JP5716180B2 - 抗cxcr1組成物および方法 - Google Patents
抗cxcr1組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本願は、2008年11月11日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/113,458号に対する優先権を主張し、その開示は、参照することによりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる。
本発明は、NIH(国立衛生研究所)付与の助成金番号CA66233、CA101860、および5P30CA46592の下、政府支援を受けて行われた。政府は本発明における一定の権利を有する。
本発明は、対象内の非腫瘍原性および腫瘍原性の癌細胞を死滅させるように、IL8−CXCR1経路阻害剤(例えば、抗CXCR1抗体またはレペルタキシン(Repertaxin))単独で、または追加の化学療法剤と併用して投与することによって、癌を治療する方法を提供する。本発明はまた、(例えば、CXCR1またはFBXO21の存在に基づいて)患者の固形腫瘍幹細胞の存在を検出し、それらを単離するための組成物および方法も提供する。
癌はわが国における第2の死亡原因であり、毎年500,000人超が死亡している。検出および治療の発達にも関わらず、癌による死亡率は高いままである。分子基盤の癌の解明の著しい進歩にも関わらず、この知識は、未だ効果的な治療方針に活かされていない。
本発明は、対象内の非腫瘍原性および腫瘍原性の癌細胞を死滅させるように、IL8−CXCR1経路阻害剤(例えば、抗CXCR1抗体またはレペルタキシン)単独で、または追加の化学療法剤と併用して投与することによって、癌を治療する方法を提供する。本発明は、(例えば、CXCR1またはFBXO21の存在に基づいて)患者の固形腫瘍幹細胞の存在を治療および診断するための組成物および方法も提供する。
(図1)乳癌細胞株(MDA−MB−453、SUM159)からのALDEFLUOR陽性細胞集団が、癌幹細胞特性を有することを示す。A−B、G−H。MDA−MB−453(A−B)およびSUM159細胞(G−H)内のALDH酵素活性の代表的フローサイトメトリー分析。ALDEFLUOR検定は以下の実施例1に記載のように実行された。(C、I)ALDEFLUOR陽性集団は、NOD/SCIDマウス内に当初の腫瘍の表現型の不均一性を繰り返した腫瘍を生成することができた。(F、L)腫瘍の成長曲線は、注射された細胞の様々な数(MDA−MB−453については50,000細胞、5,000細胞、および500細胞、ならびにSUM159については100,000細胞、10,000細胞、および1,000細胞)、およびそれぞれの集団(ALDEFLUOR陽性、ALDEFLUOR陰性、分離されていない)についてプロットした。腫瘍成長速度は、腫瘍形成の潜伏かつ規模ならびにALDEFLUOR陽性細胞(F、L)の数に相関する。(D、J)腫瘍細胞の存在を明らかにする、ALDEFLUOR陽性細胞の注射部位(D:MDA−MB−453 ALDEFLUOR陽性細胞の注射部位、およびJ:SUM59 ALDEFLUOR陽性細胞の注射部位)のH&E染色。(E、K)残留マトリゲル、アポトーシスを起こした細胞、およびマウスの組織のみが含まれたALDEFLUOR陰性細胞の注射部位(E:MDA−MB−453 ALDEFLUOR陰性細胞の注射部位、およびK:SUM59ALDEFLUOR陰性細胞の注射部位)。データは平均±標準偏差を表す。
本発明の理解を促すために、いくつかの用語およびフレーズを以下で定義する。
本発明は、IL8−CXCR1経路阻害剤(例えば、抗CXCR1抗体またはレペルタキシン)単独で、または追加の化学療法剤との併用で投与することで対象内の非腫瘍原性および腫瘍原性の癌細胞が死滅する癌治療法を提供する。本発明は、患者(例えば、CXCR1またはFBXO21の存在に基づく)の固形腫瘍幹細胞の存在を治療し、診断する組成物および方法も提供する。
正常細胞の完全に変態したものへの進行は、複数細胞プロセス(1、2)の脱制御を要求する。発癌の古典モデルによると、この現象は任意の細胞に生じ得る。対照的に、「癌幹細胞仮説」は、発癌性形質転換の選択的標的は、獲得した自己再生潜在能力(3−6)を有する組織幹または初期前駆細胞であることを支持する。これら「腫瘍形成細胞」または「癌幹細胞」(CSC)は、次に、自己再生という、腫瘍細胞の不均質性に貢献する腫瘍形成および分化を駆動するプロセスを経験する能力によって特徴付けられる。癌幹細胞仮説を支持する最新の知見は、第1のヒト腫瘍の異種移植片を利用して生成された。これらの研究は、腫瘍は、癌幹細胞成分によって駆動される細胞階層で構成されることを示唆した。さらに、最新のデータは、マウスおよびヒト組織の両方から得られた不死化細胞株は、幹細胞特性を示す細胞集団も含むかもしれないことを示唆する。これらの研究の大部分は、クローン原生、球体形成、および多分化能(7−10)を含むインビトロ特性に基づく。異種移植に不死化細胞株の機能移植を利用するさらに限定された研究は、かかる階層の存在も提示してきた。これらの研究は、一般的に、いわゆる「サイド集団」(SP)(7、9、11)を識別するためにヘキスト色素の排除を利用してきた。さらに、第1の腫瘍異種移植片、例えばCD44およびCD133等を使用して画定された細胞表面マーカーは、定着した細胞株(7、8)内の類似の集団を識別するのにも利用された。
幾つかの実施形態では、本発明は、幹細胞癌マーカーの発現(例えば、CXCR1、FBXO21、NFYA、NOTCH2、RAD51L1、TBP、および表1からの他のタンパク質)の検出のための方法を提供する。幾つかの実施形態では、発現は直接に測定される(例えば、RNAまたはタンパク質レベルで)。幾つかの実施形態では、発現は組織試料(例えば、生検組織)内で検出される。他の実施形態では、発現は体液(例えば、血漿、血清、全血、粘液、および尿が含まれるがそれらに限定されない)で検出される。
幾つかの実施形態では、固形腫瘍幹細胞癌マーカーの検出は、組織試料中の対応するmRNA発現を測定することで検出される。mRNA発現は、下記のものを含むがそれに限定されない任意の好適な方法によって測定され得る。ヒトCXCR1核酸の受入番号は、NM_000634(参照により本明細書に組み入れられる)およびヒトFBXO21の受入番号は、NM_033624(参照により本明細書に組み入れられる)である。これらの配列は、プライマーおよびプローブ(ならびにsiRNA配列)を設計するのに使用され得る。
他の実施形態では、幹細胞癌マーカーの遺伝子発現は、対応するタンパク質またはポリペプチド(例えば、CXCR1、FBXO21、NFYA、NOTCH2、RAD51L1、TBP、および表1からの他のタンパク質)の発現を測定することで検出される。タンパク質発現は、任意の好適な方法によって検出され得る。幾つかの実施形態では、タンパク質は、免疫組織化学によって検出される。他の実施形態では、タンパク質は、タンパク質に対して引き起こされた抗体に結合することで検出される。ヒトCXCR1タンパク質の受入番号は、NP_000625(参照により本明細書に組み入れられる)であり、ヒトFBXO21の受入番号は、NP_296373(参照により本明細書に組み入れられる)である。抗体の生成は後述する。
cDNAマイクロアレイは、ガラスの顕微鏡スライドのような固体担体上のよく知られた位置に染みをつけられた(通常ロボットスポッティングを使用)、複数の(通常何千もの)異なるcDNAで構成される。cDNAは、通常、配列が知られている遺伝子のために、プラスミドのベクター主鎖部分またはその遺伝子自身に補完的なプライマーを使用して、プラスミドライブラリ挿入物のPCR増幅によって得られる。マイクロアレイの生成に好適なPCR生成物は、通常は0.5と2.5kBとの間の長さである。cDNA全体、発現配列標識(EST)、または任意の関心ライブラリからランダムに選択されたcDNAが選択され得る。ESTは、例えば、Hillier,et al.,1996,6:807−828に記載されるように部分的に配列されたcDNAである。いくつかのESTはよく知られた遺伝子に対応するが、高い頻度で、任意の特有のESTに関して、少量の3’および/または5’配列、および恐らく、ESTが由来した元のmRNAの組織を除いて、ごくわずかまたは全く情報が利用できない。当業者によって理解されるように、概してcDNAは、ヒトゲノム内の遺伝子を一意的に識別するのに十分な配列情報を含む。さらに、概してcDNAは、実験の混成条件の下で単一遺伝子から得られたmRNAから得られたcDNAに、選択的に、特異的に、または一意的に、雑種を作るのに十分な長さである。
幾つかの実施形態では、コンピュータベースの分析プログラムは、検出検定(例えば、存在、不在、または所与のマーカー(単数または複数)の量)によって生成された生データを臨床医のための予測値データに翻訳するのに使用される。臨床医は、任意の好適な手段を使用して予測データにアクセスすることができる。それ故に、幾つかの実施形態では、本発明は、臨床医で、遺伝学または分子生物学の訓練を受けそうにない者が、生データを理解する必要がないというさらなる利点を提供する。データは、最も有用な様式で臨床医に直接に渡される。その後、臨床医は、対象の治療に最大限に利用するために情報をすぐに利用することができる。
さらに他の実施形態では、本発明は、癌を検出し特徴付けるため(例えば、1つもしくは複数のマーカーを検出するため、または1つもしくは複数のマーカーによって発現したペプチドの活性を調節するため)のキットを提供する。幾つかの実施形態では、キットは、検出試薬およびバッファに加えて癌マーカーに特異的な抗体を含む、他の実施形態では、キットは、mRNAまたはcDNA(例えば、オリゴヌクレオチドプローブまたはプライマー)の検出に特異的な試薬を含む。幾つかの実施形態では、キットは検出検定を実行するのに必須および/または十分な構成物の全てを含み、全対照、検定を実行する指示、および任意の分析のための必須ソフトウェアおよび結果の提示を含む。
幾つかの実施形態では、インビボイメージング技術は、動物(例えば、ヒトまたはヒト以外の哺乳類)内の癌マーカーの発現を可視化するのに使用される。例えば、幾つかの実施形態では、癌マーカーmRNA(例えば、CXCR1またはFBXO21mRNA)またはタンパク質(例えば、CXCR1またはFBXO21タンパク質)は、癌マーカーに特異的な標識抗体を使用して標識化される。特異的な結合および標識抗体は、放射性核種イメージング、陽電子放射断層撮影、コンピュータ断層撮影、エックス線、または磁気共鳴イメージング法、蛍光検出、および化学発光による検出が含まれるがそれらに限定されないインビボイメージング法を使用して個体内で検出され得る。本発明の癌マーカーに抗体を生成する方法を後述する。
本発明は、CXCR1、FBXO21、NFYA、NOTCH2、RAD51L1、TBP、および表1からの他のタンパク質に対する単離された抗体および抗体フラグメントを提供する。抗体または抗体フラグメントは、これらのタンパク質を特異的に認識する任意の単クローン性のまたは多クローン性の抗体であり得る。幾つかの実施形態では、本発明は、CXCR1、FBXO21、NFYA、NOTCH2、RAD51L1、TBP、および表1からの他のタンパク質に特異的に結合する、単クローン性の抗体またはそのフラグメントを提供する。幾つかの実施形態では、単クローン性の抗体またはそのフラグメントは、これらのタンパク質を特異的に結合するキメラまたはヒト化抗体である。他の実施形態では、単クローン性の抗体またはそのフラグメントは、これらのタンパク質を特異的に結合するヒト抗体である。
幾つかの実施形態では、本発明は、薬剤スクリーニング検定(例えば、抗癌剤を選抜するために)を提供する。本発明のスクリーニング法は、本発明の方法を使用して識別された幹細胞癌マーカー(例、CXCR1、FBXO21、NFYA、NOTCH2、RAD51L1、TBP、および表1からの他のタンパク質)を利用する。例えば、幾つかの実施形態では、本発明は、CXCR1またはFBXO21の発現、または活性を変更する(例えば、増大または低減)化合物のためのスクリーニング法を提供する。幾つかの実施形態では、化合物候補は、癌マーカーに対して指向されたアンチセンスの剤またはsiRNA剤(例えば、オリゴヌクレオチド)である。他の実施形態では、化合物候補は、特異的に本発明の幹細胞癌マーカーに結合する抗体である。特定の実施形態では、低分子の化合物のライブラリは、本明細書に記載の方法を使用して選別される。
幾つかの実施形態では、本発明は癌のための療法を提供する。幾つかの実施形態では、療法は、癌マーカーを標的にする(例えば、CXCR1またはFBXO21およびCXCR1またはFBXO21シグナル伝達経路内のタンパク質を含むが、それに限定されない)。幾つかの実施形態では、任意のよく知られたまたは後に開発された癌幹細胞療法が使用されるかもしれない。例えば、癌幹細胞治療薬は、米国特許第6,984,522号および第7,115,360号、国際出願WO03/050502、WO05/074633、およびWO05/005601に記載され、参照により全体が本明細書に組み入れられる。
幾つかの実施形態では、本発明は、本発明の幹細胞癌マーカーを発現する標的腫瘍の抗体を提供する。いずれの好適な抗体(例えば、単クローン性の、多クローン性の、または合成の)が、本明細書に記載の治療法で利用され得る。幾つかの実施形態では、癌療法のために使用される抗体は、ヒト化抗体である。抗体をヒト化する方法は、当技術分野において周知である(例えば、米国特許第6,180,370号、第5,585,089号、第6,054,297号、および第5,565,332号を参照、それぞれが参照により本明細書に組み入れられる)。
本発明による腫瘍形成の制御因子を含む薬学的組成物は、任意の効果的な方法で投与され得る。例えば、IL8−CXCR1シグナル伝達経路拮抗薬、またはIL8−CXCR1シグナル変換/反応経路内のタンパク質の拮抗薬を働かせる他の治療薬が、任意の効果的な方法によって投与され得る。本発明の特定の実施形態では、治療薬は、レペルタキシンまたはその誘導体を含む。
特定の実施形態では、本発明の方法、キット、および組成物は、CXCR1の低分子阻害剤を採用する。1つの典型的な剤は、レパルタキシンである。特定の実施形態では、インビボレパルタキシン用量は、1キロあたり3〜60mgである(例えば、3...30...50...60mg/kg)。具体的な実施形態では、レパルタキシン用量は、1キロあたり約30mgである。レパルタキシンの化学式は、次のとおりである。
以下の実施例は、本発明の特定の好ましい実施形態および態様を実証かつさらに例証するために提供され、その範囲を限定するものとして解釈されるべきではない。
CXCR1の癌幹細胞同定
この実施例は、CXCR1、ならびに癌幹細胞マーカーとしての他のタンパク質(例、FBXO21)の同定を記載する。
CXCR1抑制および併用療法
この実施例は、CXCR1抑制、ならびに抗有糸分裂剤(ドセタキセル)を併用するCXCR1抑制を併用した場合の腫瘍細胞上の効果をテストするために採用された種々の方法を記載する。
SUM159細胞株は、付着条件で培養され、CXCR1/CXCR2阻害剤レペルタキシンまたはCXCR1またはCXCR2のための2つの特定の遮断抗体を使用して細胞を処理された。治療法の4日後、細胞成長への影響はMTT検定(図5A)を使用して、癌幹細胞集団への影響はALDEFLUOR検定(図5B)を使用して分析された。細胞成長抑制の95%以上が、レペルタキシンまたはCXCR1遮断抗体で処置された細胞で観察され、CXCR2遮断抗体で処置された細胞では何の効果も観察されなかった(図5A)。興味深いことに、同様の効果が、レペルタキシンおよびCXCR1遮断抗体のそれぞれで処置された細胞のALDEFLUOR陽性集団の80%および50%低下したALDEFLUOR陽性集団上で観察された(図5B)。
SUM159細胞株細胞は、付着条件で培養されて、レペルタキシン単独で、またはFAS拮抗薬との併用で処置された。興味深いことに、レペルタキシン処置によって誘導された細胞成長抑制は、FAS拮抗薬(BD pharmingen(cat#556371)からの抗/Fasリガンド)の追加によって部分的に救助された。さらに、FAS作用薬で処置された細胞は、レペルタキシンで処置された細胞よりも同様の細胞成長抑制を示した。これらの結果は、レペルタキシン治療法が、FAS/FASリガンドのシグナル伝達によって媒介されるバイスタンダー効果を誘導することを示唆する。
CXCR1下流シグナル伝達上のレペルタキシン治療法の効果を評価するために、SUM159細胞は、レペルタキシン100nMの存在の有無の付着条件で2日間培養され、抗体剤p−FAK、p−AKT、およびFOXOA3に対する抗体で免疫蛍光によって染色された。無処置の細胞(図7A)において、p−FAKを発現する細胞の30%およびp−AKTを発現する細胞の10%が、不活性化を示した一方で、レペルタキシン処置された細胞が、p−FAKおよびp−AKTの完全な不活性化を示した(図7B)ことが検出された。無処置のSUM159細胞は、FOXOA3の細胞質内で細胞陽性の80%を表した。興味深いことに、レペルタキシン処置されたSUM159細胞は、FOXOA3の核内の細胞陽性の80%を表した。細胞質から核へのFOXOA3細胞局在の変更は、FOXOA3タンパク質の活性を示す。
レペルタキシン、ドセタキセル、またはその併用の効果は、1つの乳癌細胞株(8A、SUM159)および異なる患者(8B、MC1;8C、UM2;および8D、UM3)から生成された3つの人間乳癌異種移植片を使用して評価された。試料のそれぞれで、50,000細胞は、腫瘍サイズを観察されるNOD−SCIDマウスの乳房脂肪体に注射された。腫瘍サイズが約4mmの時に、注射が開始された。レペルタキシンは、1日2回28日間または一週間に1度注射され(15mg/Kg)、ドセタキセルの腹腔内注射(10mg/Kg)、またはその併用(レペルタキシン/ドセタキセル)が採用された。図8は、示された治療法(矢印は、治療法の開始)の事前、経過中の腫瘍サイズを示す。ドセタキセル単独で、またはレペルタキシン/ドセタキセルと併用で処置されたときに、対照に比較して(p<0.01)、それぞれの試料(SUM159、MC1、UM2、UM3)で統計的に優位な腫瘍サイズの縮小という、同様の結果が観察されたが、対照の腫瘍とレペルタキシン単独で処置された腫瘍の成長との間には違いが観察されなかった。
ALDH活性は、レペルタキシン、ドセタキセル、またはその併用で処置されたそれぞれの腫瘍(9A。SUM159、9B。MC1、9C。UM2、9D。UM3)の癌幹細胞集団サイズを分析するALDEFLUOR検定によって評価された。同様の結果が、それぞれの試料で観察される。ドセタキセル処理の腫瘍異種移植片は、対照に比較して、ALDEFLUOR陽性細胞の同一または高い割合を示し、レペルタキシン治療法単独で、またはドセタキセルとの併用で、対照に比較して、統計的に有意な減少である、癌幹細胞内のALDEFLUOR陽性細胞の65%〜85%の減少を生じさせた(p<001)。
未処理(対照)、およびレペルタキシン、ドセタキセル、またはそれらの併用で処理した第1の腫瘍(10A。SUM159、10B。MC1、10C。UM2、10D。UM3)から得られた細胞の連続希釈物が、第2のNOD/SCIDマウスの乳房脂肪体内に移植された。対照およびドセタキセル処置された第1の腫瘍は、全ての希釈において第2の腫瘍を形成し、レペルタキシンまたはドセタキセルとの併用で処置されたより高い濃度の第1の腫瘍のみが、対照またはドセタキセル処理された腫瘍より著しく小さいサイズの遅延した第2の腫瘍を形成することができた(p<0.01)。さらに、1000および100個の第1の併用処置された細胞は、4中3試料で第2の腫瘍(SUM159、UM2、UM3)を形成しなかった。
SUM159細胞株は、発光酵素を発現するレンチウイルスに感染させられ、250,000の発光酵素感染細胞をNOD/SCIDマウスの心臓に接種された。マウスは、2群に組織化された。2群のマウスは、心臓内の注射の12時間後に、1日に2回、28日間、生理食塩水の皮下注射またはレペルタキシンの皮下注射(15mg/kg)を処置された。転移形成は、生物発光画像法を使用して観察された(11B:生理食塩水処置されたマウス、11C:レペルタキシン処置されたマウス)。接種に続いて一週間間隔で測定された標準光子束の定量化は、レペルタキシン(11A)で処置されたマウスの群に比較して、生理食塩水で処置されたマウスの群の転移形成において、統計的に有意な増加を明らかにした。
CXCR1遮断による癌幹細胞の治療法
本実施例は、インビトロ検定およびマウスモデルの両方を通じて、腫瘍細胞におけるCXCR1抑制の効果を証明する。
次の参考文献は、本明細書に完全に示しているかのように、参照により全体が本明細書に組み入れられる。
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Claims (5)
- 対象から採取された乳癌組織試料におけるCXCR1+細胞を検出することを含む、固形腫瘍幹細胞の存在を検出する方法。
- 前記検出は、抗体または抗体フラグメントに前記乳癌組織試料を接触させることを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記抗体または抗体フラグメントは、シグナル分子に接合している、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記シグナル分子は、比色基質の存在下で発色反応を触媒することができる蛍光分子または酵素を含む、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記固形腫瘍幹細胞の有無を決定するために他のタンパク質または核酸が検定されない、請求項1に記載の方法。
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