소의 응집체도 관찰할 수 없었으며, 이는 이러한 2 종의 라텍스의 매우 우수한 안정성을 입증하는 것이다.
실시예 3: 실시예 2 의 분산액 중에의 단일벽 탄소 나노튜브의 분산:
Arkema 사의 Graphistrength® 다중벽 탄소 나노튜브를, 실시예 2 의 분산액을 사용하여 강력한 초음파 여기를 이용하여 수 분 동안 물 중에 분산시켰다. 잔여 응집체를 초원심분리에 의해 제거하였다. 0.26 중량% 의 PEDOT:PSTFSIK 결합을 함유하는 수용액 중에 0.15 중량% 이하의 농도로 탄소 나노튜브를 갖는 안정한 분산액을 관찰하였다.
실시예 4: 벌크 PEDOT:PSTFSIK 결합의 전도도
PEDOT:PSTFSIK 샘플의 전기 전도도를, 두께 1 mm 및 직경 13 mm 의 디스크 형태로 압착된 PEDOT:PSTFSIK 샘플에 대하여 "4-탐침" 방법을 통해 측정하였다. 디스크는 10-톤 유압 프레스를 사용하여 수득하였다. 각종 합성 실험 조건 하에서 제조된 이러한 디스크의 물질 전도도를 표 1 에 기록하였다.
EDOT 및 STFSIK 의 몰비가 0.6:1 이고, 1:0.3 비로 APS/FeCl3 산화제와 결합을 갖는 경우에 가장 우수한 전도도가 수득되었다. 합성을 물/이소프로판올 혼합물 또는 물/에틸렌 글리콜 혼합물에서 수행한 경우에는 전도성이 관찰되지 않았다.
실시예 5: PEDOT:PSTFSIK 분산액 중의 탄소 나노튜브의 분산 및 PEDOT:PSTFSIK 결합의 전도도
100℃ 로 가열된 핫플레이트 상에 위치된 유리 플레이트 상에 10 질량% 의 에틸렌 글리콜을 갖는 PEDOT:PSTFSIK 분산액을 분무 코팅하여, PEDOT:PSTFSIK 의 박막을 제조하였다. 저항성을 4-탐침 기법을 통해 측정하고, 투과율을 Shimadzu UV-Vis-NIR UV-3600 분광광도계를 사용하여 550 nm 에서 측정하였다.
동일한 방식으로, 실시예 3 에서 제조된 바와 같은 탄소 나노튜브를 함유하는 분산액으로부터 박막을 제조하고, 전도도 및 투과율을 측정하였다.
이의 곡선 그래프는 도 4 에서 확인할 수 있다.
Clevios 사의 PEDOT:PSS PH1000 (널리 공지된 PEDOT:PSS) 에 비해, 탄소 나노튜브 (CNT) 를 함유하는 제형의 만족스러운 거동에 특히 주목해야 한다.
Claims (11)
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 폴리음이온이 니트록시드를 이용하여 제어 라디칼 중합에 의해 중합된 것인 조성물.
- 제 2 항에 있어서, 니트록시드가 N-tert-부틸-1-디에틸포스포노-2,2-디메틸-프로필 니트록시드인 조성물.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 폴리음이온이 RAFT 유형의 제어 라디칼 중합에 의해 중합된 것인 조성물.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 또한 첨가제를 함유하는 조성물.
- 제 6 항에 있어서, 첨가제가 에틸렌 글리콜인 조성물.
- 제 1 항 내지 제 7 항 중 어느 한 항에 따른 조성물로부터 수득된 전도성 투명 필름.
- 나노충전제를 분산시키기 위한 제 1 항 내지 제 7 항 중 어느 한 항에 따른 조성물의 용도.
- 제 9 항에 있어서, 나노충전제가 탄소 나노튜브로 이루어진 것인 용도.
- 제 1 항 내지 제 7 항 중 어느 한 항에 따른 조성물 및 탄소 나노튜브로부터 수득된 전도성 투명 필름.
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PCT/FR2014/052750 WO2015063416A2 (fr) | 2013-10-31 | 2014-10-29 | Compositions stables de poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) et de stabilisants anioniques a acidité limitée |
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