KR101588547B1 - 항-cxcr1 조성물 및 방법 - Google Patents
항-cxcr1 조성물 및 방법 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
도 2는 "암 줄기 세포 지문"에 기초하여, 유방 세포주로부터 분리된 ALDEFLUOR-양성 및 ALDEFLUOR-음성 개체군을 분류한 것을 나타낸 것이다. 도 2A. 413개의 유전자 발현 지문을 기초로 한 16개 샘플의 계층 클러스터링. 데이터 행렬에서 각 행은 유전자를 나타내고, 각 열은 샘플을 나타낸다. ALDEFLUOR-양성 샘플 (밑줄친 이름)과 음성 샘플 (밑줄치지 않은 이름)과의 분리는 413개 유전자의 16개의 샘플 중 15개의 샘플에서 나타났다. 지문에 포함된 일부 유전자들은 'Entrez Gene'에서 사용된 것과 같은 HUGO 약어로 표시를 하였다 (ALDEFLUOR-양성 개체군 내에서 하향 조절되는 유전자는 녹색으로 표지를 하고, ALDEFLUOR-양성 개체군 내에서 상향 조절되는 유전자는 적색으로 표지함). 도 2B-C. 유전자 발현 결과를 확인하기 위해, ALDEFLUOR 표현형에 대해 분류된 5개의 유방암 세포주 한 세트 중에서, ALDEFLUOR-양성 개체군 중에 과발현된 5개의 식별 유전자 (CXCR1/IL8RA, FBXO21, NFYA, NOTCH2 및 RAD51L1)의 발현을 정량적 RT-PCR로 측정하였다. 본 도면에는 CXCR1과 FBXO21의 정량적 RT-PCR 발현 수준을 나타냈다. 정량적 RT-PCR로 측정한 유전자 발현 수준에 있어서는, DNA 마이크로어레이를 사용하여 얻은 결과로 볼 때, ALDEFLUOR-음성 개체군에 비해 ALDEFLUOR-양성 개체군에서 CXCR1 및 FBXO21 mRNA 수준이 증가했음을 확인하였다 (p<0.05).
도 3은 유방암 줄기 세포를 조절하는데 있어서 IL8/CXCR1 축의 역할을 나타낸 것이다. A. CXCR1을 발현하는 세포는 ALDEFLUOR-양성 개체군에 포함되어 있다. 4개의 서로 다른 유방암 세포주 (HCC1954, SUM159, MDA-MB-453, BrCa-MZ-01)의 ALDEFLUOR-양성 및 -음성 개체군을 FACS에 의해 분리하고 이를 고정시켜, 면역염색법 및 FACS 분석법을 이용하여 CXCR1 단백질의 발현에 대해 분석하였다. ALDEFLUOR-양성 세포들은 ALDEFLUOR-음성 개체군에 비해 CXCR1-양성 세포가 매우 풍부하였다. B. 3개의 서로 다른 세포주 (HCC1954, SUM159, MDA-MB-453)의 종양구 (tumorsphere) 형성에 대한 IL8 처리의 효과. IL8 처리는 투여량 의존 방식으로 1차 및 2차 종양구 형성을 증가시켰다. C. 부착성 조건 하에 배양된 4개의 서로 다른 세포주의 ALDEFLUOR-양성 개체군에 대한 IL8 처리의 효과. IL8은 분석된 4개의 각 세포주에 있어서 투여량 의존 방식으로 ALDEFLUOR-양성 개체군을 증가시켰다 (* p<0.05/ ** p<0.01, 대조군에 비해 통계적으로 유의한 차이).
도 4는 ALDEFLUOR-양성 세포가 증가된 전이 가능성을 나타내고 있음을 보인 것이다. A. IL8/CXCR1 축은 암 줄기 세포 침입과 관련이 있다. 침입에 있어서 IL8/CXCR1 축의 역할은 3개의 서로 다른 세포주 (HCC1954, MDA-MB-453, SUM159)에 대한 유인 물질로서 혈청 또는 IL8을 사용한 매트리겔 침입 분석에 의해 평가하였다. ALDEFLUOR-양성 세포는 ALDEFLUOR-음성 세포에 비해 6배 내지 20배로 침입성이 강했다 (p<0.01). 유인 물질로 IL8 (100 ng/㎖)을 사용했을 때, 유인 물질로 혈청을 사용했을 때보다 매트리겔을 통한 ALDEFLUOR-양성 세포의 침입이 현저히 증가하였음을 관찰할 수 있었다 (p<0.05). 이와는 반대로, IL8은 ALDEFLUOR-음성 개체군의 침입 역량에 대해서는 아무런 영향을 주지 않았다. B-M. ALDEFLUOR-양성 개체군은 증가된 전이 가능성을 나타냈다. B-D. 각 그룹 (ALDEFLUOR-양성, ALDEFLUOR-음성, 비분리된 그룹)의 세포들을 100,000개의 루시퍼라아제로 감염시킨 후, 일주일 간격으로 측정한 정규화 광자 플럭스(normalized photon flux)의 정량. E-J. 생체 발광 영상 소프트웨어를 이용한 전이의 검출 (E, G, I: 마우스가 얼굴을 아래로 향한 상태; F, H, J: 마우스가 얼굴을 위로 향한 상태). ALDEFLUOR-양성 세포로 접종한 마우스는, 마우스 한 마리당 한 개 이하의 전이가 발생했던 비분리된 세포를 이용해 접종했던 마우스에 비해, 서로 다른 부위 (뼈, 근육, 폐, 연조직)에 국소적으로 여러 곳에 전이가 생겼으며, 더 높은 광자 플럭스 방출을 나타냈다. 이와는 반대로, ALDEFLUOR-음성 세포로 접종한 마우스는 림프절에 국한된 작은 전이만이 가끔 발생하였다. K-M. ALDEFLUOR-양성 세포의 주입으로 유발된 뼈 (K), 연조직 (L) 및 근육 (M) 전이의 H&E 염색에 의한 조직학적 확인.
도 5는 종양 세포 생존력 (도 5A)과 암 줄기 세포 생존력 (도 5B)에 대한 CXCR1 억제의 효과를 나타낸 것이다.
도 6은 레퍼탁신 처리가 FAS/FAS 리간드 신호 전달에 의해 매개되는 방관자 효과(bystander effect)를 유발한다는 것을 보여주며, 특히 레퍼탁신 처리로 인해 유발된 세포 성장 억제는 FAS 길항제의 첨가로 인해 부분적으로 구제되었으며, FAS 작용제로 처리된 세포들도 레퍼탁신으로 처리된 세포와 유사한 세포 성장 억제를 나타냈다는 것을 보여준다.
도 7은 레퍼탁신 처리를 하지 않았을 때 FAK, AKT 및 FOXOA3의 활성화 (7A)와 레퍼탁신의 존재 하에 FAK, AKT 및 FOXOA3의 활성화 (7B)를 나타낸 것이다.
도 8은 하나의 유방암 세포주 (8A, SUM159) 및 서로 다른 환자들에서 생성된 3개의 인간 유방암 이종 이식물 (8B, MC1; 8C, UM2; 및 8D, UM3)에 대한 레퍼탁신, 도세탁셀, 또는 이들의 조합의 효과를 나타낸 것이다.
도 9는 SUM159 (9A), MC1 (9B), UM2 (9C), UM3 (9D)을 비롯한 다양한 세포주에 대해 ALDEFLUOR 분석법으로 평가된, 암 줄기 세포 개체군에 대한 레퍼탁신, 도세탁셀, 또는 이들의 조합 처리의 효과를 나타낸 것이다.
도 10은 2차 NOD-SCID 마우스 유방의 지방체(mammary fat pad)에 이식된 1차 종양 (10A. SUM159, 10B. MC1, 10C. UM2, 10D. UM3)의 연속 희석물에 대한 레퍼탁신, 도세탁셀, 또는 이들의 조합의 효과를 나타낸 것이다.
도 11은 레퍼탁신 처리로 SUM159 세포주의 전이 가능성이 감소됨을 나타낸 것이다. 도 11A는 SUM 159 세포를 심장 내 투여로 접종한 후, 일주일 간격으로 측정한 정규화 광자 플럭스의 정량을 나타낸 것이다. 전이의 형성은 생체 발광 영상을 이용하여 모니터링하였다 (11B: 식염수 용액으로 처리한 마우스; 11C: 레퍼탁신으로 처리한 마우스).
도 12는 SUM159 세포의 ALDEFLUOR-양성 하위 개체군과 CXCR1-양성 하위 개체군 (위) 또는 CXCR2-양성 하위 개체군 (아래) 간에 중복되는 부분을 나타낸 것이다. B-C. SUM159 세포를 부착성 조건에서 배양하여 레퍼탁신 (100nM)으로 처리하거나, 또는 CXCR1 (10㎍/㎖) 혹은 CXCR2 (10㎍/㎖)에 대한 두 특이적 차단 항체로 처리하였다. 3일 후, ALDEFLUOR 분석법을 이용하여 암 줄기 세포 개체군에 대한 효과를 분석하였고 (B), MTT 분석법을 이용해 처리 5일 후에 세포 생존력을 평가하였다 (C). 레퍼탁신 또는 항-CXCR1 항체로 처리한 후에 ALDEFLUOR-양성 개체군과 세포 생존력의 현저한 감소가 관찰되었다. 이와는 반대로, 항-CXCR2 항체를 사용했을 때는 현저한 영향이 관찰되지 않았다. D. 처리 4일 후, TUNEL 분석법을 이용해 사멸 세포수를 평가하였다. 대부분 생존 세포 (청색으로 염색됨)가 존재하는 대조군과 비교하여 레퍼탁신으로 처리된 세포들에서는 36%의 사멸 세포 (녹색으로 염색됨)가 검출되었다. E-F. 세포 사멸이 방관자 효과를 통해 매개되는지의 여부 측정. CXCR1-양성 및 CXCR1-음성 개체군을 흐름 분류(flow sort)시켜, 각 개체군을 다양한 농도의 레퍼탁신으로 처리하였다 (D). CXCR1-양성 개체군과 비분류된 개체군에서 세포 생존력의 감소가 관찰되었던 반면에, CXCR1-음성 개체군에서는 아무런 영향도 관찰되지 않았다 (E). 레퍼탁신으로 3일간 처리된 CXCR1-양성 세포의 투석 적응용 배지 (dCM)를 사용하여, 분류된 CXCR1-양성, CXCR1-음성, 또는 비분류된 개체군을 처리하였다. 투석 적응용 배지의 연속 희석을 이용하였다 (대조군, dCM 1/4, dCM 1/2, dCM 3/4, dCM). 처리 2일 후, MTT 분석법을 이용하여 세포 생존력을 평가하였다. CXCR1-음성 개체군과 비분류된 개체군 모두에서 세포 생존력의 현저한 감소가 관찰되었던 반면, CXCR1-양성 개체군에서는 아무런 영향도 관찰되지 않았다 (F).
도 13은 SUM159 세포주의 ALDEFLUOR-양성/CXCR1-양성 세포군 및 ALDEFLUOR-양성/CXCR1-음성 세포군의 종양유발성을 나타낸 것이다. A. 서로 다른 세포수 (50,000개의 세포, 5,000개의 세포, 1,000개의 세포 및 500개의 세포)를 주입한 것과 각 개체군 (ALDEFLUOR-양성/CXCR1-양성, ALDEFLUOR-양성/CXCR1-음성)에 대해 종양 성장 곡선을 플롯팅하였다. 두 세포군 모두에서 종양이 발생하였다. 종양 성장의 역학은 종양 형성의 잠복기와 크기 및 주입된 세포의 수와 상관 관계가 있었다. B-C. ALDEFLUOR-양성/CXCR1-양성 개체군에 의해 생성된 종양은 연속 계대 배양시 초기 종양의 표현 이질성을 재구축하였던 반면, ALDEFLUOR-양성/CXCR1-음성 개체군은 ALDEFLUOR-양성/CXCR1-음성 세포만을 함유하는 종양을 생성하였다. 본 발명자들은 3개의 계대 배양에 대해 두 세포군 모두를 이식하였다.
도 14는 종양구 형성에 대한 CXCR1 차단의 효과를 나타낸 것이다. SUM159 및 HCC1954 세포를 부착성 조건에서 배양하여 레퍼탁신 (100nM), 항-CXCR1 차단 항체 (10㎍/㎖), 또는 항-CXCR2 차단 항체 (10㎍/㎖)로 3일간 처리하였다. 처리 3일 후, 세포들을 떼어내어 현탁액 중에서 배양하였다. 배양 5일 후에 형성된 종양구의 수를 평가하였다. 양 세포주에 있어서, 레퍼탁신 및 항-CXCR1 처리 조건에서 1차 및 2차 종양구 형성이 대조군에 비하여 현저히 감소하는 유사한 결과가 관찰되었다. 이와는 반대로, 항-CXCR2 차단 항체는 종양구 형성에 아무런 영향을 주지 못했다.
도 15는 SUM159, HCC1954 및 MDA-MB-453 세포주의 세포 생존력에 대한 레퍼탁신 처리의 효과를 나타낸 것이다. 3개의 서로 다른 세포주 (SUM159, HCC1954, MDA-MB-453)를 부착성 조건에서 배양하여 레퍼탁신 (100nM)으로 처리하였다. MTT 분석법을 이용해 처리 1일 후, 3일 후 및 5일 후에 세포 생존력을 평가하였다. SUM159 및 HCC1954 세포주에 있어서 처리 3일 후에 세포 생존력의 감소가 관찰되었다. 그러나, 레퍼탁신은 MDA-MB-453 세포의 생존력에는 영향을 주지 못했다.
도 16은 시험관 내 ALDEFLUOR-양성 개체군에 대한 CXCR1 차단의 효과를 나타낸 것이다. A-B. HCC1954 (A) 및 MDA-MB-453 (B) 세포를 부착성 조건에서 배양하여 레퍼탁신 (100nM)으로 처리하거나, 또는 CXCR1 (10㎍/㎖) 혹은 CXCR2 (10㎍/㎖)에 대한 두 특이적 차단 항체로 처리하였다. 3일 후, ALDEFLUOR 분석법을 이용해 암 줄기 세포 개체군에 대한 효과를 분석하였다. HCC1954에 있어서는, 레퍼탁신 또는 항-CXCR1 항체로 처리한 후, ALDEFLUOR-양성 개체군과 세포 생존력의 현저한 감소가 관찰되었다. 이와는 반대로, 항-CXCR2 항체를 사용했을 때는 현저한 영향이 관찰되지 않았다 (A). MDA-MB-453에 있어서는, ALDEFLUOR-양성 개체군에 대한 아무런 영향도 관찰되지 않았다 (B).
도 17은 레퍼탁신 처리가 FAS/FAS-리간드 신호 전달에 의해 매개되는 방관자 효과를 유도함을 나타낸 것이다. A. 레퍼탁신 처리에 의해 유발된 방관자 사멸 효과가 FAS-리간드에 의해 매개되는지의 여부를 알아보기 위해, ELISA 분석법을 이용하여 배지 내에 가용성 FAS-리간드의 수준을 측정하였다. 처리 4일 후, 레퍼탁신으로 처리한 세포의 배지에서는 가용성 FAS-리간드가 비처리된 대조군에 비해 4배 이상 증가되었음이 관찰되었다. B. FAS-리간드 mRNA의 수준을 RT-PCR로 측정하여 레퍼탁신 처리 후 FAS-리간드 생성이 증가되었음을 확인하였다. 대조군에 비해, FAS 신호 전달을 활성화하는 FAS 작용제 처리 4일 후에 FAS-리간드 mRNA가 5배 증가하는 유사한 결과가 관찰되었다. C. SUM159 세포를 부착성 조건에서 배양하고 레퍼탁신 단독으로 또는 항-FAS-리간드를 함께 병용하여 처리하였다. 레퍼탁신 처리로 인해 유발된 세포 성장 억제는 항-FAS-리간드의 첨가로 인해 부분적으로 구제되었다. FAS 작용제로 처리된 세포들도 레퍼탁신 단독으로 처리된 세포와 유사한 세포 성장 억제를 나타냈다. D-E. CXCR1-양성 개체군 및 ALDEFLUOR-양성 개체군에 대하여, 레퍼탁신 단독 처리 또는 항-FAS-리간드와 함께 병용한 처리 효과 및 FAS 작용제의 처리 효과를 분석하였다. 레퍼탁신 처리로 유발된 CXCR1-양성 개체군 및 ALDEFLUOR-양성 개체군의 현저한 감소는 항-FAS-리간드에 의해 구제되지 않았으며, FAS 작용제를 이용하여 처리하였더니 CXCR1-양성 개체군과 ALDEFLUOR-양성 개체군의 백분율이 각각 10배와 3배로 증가하였다.
도 18은 CXCR1-양성 세포 및 CXCR1-음성 세포에 대한 FAS 작용제의 효과를 나타낸 것이다. CXCR1-양성 개체군 및 CXCR1-음성 개체군을 흐름 분류시켜 각 개체군을 다양한 농도의 FAS 작용제로 처리하였다. CXCR1-음성 개체군과 비분류된 개체군에서 세포 생존력의 감소가 관찰되었던 반면, CXCR1-양성 개체군에서는 아무런 영향도 관찰되지 않았다.
도 19는 정상적인 유방 줄기 세포/간세포 개체군에서의 CXCR1 단백질 발현 분석 및 유방암 줄기 세포 형성에 대한 IL-8 처리의 효과에 대해 나타낸 것이다. A. 유방 축소 성형 조직으로부터 분리된 정상적인 유방 상피 세포의 ALDEFLUOR-양성 및 -음성 개체군을 FACS로 분리시키고 이를 고정하여 면역염색법 및 FACS 분석법을 이용해 CXCR1 단백질의 발현에 대해 분석하였다. ALDEFLUOR-양성 세포군은 ALDEFLUOR-음성 개체군에 비해 CXCR1-양성 세포가 매우 풍부하였다. B-C. 유방암 줄기 세포 형성에 대한 IL8 처리의 효과. IL8 처리는 투여량 의존 방식으로 1차 (B) 및 2차 (C) 유방암 줄기 세포 형성을 증가시켰다.
도 20은 정상적인 유선 상피 세포에 대한 레퍼탁신 처리의 효과를 나타낸 것이다. A. 유방 축소 성형 조직으로부터 분리된 정상적인 유선 상피 세포를 부착성 조건에서 배양하여, 레퍼탁신 (100nM 또는 500nM) 또는 FAS 작용제 (500ng/㎖)로 처리하였다. 처리 5일 후, MTT 분석법을 이용하여 세포 생존력을 평가하였다. 레퍼탁신 또는 FAS 작용제의 처리는, 아주 높은 농도의 레퍼탁신 (500nM)을 이용했을 때조차도, 부착성 조건에서 배양된 정상적인 유선 상피 세포의 생존력에 아무런 영향을 주지 못하였다. B. 레퍼탁신으로 처리한 정상적인 유선 상피 세포의 배지 중에서 ELISA 분석법을 이용하여 가용성 FAS-리간드의 수준을 평가하였다. 처리 4일 후, 처리된 세포의 배지 중에서 가용성 FAS-리간드가 증가했음이 검출되었다. C. FACS 분석법에 의한 정상적인 유선 상피 세포에서의 FAS/CD95 발현 분석. 부착성 조건에서 배양된 정상적인 유선 상피 세포에서는 FAS/CD95 발현이 검출되지 않았다. D. 유방암 줄기 세포 형성에 대한 레퍼탁신 처리의 효과. 정상적인 유선 상피 세포를 부착성 조건에서 배양하여, 레퍼탁신 (100nM)으로 4일, 8일, 11일 및 15일간 처리하였다. 레퍼탁신 처리 후, 세포를 떼어내어 현탁액에서 배양하였다. 레퍼탁신 처리 조건에서 유방암 줄기 세포의 개시 세포가 현저히 감소되었음이 관찰되었다.
도 21은 FAK, AKT 및 FOXO3a 활성화에 대한 레퍼탁신 처리의 효과를 나타낸 것이다. CXCR1 다운스트림 신호 전달 과정에 대한 레퍼탁신 처리 효과를 평가하기 위해, 두 개의 서로 다른 바이러스 구축물, 하나는 PTEN-siRNA을 통해 PTEN 발현을 저지하는 것, 그리고 다른 하나는 FAK 과발현을 유도하는 것 (Ad-FAK)을 이용하였다. A. SUM159 대조군, SUM159 PTEN-siRNA 및 SUM159 Ad-FAK 세포들을 100nM 레퍼탁신의 부재 또는 존재 하에 부착성 조건에서 2일간 배양하고, FAK/AKT 경로의 활성화를 웨스턴 블롯팅으로 평가하였다. 레퍼탁신 처리는 FAK Tyr397 및 AKT Ser473 인산화의 감소를 초래한 반면에, PTEN 고갈 및 FAK 과발현은 FAK 및 AKT 활성에 대한 레퍼탁신 처리의 효과를 차단하였다. B. CXCR1-양성 세포에 대한 면역형광 염색을 이용하여, 본 발명자들은 레퍼탁신 처리로 포스포-FAK (막이 적색으로 염색됨) 및 포스포-AKT 발현 (세포질이 적색으로 염색됨)이 사라졌음을 확인하였다. 항-FOXO3A를 이용한 면역형광 염색으로 비처리된 세포에 있어서 FOXO3a의 세포질상 위치 (적색)를 알 수 있었던 반면, 레퍼탁신 처리는 FOXO3A의 핵에 대한 재배치를 유도하였다. 이와는 반대로, PTEN 고갈 또는 FAK 과발현이 있는 세포는 레퍼탁신 처리된 세포와 미처리된 세포 모두에서 높은 수준의 포스포-FAK, 포스포-AKT 및 세포질 FOXO3A 발현을 나타내었다. 모든 샘플에서, 핵은 DAPI로 대비 염색하였다 (청색). C-D. SUM159 PTEN-siRNA 및 SUM159 Ad-FAK 세포 생존력에 대한 레퍼탁신의 효과와 암 줄기 세포 개체군에 대한 레퍼탁신의 효과를 각각 MTT 분석법과 ALDEFLUOR 분석법을 이용하여 평가하였다. 처리 3일 후, PTEN 고갈 또는 FAK 과발현이 있는 세포는 레퍼탁신에 대한 저항성을 나타냈다 (C). 레퍼탁신 처리로는 ALDEFLUOR-양성 SUM159 PTEN 저지(knockdown) 세포의 비율을 변화시키지 못했다 (D).
도 22는 HCC1954 및 MDA-MB-453 세포주에서 FAK/AKT 활성화에 대한 레퍼탁신 처리의 효과를 나타낸 것이다. CXCR1 다운스트림 신호 전달 과정에 대한 레퍼탁신 처리의 효과를 평가하기 위해, 본 발명자들은 PTEN-siRNA을 통해 PTEN 발현을 저지하는 렌티바이러스 구축물을 이용하였다. A. HCC1954 대조군 및 HCC1954 PTEN-siRNA 세포들을 100nM 레퍼탁신의 부재 또는 존재 하에 부착성 조건에서 2일간 배양하고, FAK/AKT 경로의 활성화를 웨스턴 블롯팅으로 평가하였다. 레퍼탁신 처리는 FAK Tyr397 및 AKT Ser473 인산화의 감소를 초래한 반면에, PTEN 고갈은 FAK 및 AKT 활성에 대한 레퍼탁신 처리 효과를 차단하였다. B. 레퍼탁신 처리는 PTEN 돌연변이의 보금자리가 되는 MDA-MB-453 세포주의 세포 생존력에 아무런 영향을 주지 못했다. 본 발명자들은 웨스턴 블롯 분석법을 사용하여 FAK/AKT 경로가 레퍼탁신 처리에 의하여 방해받지 않음을 확인하였다.
도 23은 MTT 분석법을 이용하여 평가한, HCC1954 PTEN-siRNA 세포 생존력에 대한 레퍼탁신의 효과를 나타낸 것이다. 처리 3일 후, PTEN 고갈이 있는 세포들은 레퍼탁신에 대해 저항성을 나타냈다.
도 24는 도세탁셀 또는 레퍼탁신 처리 후, 정량적 RT-PCR에 의해 측정한 FAS-리간드 및 IL-8 mRNA의 발현을 나타낸 것이다. A-B. 부착성 조건에서 배양된 SUM159 세포를 레퍼탁신 (100nM), FAS 작용제 (500ng/㎖) 또는 도세탁셀 (10nM)로 처리하였다. 처리 3일 후, 세포들을 수집하여 RNA를 추출하였다. 도세탁셀은 SUM159 세포에서 FAS-리간드 mRNA (A) 및 IL-8 mRNA (B)를 유도하였다. FAS 작용제 또는 도세탁셀 처리 후 IL-8 mRNA 수준이 4배 증가한 것으로 관찰되었다 (B).
도 25는 3개의 서로 다른 유방암 이종 이식물에서 PTEN/FAK/AKT 활성화에 대해 평가한 것을 나타낸 것이다. 웨스턴 블롯 분석법을 통해, 두 이종 이식물이 PTEN을 발현하며, FAK Tyr397 및 AKT Ser473 인산화에서 보여진 것과 같은 FAK/AKT 경로를 활성화하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.
도 26은 생체 내 유방암 줄기 세포 개체군에 대한 레퍼탁신 처리의 효과를 나타낸 것이다. A-C. 생체 내에서 종양 성장 및 암 줄기 세포 개체군에 대한 레퍼탁신 처리의 효과를 평가하기 위해, 유방암 세포주 (SUM159) 및 서로 다른 환자들 (MC1, UM2, UM3)에서 생성된 3개의 인간 유방암 이종 이식물을 이용하였다. A. 각 샘플에 대해, 50,000개의 세포를 인간화된 NOD/SCID 마우스 유방의 지방체에 주입하고, 종양 크기를 모니터링하였다. 종양 크기가 약 4 mm가 되었을 때, 레퍼탁신 (15mg/Kg)의 피하 주사 (28일간 2회/일) 또는 도세탁셀 (10mg/Kg)의 복강내 주사 (1회/주) 또는 이들의 조합 주사 (레퍼탁신/도세탁셀)를 개시하였다. 그래프는 각 지정된 처리 과정 전과 처리 과정 동안의 종양 크기를 나타낸다 (화살표, 처리 시작점). 각 샘플에 대해, 도세탁셀 단독 또는 레퍼탁신/도세탁셀 조합으로 처리된 그룹에서는 대조군에 비해 종양 크기가 통계적으로 유의한 감소를 나타내는 유사한 결과가 관찰되었던 반면에, 대조군 종양과 레퍼탁신 단독으로 처리한 종양의 성장 간에는 아무런 차이점을 관찰할 수 없었다. B-C. ALDEFLUOR 분석법 (B) 및 2차 마우스로의 재이식 (C)에 의해 평가된 암 줄기 세포 개체군에 대한 레퍼탁신, 도세탁셀, 또는 이들의 조합 처리의 평가. 도세탁셀로 처리된 종양 이종 이식물은 대조군과 비교하여 유사하거나 증가된 백분율의 ALDEFLUOR-양성 세포를 나타내었던 반면, 레퍼탁신 단독 처리 또는 도세탁셀과 함께 병용하여 처리한 경우에는 대조군에 비해 ALDEFLUOR-양성 세포가 암 줄기 세포 내에 65% 내지 85%로 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였다 (p<0.01) (B). 1차 종양, 비처리된 마우스 (대조군) 및 처리된 마우스에서 얻은 세포의 연속 희석물을 그 어떤 추가의 처치도 받지 않은 2차 NOD/SCID 마우스 유방의 지방체 내로 이식하였다. 대조군 및 도세탁셀로 처리된 1차 종양은 모든 희석물에 있어서 2차 종양을 형성하였던 반면에, 레퍼탁신 또는 도세탁셀과 병용하여 처리한 1차 종양으로부터 얻어진 보다 많은 수의 세포들만이 종양을 형성할 수 있었다. 또한, 종양 성장은 현저히 느려서, 결과적으로 생성된 종양도 대조군 또는 도세탁셀로 처리한 종양보다 그 크기가 현저히 작았다 (C). D. 각 그룹의 이종 이식물을 수거하여, 포스포-FAK, 포스포-AKT, FOXO3A 및 ALDH1의 발현을 검출하기 위해 면역조직화학 염색을 실시하였다. 막형성 포스포-FAK의 발현 및 세포질 형성 포스포-AKT의 발현 (화살표)은 대조군 및 도세탁셀로 처리된 종양에서 검출되었던 반면에, 레퍼탁신 단독 또는 도세탁셀과 함께 병용하여 처리된 종양에서는 발현이 검출되지 않았다. 핵형성 FOXO3A의 발현 (갈색)은 도세탁셀 또는 레퍼탁신 단독 또는 이들을 조합하여 처리한 세포에서 검출되었다. ALDH1 발현의 감소 (화살표)는 대조군과 도세탁셀로 처리된 종양보다는 레퍼탁신 단독 또는 이들의 조합으로 처리된 종양에서 검출되었다.
도 27은 생체 내에서 유방암 줄기 세포에 대한 레퍼탁신 처리의 효과를 나타낸 것이다. A-C. 생체 내에서 종양 성장 및 암 줄기 세포 개체군에 대한 레퍼탁신 처리의 효과를 평가하기 위해, 유방암 세포주 (SUM159, A) 및 서로 다른 환자들에서 생성된 3개의 인간 유방암 이종 이식물을 이용하였다. 각 샘플에 대해, 50,000개의 세포를 인간화된 NOD/SCID 마우스 유방의 지방체에 주입하고, 종양 크기를 모니터링하였다. 종양 크기가 약 4 mm가 되었을 때, 레퍼탁신 (15mg/Kg)의 피하 주사 (28일간 2회/일) 또는 도세탁셀 (10mg/Kg)의 복강내 주사 (1회/주) 또는 이들의 조합 주사 (레퍼탁신/도세탁셀)를 개시하였다. 그래프는 각 지정된 처리 과정 전과 처리 과정 동안의 종양 크기를 나타낸다 (화살표, 처리 시작점). 각 샘플에 대해, 도세탁셀 단독 또는 레퍼탁신/도세탁셀 조합으로 처리된 그룹에서는 대조군에 비해 종양 크기가 통계적으로 유의한 감소를 나타내는 유사한 결과가 관찰되었던 반면에, 대조군 종양과 레퍼탁신 단독으로 처리한 종양의 성장 간에는 아무런 차이점을 관찰할 수 없었다. 암 줄기 세포 개체군에 대한 레퍼탁신, 도세탁셀, 또는 이들의 조합 처리의 평가를 ALDEFLUOR 분석법 및 2차 마우스로의 재이식에 의해 수행하였다. 도세탁셀로 처리된 종양 이종 이식물은 대조군과 비교하여 유사하거나 증가된 백분율의 ALDEFLUOR-양성 세포를 나타내었던 반면, 레퍼탁신 단독 처리 또는 도세탁셀과 함께 병용하여 처리한 경우에는 대조군에 비해 ALDEFLUOR-양성 세포가 암 줄기 세포 내에 65% 내지 85%로 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였다 (p<0.01). 1차 종양, 비처리된 마우스 (대조군) 및 처리된 마우스에서 얻은 세포의 연속 희석물을 그 어떤 추가의 처치도 받지 않은 2차 NOD/SCID 마우스 유방의 지방체 내로 이식하였다. 대조군 및 도세탁셀로 처리된 1차 종양은 모든 희석물에 있어서 2차 종양을 형성하였던 반면에, 레퍼탁신 또는 도세탁셀과 병용하여 처리한 1차 종양에서 수득한 것으로서 보다 많은 수의 세포들만이 종양을 형성할 수 있었다. 종양 성장은 현저히 느려서, 결과적으로 생성된 종양도 대조군 또는 도세탁셀로 처리한 종양보다 그 크기가 현저히 작았다.
도 28은 CD44+/CD24- 표현형으로 평가된 유방암 줄기 세포 개체군에 대한 레퍼탁신 처리의 효과를 나타낸 것이다. A-B. 암 줄기 세포 개체군에 대한 레퍼탁신, 도세탁셀, 또는 이들의 조합 처리를 CD44+/CD24- 세포의 존재로 평가하였다. 도세탁셀 단독으로 처리한 잔류 종양에서, 본 발명자들은 CD44+/CD24- 세포의 백분율이 일관되게 변하지 않거나 증가되었음을 관찰할 수 있었던 반면에, 레퍼탁신 단독 처리 또는 도세탁셀과 함께 병용하여 처리했을 때에는 CD44+/CD24- 세포 개체군이 결과적으로 감소하였다. A. UM3 이종 이식에 대한 흐름 차트 분석이 제시되어 있다. B. MC1, UM2 및 UM3에 대해서는 유사한 결과가 관찰되었다. 모든 처리 조건 하에서 거의 대부분의 SUM159 세포들이 CD44+/CD24-이다.
도 29는 레퍼탁신 처리로 전신성 전이가 전개되는 것을 감소시켰음을 나타낸 것이다. 전이 형성 과정에 대한 레퍼탁신 처리의 효과를 평가하기 위해, HCC1954 (A), SUM159 (B), MDA-MB-453 (C) 유방암 세포주를 루시퍼라아제를 발현하는 렌티바이러스로 감염시키고, 심장 내 주입을 통해 250,000개의 루시퍼라아제 감염된 세포들을 NOD/SCID 마우스 내로 접종하였다. 심장 내 주입 12시간 후에, 식염수 용액의 피하 주사 또는 레퍼탁신 (15mg/kg)의 피하 주사를 이용하여 마우스를 28일 동안 하루에 2회 처리하였다. 생체 발광 영상을 사용해 전이 형성 과정을 모니터링하였다. 접종 후 일주일 간격으로 측정한 정규화된 광자 플럭스를 정량하였더니, HCC1954 또는 SUM159 세포로 접종한 마우스에 있어서 식염수 대조군에 비해 레퍼탁신에서 전이 형성이 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였음을 알 수 있었다 (A-B). 이와는 반대로, 레퍼탁신 처리로는 MDA-MB-453 세포를 주사한 마우스에 있어서 전이 형성에 아무런 영향을 주지 못했다 (C). 레퍼탁신으로 처리되지 않은 마우스에서 생성된 뼈와 연조직에서의 H&E 염색에 의한 전이의 조직학적 확인 (D).
도 30은 화학요법 단독 또는 레퍼탁신과 함께 병용하여 처리한 암 줄기 세포의 IL-8/CXCR1 신호 전달 과정을 나타낸 것이다. A. 암 줄기 세포에서 유효한 IL-8/CXCR1 세포 신호 전달 과정 그림. IL-8 결합 후 CXCR1 활성화는 국소 부착 키나아제 (FAK)의 인산화를 유도한다. 활성화된 FAK는 AKT를 인산화시키고, 줄기 세포의 자기 재생을 조절하는 WNT 경로 및 세포 생존을 조절하는 FOXO3A를 활성화시킨다. FAK의 활성화는 FAS 신호 전달의 다운스트림 효과기인 FADD를 억제함으로써 암 줄기 세포를 FAS-리간드/FAS 매개된 방관자 효과로부터 보호한다. 화학요법을 실시하는 경우에는, 벌크 종양 세포만이 그 치료에 민감하여, 세포가 사멸하는 과정 동안 높은 수준의 IL-8 및 FAS-리간드 단백질을 방출하게 된다. 유방암 줄기 세포는 IL-8로 매개된 방관자 효과를 통해 자극되며, FAS-리간드를 통해 매개되는 방관자 사멸 효과에는 저항성을 가지고 있다. B. 레퍼탁신 처리는 IL-8/CXCR1 신호 전달 과정을 차단하며, 유방암 줄기 세포 자기 재생과 생존을 억제한다. 레퍼탁신 처리를 화학요법과 병행하는 경우, 상기 암 줄기 세포는 FAS-리간드에 의해 매개되는 방관자 사멸 효과에 민감하게 된다.
Claims (25)
- 유방암 종양으로부터 채취된 조직 샘플에서 CXCR1 또는 FBXO21의 단백질, RNA 또는 cDNA의 존재를 확인함으로써 상기 조직 샘플에서 CXCR1+ 또는 FBXO21+ 고형 종양 세포를 검출하는 것을 포함하는, 대상체의 유방암 종양에서 고형 종양 줄기 세포의 존재를 진단하는 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,
상기 CXCR1+ 또는 FBXO21+ 고형 종양 세포의 검출은 상기 유방암 종양에서 종양 줄기 세포의 존재를 나타내는 것인, 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,
상기 검출하는 것은 항-CXCR1 항체와 상기 조직 샘플을 접촉시키는 것을 포함하는 것인, 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,
NFYA, NOTCH2, RAD51L1 또는 TBP의 상기 종양 줄기 세포에서 유전자 발현을 검출하는 것을 더 포함하는, 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,
CD44, CD24 또는 ESA를 검출하는 것을 더 포함하는, 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,
상기 고형 종양 줄기 세포는 Aldefluor 양성 세포인 것인, 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,
상기 고형 종양 줄기 세포의 존재는 상기 유방암 종양의 전이 가능성을 나타내는 것인, 방법.
- 유효 성분으로서 IL8-CXCR1 신호 경로 길항제, 화학요법제, 및 약학적으로 허용가능한 담체를 포함하는, 암 종양을 치료하기 위한 약학적 조성물.
- 제8항에 있어서,
상기 조성물은, 상기 암 내에 암 줄기 세포 및 비종양유발성 암 세포를 감소시키거나 제거하는 것인, 약학적 조성물.
- 제8항에 있어서,
상기 암은, 섬유육종, 점액육종, 지방육종, 연골육종, 골원성 육종, 척색종, 혈관육종, 내피육종, 림프관육종, 림프관내피육종, 활막종, 중피종, 유잉종양(Ewing's tumor), 평활근육종, 횡문근육종, 결장암, 췌장암, 유방암, 난소암, 전립선암, 편평세포암, 기저 세포암, 선암, 땀샘암, 피지샘암, 유두암, 유두 선암, 낭포선암, 수양암, 기관지원성암, 신세포암, 간세포암, 담관암, 융모암종, 정상피종, 태생성 암종, 빌름스종양(Wilms' tumor), 자궁경부암, 고환종양, 폐암, 소세포폐암, 방광암, 상피암, 성상세포종, 수모 세포종, 두개인두종, 상의세포종, 송과체종, 청신경종, 희돌기교종 및 흑색종으로부터 선택된 것인, 약학적 조성물.
- 제8항에 있어서,
상기 암은, 전립선암, 난소암, 유방암, 피부암, 비소세포성 폐암(non-small cell lung cancer), 소세포성 폐암(small-cell lung cancer), 또는 식도선암으로부터 선택된 것인, 약학적 조성물.
- 제8항에 있어서,
상기 암은 유방암으로부터 선택된 것인, 약학적 조성물.
- 제8항에 있어서,
상기 IL8-CXCR1 신호 경로 길항제는 레퍼탁신인 것인, 약학적 조성물.
- 제8항에 있어서,
상기 IL8-CXCR1 신호 경로 길항제는 항-CXCR1 항체인 것인, 약학적 조성물.
- 제8항에 있어서,
상기 화학요법제는, 도세탁셀, 독소루비신, 파클리탁셀, 플루오로우라실, 빈크리스틴, 빈블라스틴, 노코다졸, 콜히친, 포도필로톡신, 스테가나신 및 콤브레타스타틴으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 것인, 약학적 조성물.
- 종양을 갖는 대상체의 치료를 위한 방법에서, 화학요법제와 병용하여 사용하기 위한 화합물로서,
상기 화합물은 CXCR1 길항제인 것인, 화합물.
- 제16항에 있어서,
상기 화합물은 레퍼탁신 또는 레퍼탁신 유도체인 것인, 화합물.
- 제16항에 있어서,
상기 CXCR1 길항제는 항체 또는 항체 단편을 포함하는 것인, 화합물.
- 제16항에 있어서,
상기 종양은, 섬유육종, 점액육종, 지방육종, 연골육종, 골원성 육종, 척색종, 혈관육종, 내피육종, 림프관육종, 림프관내피육종, 활막종, 중피종, 유잉종양(Ewing's tumor), 평활근육종, 횡문근육종, 결장암, 췌장암, 유방암, 난소암, 전립선암, 편평세포암, 기저 세포암, 선암, 땀샘암, 피지샘암, 유두암, 유두 선암, 낭포선암, 수양암, 기관지원성암, 신세포암, 간세포암, 담관암, 융모암종, 정상피종, 태생성 암종, 빌름스종양(Wilms' tumor), 자궁경부암, 고환종양, 폐암, 소세포폐암, 방광암, 상피암, 성상세포종, 수모 세포종, 두개인두종, 상의세포종, 송과체종, 청신경종, 희돌기교종 및 흑색종으로부터 선택된 것인, 화합물.
- 제16항에 있어서,
상기 종양은, 전립선암, 난소암, 유방암, 피부암, 비소세포성 폐암, 소세포성 폐암, 또는 식도선암으로부터 선택된 것인, 화합물.
- 제16항에 있어서,
상기 종양은 유방암인 것인, 화합물.
- 제16항에 있어서,
상기 종양은, 전립선암 줄기 세포, 난소암 줄기 세포, 유방암 줄기 세포, 피부암 줄기 세포, 비소세포성 폐암 줄기 세포, 소세포성 폐암 줄기 세포, 또는 식도선암 줄기 세포로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 암 줄기 세포를 포함하는 것인, 화합물.
- 제16항에 있어서,
상기 화학요법제는 항-유사분열제(anti-mitotic agent)인 것인, 화합물.
- 제23항에 있어서,
상기 항-유사분열제는 파클리탁셀인 것인, 화합물.
- 제16항에 있어서,
병용에서의 상기 사용은, 상기 CXCR1 길항제의 투여와 동시에, 또는 화학요법제와 함께 어떠한 임의적인 순서 또는 물리적인 병용(physical combination)으로 투여하는 것을 포함하는 것인, 화합물.
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