KR101337882B1 - A reducing method of methane-gas reproduction and producing method of high-quality meat using by the control of feed mass - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a reduction method of methane gas production from the ruminant stomach of a ruminant, and a production method of high quality meat by controlling the feeding amount of nutrients. The methane gas production of the ruminant stomach is reduced by using fermented bulky feed of the present invention, the weight increase amount in a grazing period is improved and the shipping date is shortened by replacing rice straws with the fermented bulky feed, and the class appearance rate is increased by increasing the fat degree inside muscles. The eating rate of long grass is reduced by feeding the fermented bulky feed. [Reference numerals] (AA) Control group;(BB) Treatment group 1;(CC) Treatment group 2

Description

A Reducing Method of Methane-gas reproduction and producing method of high-quality meat using by the control of feed mass}

The present invention relates to a method for reducing methane production and high-quality meat production by adjusting nutrient supply amount, specifically, the technology for producing methane generation by reducing the rumen methane rate by adjusting the intestinal salary ratio relative to the total building intake, and the advanced beef production technology by adjusting the nutrient supply and method The invention relates to a high-quality meat production method for improving the intramuscular fat by increasing the daily nutrient gain by increasing the nutrient feed amount through the fermentation broth during the growing season.

[Reference 1] Sul Yong-joo, Kim Kyung-hoon, Baik Chang-chang, Lee Sang-cheol, Ok Ji-un, Lee Kang-yeon, Choi Chang-won, Lee Sung-sil, Oh Young-gyun. 2012. Effect of Grain Feed Sources on Ruminant Methane Production in Korean Cattle. Korean Journal of Animal Science and Technology 54 (1): 15-22.

[Document 2] A.O.A.C. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington, D. C.

Benchaar, C., Pomar, C. and Chiquette, J. 2001. Evaluation of dietary strategies to reduce methane production in reminants: Amodeling approach. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 81: 563-574.

[4] Crutzen, P. J., Aselmanm, I. and Seiler, W. 1986. Methane production by domestic animals, wild ruminants, other herbivorous fauna and humans. Tellus. 388: 271-284.

Ellis J.L., Kebreab E., Odongo N.E., McBride B.W., Okine E.K., France J. 2007. Prediction of methane production from dairy and beef cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 90 (7): 3456-3467.

6, Johnson, D. E., Johnson, K. A., Ward, G. M. and Branine, M. E. 2000. Ruminants and other animals, Chapter 8. Pages 112-133 in Atmospheric Methane: Its Role in the Global Environment. M. A. K. Khalil, ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, Germany.

7, Johnson, K. A. and Johnson, D. E. 1995. Methane emissions from cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 73: 2483-2492.

8, Kim, S. I., Jung, G. G, Kim, J. Y., Lee, S. W., Baek, K. H. and Choi, C. B. 2007a. Effect of feeding high quality hay on performance and physico-chemical characteristics of carcass of Hanwoo steers. J. Anim. Sci. & Technol. (Cor.). 49 (6): 783-800.

9, Kim, Y. I. 2011. Nutritional Value of Spent Mushroom Substrates Silage, and Its Feeding Effects on Hanwoo Performance and Behavior. Ph D. thesis. Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.

10. Kononoff, P. J. and Heinrichs, A. J. 2003. The effect of reducing alfalfa haylage particle size on cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 86: 1145-1457.

Moss, A. R., Jouany, J. P. and Newbold, J. 2000. Methane production by rumints: its contribution to global warming. Ann.Zootech. 49: 321-253.

Document 12 SAS User's Guide: Statistics, Version 9.1 Edition. 2002. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC.

[13] Van Soest, PJ, Robertson, JB and Lewis, BA 1991. Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74: 3583.

To cope with climate change around the world, climate agreements have been signed to mandate the reduction of greenhouse gases in each country. Methane is one of the strongest greenhouse gases emitted directly to the atmosphere in livestock and various agricultural sectors. Methane is also produced by ruminants, with 75% of the ruminant cattle coming from the buffalo, sheep and goats (Crutzen et al., 1986). Cattle produce, on average, more than 50 liters per hour of gas, 25 to 30% of which is methane. Methane gas emissions from ruminants are mainly related to the breeding of livestock, the pH of the rumen fluid, the production rate of acetic acid and propionic acid in the rumen, the number of methane-producing microorganisms, the composition and feeding level of the feed consumed, the digestibility, and the breeding environment between developed and developing countries. And specification technology differences (Johnson and Johnson 1995; Moss et al., 2000; Benchaar et al., 2001; Sejian et al., 2010). Methane is one of the sources of energy intake, resulting in energy losses of between 2 and 12% of total energy intake (Johnson et al., 2000).

Ruminants have rumens. Feeding ruminants is primarily broken down and used by various microorganisms in the rumen. There are various microorganisms in the rumen, and double methanogenic bacteria are called methanobrevibacter ruminantium , methanobacterium formicicum and methanomicrobium mobile . Reducing the number of methane-producing bacteria may be a way to reduce methane production in the rumen. Various studies are underway to reduce methane producing bacteria. In general, methanogenic bacteria have a positive correlation with fibrinolytic bacteria and a negative correlation with starchy bacteria. Therefore, if the number of starch bacteria is increased by increasing the amount of nutrients ingested from grain feed during the breeding season, the number of methane-producing bacteria in symbiosis with fibrosis bacteria is reduced, thus reducing the amount of methane produced in the rumen. (Moss et al., 2000).

The urgent use of forages and the restriction of formulated feeds during the breeding of Korean cattle are intended to induce ruminant development and favor long-term fattening. However, many farms have too many compound feeds in the growing season, and the increase in the growing season is being investigated. Increasing the energy intake through the growth feed of the growing season can improve the growth of the growing season, thereby improving meat quality and reducing the amount of methane production. (Kim et al., 2011)

Long-term fattening is necessary for the production of high quality beef. To this end, it is necessary to promote the development of rumen by feeding feed mainly on forage during the growing season. Excessive specification control, however, can hinder the weight gain and reduce shipment weight. As a result, the growth of the sirloin and the myocardial fat cells is suppressed, thereby reducing the intramuscular fat level when shipped. Increasing the amount of the compound feed beyond the appropriate amount may damage the rumen villi and cause metabolic diseases. Feeding nutrients by feeding high-quality forages can maintain rumen development and optimal growth (Kim, 2007).

Increasing the ratio of forage increased the growth of cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen and increased the production of acetic acid. However, the growth of methane-producing bacteria also increased, leading to an increase in methane production (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).

However, none of the above documents discloses or teaches the effect of controlling the proper weight gain and reducing the amount of methane produced by adjusting the nutrient feed amount of the present invention and controlling the feed and rich feed ratios.

Therefore, the present inventors intend to develop an eco-friendly and high-quality Hanwoo production technology by controlling the proper weight gain and calculating the amount of methane produced at this time by adjusting the nutrient feed amount, the fertilizer and the rich feed ratio in the Hanwoo specification management stage. To this end, a fermentation forage containing an appropriate amount of jangcho (large particle forage) was prepared to control the amount of fertilizer and the rich feed ratio and nutrients, the present invention was completed.

An object of the present invention is to provide a reduction method for reducing the methane production of ruminant rumen and a production method for producing high-quality meat, characterized in that by using fermented fertilizer to adjust the nutrient loading.

Specifically, the present invention uses fermentation fertilizer to control the rate of long-term salary relative to the total intake of ruminants, and the method of fermentation during the breeding season through the reduction method for reducing the methane production of the ruminant rumen and nutrient feed and method control. It provides a high-quality meat production method that improves intramuscular fat by increasing nutrient supply through forage.

The reduction method for reducing methane production of ruminant rumen is controlled by the fermentation fertilizer to control the ratio of long-term intake (forage with more than 8 milliliters) to the total dry matter intake to reduce the amount of methane produced and to control the growth of the growing season It is characterized by a method of increasing the prevalence.

Fermentation feed as defined herein is 40 to 60% (w / w) mushroom cultivation by-product (mushroom waste medium), 15 to 25% (w / w) recycled poultry, 5 to 15% (w / w) rice bran, ryegrass Straw 5-30% (w / w), molasses 1-5% (w / w), bentonite 0.1-3% (w / w), and fermented strain 0.1-2% (w / w) and then sealed At least one selected from the group consisting of the fermented strains, preferably, anaerobic bacteria, more preferably Lactobacillus bacteria, Bacillus bacteria, Saccharomyces bacteria, Enterobacter and Aspergillus bacteria at room temperature for two weeks, preferably Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus subtilis, and Enterobacter ludwigii KU201-3 least one member selected from the group consisting of a fungus, more preferably from KCCM12116 plantarum Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM11306, Bacillus cereus KU206-3, Bacillus subtilis KU201- 7, Bacillus subtilis KU3, Enterobacter ludwigii 0.1 to 2% (w / w), preferably 0.3 to 1.0% (w / w) of KU201-3 strain is added and appropriate temperature and humidity conditions are preferred, temperature 35 to 45 ° C. and relative humidity 55 to 65 % And under anaerobic fermentation conditions, characterized in that it is prepared through a process comprising performing anaerobic fermentation for 1 day to 1 month, preferably 1 week to 3 weeks.

As defined herein, the feed for reducing methane production of ruminants includes fermentation feed.

Ruminant animals, as defined herein, are animals that have the characteristics of re-leaking and chewing food that has been swallowed once in digestion form, and refers to an animal in which the stomach, called the rumen, is divided into three or four threads. Sheep, deer, camels, giraffes and the like.

The fermentation fertilizer is adjusted to the first salary ratio of building intake to 1 to 40% (w / w), preferably 10 to 20% (w / w), more preferably 18% (w / w) or less, The plasticizing nutrient total amount (TDN) is set at a level of 30 to 70%, preferably 40 to 60% (w / w), and the water content is 10 to 60%, preferably 20 to 50% (w / w). More preferably, it is characterized by adjusting in the range of 30 to 40% (w / w).

In addition, the present invention (1) mushroom cultivation by-product (mushroom waste medium) 40 to 60% (w / w), recycled poultry 15 to 25% (w / w), rice bran 5 to 15% (w / w), ryegrass Straw 5-30% (w / w), molasses 1-5% (w / w), bentonite 0.1-3% (w / w), and fermented strain 0.1-2% (w / w) and then sealed to the fermentation strain at 2 weeks at room temperature, preferably, anaerobic bacteria, and more preferably Lactobacillus bacteria, Bacillus bacteria, Saccharomyces strains, at least one member selected from the group consisting of Aspergillus, and Enterobacter bacteria, preferably Lactobacillus plantarum , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Bacillus cereus , Bacillus subtilis , Bacillus subtilis , and Enterobacter ludwigii At least one selected from the group consisting of KU201-3 bacteria, more preferably Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM12116 , Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM11306 , Bacillus cereus KU206-3, Bacillus subtilis KU201-7, Bacillus subtilis KU3, Enterobacter ludwigii 0.1 to 2% (w / w), preferably 0.3 to 1.0% (w / w) of KU201-3 strain is added, and suitable temperature and humidity conditions, preferably, temperature 35 to 45 ℃, relative humidity 55 to 65 % And provides a fermentation forage for ruminants, characterized in that it is prepared through a process comprising performing anaerobic fermentation for 1 to 1 month, preferably 1 to 3 weeks under anaerobic fermentation conditions.

Mushroom cultivation by-product (mushroom waste medium) as defined herein includes a variety of common by-products generated in the mushroom cultivation process, for example, by-products of mushroom cultivation, such as pine mushrooms, mushrooms, mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, that is, medium And the like.

Recyclable poultry mattress as defined herein includes common poultry mattresses that occur incidentally in poultry farms. Examples include broiler meal.

Rice bran as defined herein includes common rice bran.

The lygrass straw, as defined herein, is widely used for cultivation and use of ruminant forage as herbaceous and herbaceous, and is widely used in Italian ryegrass, perennial ryegrass, and common. Common rygrass and the like.

Molasses as defined herein includes waste molasses, which is not widely edible, and in the narrow sense means honey produced when refining crude sugar or making ice sugar. About molasses It is also called refined molasses, ice molasses, and edible molasses.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of rearing a ruminant for increasing the weight gain of the export animal, including the step of feeding the fermentation broth of the present invention to the ruminant rearing period, preferably starting from about 7 months to 10 months of age. .

In addition, the present invention, the fermented feed is 1 to 3 times a day, preferably 1 to 2 times, 3.0 to 10.0kg / day, preferably, 4.0 to 7.0kg / day amount (based on building volume) It is characterized by.

In addition, methane production reduction method of the ruminant of the present invention (1) mushroom cultivation by-products (mushroom waste medium) 40 to 60% (w / w), recycled poultry 15 to 25% (w / w), rice bran 5 to 15 % (w / w), ryegrass straw 5-30% (w / w), molasses 1-5% (w / w), bentonite 0.1-3% (w / w), and fermented strain 0.1-2% (w / w) at least one selected from the group consisting of the fermented strain, preferably, anaerobic bacteria, more preferably Lactobacillus bacteria, Bacillus bacteria, Saccharomyces bacteria, Enterobacter and Aspergillus bacteria at room temperature for two weeks after mixing. , Preferably Lactobacillus plantarum , Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus cereus , Bacillus subtilis , Bacillus subtilis , and Enterobacter ludwigii At least one selected from the group consisting of KU201-3 bacteria, more preferably Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM12116 , Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM11306 , Bacillus cereus KU206-3, Bacillus subtilis KU201-7, Bacillus subtilis KU3, Enterobacter ludwigii 0.1 to 2% (w / w), preferably 0.3 to 1.0% (w / w) of KU201-3 strain is added, and suitable temperature and humidity conditions, preferably, temperature 35 to 45 ℃, relative humidity 55 to 65 % And building ruminants by feeding fermentation fertilizer for ruminants, characterized in that it is prepared through a process comprising performing anaerobic fermentation for one to one month, preferably one to three weeks, under anaerobic fermentation conditions. It is characterized by reducing the methane production of ruminants while increasing the intake.

By using the fermented fertilizer of the present invention as described above, not only to reduce the methane production of the rumen, but also to replace the whole rice straw during the growing period helps to improve the growth period of the growing period and to shorten the shipping time, and to increase the fat level in the carcass Effective for increasing the prevalence. In addition, fermentation supplements have the effect of lowering the intake ratio of intake compared to building intake.

By using the fermentation fertilizer of the present invention, not only to reduce the methane production of the rumen, but also to replace the whole straw straw in the growing period helps to improve the growth period of the growing period and to shorten the shipping time, to increase the degree of grading rate by increasing the intramuscular fat during carcass effective. In addition, fermented feed supplements provide an excellent technical effect that has the effect of lowering the intake ratio of the intestinal to the building intake.

1 is a diagram showing the effect of reducing methane generation during the entire breeding period by treatment fermentation feed.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail based on the following examples. However, the following examples are intended to illustrate the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.

Example 1. Fermentation Fertilizer Preparation Method

In order to improve the weight gain, the total amount of plasticized nutrients (TDN) of fermented feed was set at 50% and the ratio of large grains was set at 18%. Fermentation fertilizer for the test feed is fermentation fertilizer: mushroom cultivation by-products (mushroom waste medium, Saengjinjin Tong Farm Co., Ltd., 500kg), recycled poultry (cheongsol farm, 210kg), rice bran (danwol rice, 118kg), ryegrass straw 150 kg), molasses (bio feed, 20 kg), bentonite (Korean Mine feed, 6 kg), and the following fermentation strain (Korea Microorganisms Preservation Center, 6 kg) was prepared by mixing. Total plasticizer (TDN) was set at 50% and moisture content was 35%. The ratio of long grass (irradiant having 8 millimeters or more of particle | grains) with a large particle size was made into 18% level. Feed particle size was measured using the Penn State Particle Separator (PSPS) according to the method of Kononoff and Heinrichs (2003). After mixing thoroughly using a compounding machine (J-STAR, Harsh, USA), sealed and anaerobic fermentation at room temperature for 2 weeks ( Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM12116 , Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM11306 , Bacillus cereus KU206-3, Bacillus subtilis KU201-7, Bacillus subtilis KU3, A 0.1% (w / w) inoculation ( anaerobic fermentation ) fermentation for each of Enterobacter ludwigii KU201-3 was prepared (hereinafter referred to as “FCF”).

Experimental Example 1 Specification Experiment and Experiment Result

The feed of the above example was fed to the experimental animals as follows (the compound feed was fed twice a day, the amount of feed was calculated based on the weight per month after weighing monthly, the survey was based on the free vegetarian diet). The fermented fertilizer produced is more nutritious than ordinary rice straw and contains the least amount of grass for rumen development. Feeding fermented fertilizers allows for supplementation of nutrients for proper growth and maintenance of rumen function.

1-1. Feeding Method

Feeding methods for each step of the specification are shown in Table 1. The specification stages of Hanwoo steer were beef breeding, pre-breeding, and post-treatment. The growing period was up to 13 months of age, pre-finging was 14 months to 23 months of age, and late feeding was 24 months to 30 months of age. The control group fed the compound feed and rice straw according to the conventional practice, and the processing group 1 was freely fed the rice straw and fermentation forage in the growing and finishing periods. In all treatments, only feed and rice straw were fed in the late finishing (see Table 1).

Experimental design Control Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Breeding machine   Compound Feed 1.3 to 1.5% of body weight 1.3 to 1.5% of body weight 1.3 to 1.5% of body weight   Straw Free vegetarian Free vegetarian -   Fermentation Survey Fee - Free vegetarian Free vegetarian Fattening electricity   Compound Feed 1.7 to 1.8% of body weight 1.7 to 1.8% of body weight 1.7 to 1.8% of body weight   Straw Free vegetarian Free vegetarian -   Fermentation Survey Fee - Free vegetarian Free vegetarian The latter   Compound Feed Free vegetarian Free vegetarian Free vegetarian   Straw 1 to 1.2 kg / day 1 to 1.2 kg / day 1 to 1.2 kg / day   Fermentation Survey Fee - - -

1-2. Experimental animal

15 animals of average weight 254kg Hanwoo steer (10.9 months old) were published as experimental animals and placed at 5 heads per treatment. Five heads were arranged in a fence of 5m in width x 10m in length. Specification stages were rearing period, pre-raising, rearing period. Body weight was measured monthly using a well-formed machine (Cas, BI-2RB, Korea). Combined feed amount was given a certain percentage of the weight measured every month. Feed was fed at 07:00 and 18:00.

1-3. Chemical analysis

During chemical analysis, the sample was dried at 65 ° C. for 48 hours and then ground to 1 mm using a sample mill (Cemotec, Tecator, Sweden). Dry matter, crude protein (N6.25), crude fat and crude ash contents were analyzed according to the method of AOAC (1990). NDF (neutral detergent insoluble fiber) and ADF (acid detergent insoluble fiber) were analyzed according to Van Soest et al. (1991).

The chemical constituents of the diets fed to Hanwoo steer are shown in Table 2. Combined feed utilized the common feed distributed. The dry matter content of fermentation broth was 64%, which was a general level suitable for fermentation. 13% protein and 50% total digestible nutrient (TDN). Methane production was calculated by the formula proposed by Ellis et al. (2007) (CH ₄ (MJ / d) = 8.56 + 0.14 × feed ratio).

Chemical Constituents of Forage Feeded to Korean Beef Stew Straw Fermentation Survey Fee Compound Feed Breeding machine Fattening electricity The latter ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... %… ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... building 81.3 63.8 89.2 89.0 87.2 Crude protein 3.4 12.6 16.1 14.7 13.2 Crude fat 0.9 4.0 2.8 2.7 2.0 Views min 12.3 11.1 7.4 7.1 5.8 Neutral detergent insoluble fiber 74.5 52.7 29.8 28.4 21.7 Acid detergent insoluble fiber 44.9 35.3 15.7 10.9 8.6 Non-Fiber Carbohydrates 8.9 19.6 43.8 47.1 57.3 Plasticizing Nutrients 42.0 50.0 77.4 80.3 83.7 ¹⁾ Building standard

1-4. Conductor Characteristic Evaluation

Carcass weight, back fat, fillet area and meat grade items such as intramuscular fat, meat color, fat color, maturity, and texture were classified according to official classification criteria of the Livestock Quality Assessment Institute (APGS, 2009). Intramuscular fat was classified into 1 ⁺⁺ , 1 ⁺ , 1, 2, and 3 grades. Sirloin section and back fat thickness were measured at 13th rib. The meat index was calculated as in Equation 1 below. The meat grade was set to A, B, and C. The meat grade A was made to be at least 67.5 meat index, the meat grade B was made at 62.0 ~ 67.5 meat index, and the meat grade C was made less than 62.0%.

1-5. Statistical processing

Statistical processing was performed using one way ANOVA and GLM (Statistix 7, 2000). Average price comparisons were performed using Tukey's multiple range test (Statistix7, 2000). Significance was tested at p value 0.05 level. The correlation between average daily gain (ADG) and carcass characteristics by specification stage was analyzed using Pearson correlations (SAS, 2002).

The results are shown in Tables 4 and 5 below.

1-6. Weight gain  Test result

Table 3 shows the change in weight gain by fermentation fee. Treatment 2, which completely replaced rice straw with fermented feedstock, had a 17.5 kg increase in growth period compared to the control group, which increased 0.19 kg in ADG (average daily gain) (P = 0.1028). There was no difference (P> 0.05). In the study of Kim et al. (2007a), the CP efficiency required for the increase was the highest in the growing season. As fermentation feed was increased 3.8 times higher than that of rice straw, CP intake increased and growth gain was improved. Fermented feed fed diets maintained higher body weights from the growing season to the pre-farming period than the control group, but there was no difference in the total weight gain during the entire period due to the compensatory growth of the control group in the pre-farming and post-farming seasons (P> 0.05). . Sainz et al. (1995) found that the gains that were limited by the growing season's limited salary compensated for later growth. According to the fermentation feed, the increase in weight gain of the treatment group 2 and the compensation growth effect of the control group fed rice straw as the source of fertilizer were similar. Huck et al. (2000) reported that ADG increased by 2.5 to 5% when feeding DFM (probiotic, direct-fed microbes) to feedlot cattle, and Vasconcelos et al. (2008) reported that the effect of feeding DFM on castrate was affected by the amount of feed. It was.

In this study, however, rice straw was replaced with fermented feed, but there was no improvement in weight gain over the whole period (P> 0.05). The fermentation broth had a function as a probiotic, a difference in chemical properties with rice straw, and compensation growth. In addition, the weight of treatment 2 at 24 months of age is about 20kg heavier than that of the control group, so it is more favorable for early shipment due to the increase in weight compared to months.

Changes in Weight Gain by Feeding Methods of Korean Cattle Stew Item Control Treatment 1 ²⁾ Treatment 2 ³⁾ SE P value ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Kg… ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Breeding machine     Starting weight 251.8 251.4 259.9 18.6 0.8773     Exit weight 319.7 328.6 345.3 20.3 0.4635     Weight gain 67.9 77.2 85.4 12.9 0.1028     Daily weight gain 0.71 0.81 0.90 0.10 0.1088 Fattening electricity     Starting weight 319.7 328.6 345.3 20.3 0.4635     Exit weight 560.5 569.6 575.2 21.7 0.7950     Weight gain 240.8 241.0 229.9 13.1 0.6395     Daily weight gain 0.81 0.81 0.77 0.04 0.6054 The latter     Starting weight 560.5 569.6 575.2 21.7 0.7950     Exit weight 682.0 677.3 691.6 24.9 0.8622     Weight gain 121.5 107.7 116.5 16.1 0.6954     Daily weight gain 0.59 0.53 0.57 0.08 0.6937 Overall period     Starting weight 251.8 251.4 259.9 18.6 0.8773     Exit weight 682.0 677.3 691.6 24.9 0.8622     Weight gain 430.2 425.9 431.8 26.7 0.9108     Daily weight gain 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.05 0.9065 ¹⁾ 5 heads average.

1-7. Feed Intake Test Results

Feed intake by specification stage according to fermentation feed is shown in Table 4, and feed intake by month is shown in Table 3-7. Fermented feed was consumed at the level of 3.1 to 4.0 kg / day (DM basis) until 19 months of age at free vegetarian diet. The maximum intake of fermented broths was 5.4 kg / day (DM basis) at 14 months of age, which was higher than the maximum intake of rice straw of the control group (3.3 kg / day). When the fermentation feed was fed, the dry matter intake increased from 0.2 to 0.3 kg / day during the growing season, 0.8 to 1.2 kg / day during the pre-flight, and 0.1 kg / day during the late fattening period. 0.7 kg / day increased. It is speculated that the total particle size of fermented fertilizer with excellent palatability was smaller than that of rice straw, which was ingested.

Martz and Belyea (1986) found that a small particle size increases the rate of rumen penetration and increases the intake of buildings. In addition, cell wall material was softened or destroyed by organic acids (Kwak, 2009) and fermented bacteria from fermentation, which increased the availability by ruminant microorganisms, resulting in increased digestibility (e.g., 2003). have. Nsereko et al. (2008) and Aksu et al. (2004) reported that inoculation of lactic acid bacteria during silage production resulted in the release of enzymes, such as ferulate esterase, involved in cell wall breakdown, resulting in improved in situ NDF digestibility.

When the fermentation feed was replaced with rice straw during the transition from pre-flight to post-flight at 23 months of age, both groups 1 and 2 consumed less than the amount of rice straw in the control group during the first month, but from 25 months of age, more rice straw was consumed than the control. Ingested. In general, for the long-term fattening, the fertilizers are urgently grown in the growing season, and the compound feed is restricted to promote the development of the rumen. Fermented feedstuffs may be detrimental to ruminant development because the particle size is smaller than that of rice straw. However, the results of the specification test showed that the feed intake of late fattening was the same as the control group that consumed rice straw until shipment. This means that replacing the rice straw with fermentation fertilizer with a low amount of whole grass during the growing season enables the development and maintenance of rumen growth in the growing season, which is not a problem for long-term raising up to 30 months of age.

Table 4. Changes in Feed Intake by Month of Age by Treatment Group ^{1 )} Specification Step Months of age Compound Feed (Common) Control Treatment 1 ^{2 )} Treatment 2 ^{3 )} Straw Straw Fermentation Survey Fee Straw Fermentation Survey Fee Kg / d ... Breeding machine 10 2.9 2.4 1.9 2.3 - 3.6 11 2.9 2.5 1.5 1.4 - 3.1 12 3.6 2.9 1.8 1.4 - 3.3 13 4.4 4.1 1.8 2.2 - 4.0 Fattening electricity 14 5.3 3.0 2.5 2.9 - 5.4 15 5.7 3.3 2.3 2.6 - 5.1 16 5.8 3.0 2.3 1.6 - 3.9 17 6.2 3.0 2.1 1.6 - 3.7 18 6.5 2.4 2.3 1.7 - 3.8 19 6.9 2.7 1.9 1.8 - 4.0 20 7.5 2.1 1.8 1.3 - 3.2 21 8.0 2.1 1.6 1.2 - 2.5 22 8.6 1.3 1.7 0.8 - 1.6 23 8.7 1.6 1.0 0.5 - 1.1 The latter 24 8.8 1.0 0.6 - 0.9 - 25 8.8 1.0 0.8 - 1.1 - 26 8.9 1.3 1.7 - 1.3 - 27 8.8 1.3 1.9 - 1.6 - 28 7.5 1.6 1.9 - 1.7 - 29 7.0 1.5 1.6 - 1.6 - 30 7.7 1.5 1.6 - 1.6 - ¹⁾ Building Standards.

1-8. Methane production test result

The amount of methane produced by age according to nutrient benefits is shown in Table 5. When feeding nutrients through fermentation feedstock, methane production was consistently low from the growing season to the late finishing period. Sejian et al. (2010) reported that methane production is affected by specification management techniques. The fermentation fertilizer ratio was 18%, and the ratio of jangcho to total intake (blended feed and fertilizer) in the growing season when fed with blended feed was 9 ~ 10% for treatment 2, 26-33% for treatment 1, and control. Was 36 to 46%. As fermentation feed was fed, the intake ratio of intake to dry matter decreased, leading to a decrease in methane production. The amount of methane produced by ruminants can be calculated through the breathing chamber. However, total methane generation over the entire period is practically very limited. Ellis et al. (2007), a foreign study, reported that 1 to 3.5 M cal / day occurred in beef cattle, and 1.5 to 1.8 for late-fed cattle (614 kg) in the study of Korean beef cattle Seol et al. (2012). Mcal / day of methane is reported.

Table 5. Changes in Methane Production by Treatments Months of age Control Treatment 1 Treatment 2 ·············································· 10 3.5 3.1 2.4 11 3.6 3.0 2.4 12 3.5 3.0 2.3 13 3.6 2.9 2.3 14 3.2 3.0 2.3 15 3.3 2.9 2.3 16 3.2 2.9 2.3 17 3.1 2.8 2.3 18 2.9 2.9 2.3 19 3.0 2.7 2.3 20 2.8 2.7 2.2 21 2.7 2.6 2.2 22 2.5 2.6 2.1 23 2.6 2.4 2.1 24 2.4 2.2 2.3 25 2.4 2.3 2.4 26 2.5 2.6 2.5 27 2.5 2.6 2.5 28 2.6 2.7 2.6 29 2.6 2.7 2.7 30 2.6 2.6 2.6 Total 60.9 57.3 49.5 ¹⁾ Building standard

In addition, methane generation during the entire breeding period is shown in FIG. The amount of methane produced in the treatment group 2, which was totally free-vegetated only when the nutrients were fed, was reduced by 18.8% compared to the control group. Treated with the fermented broth and rice straw, 1, the methane production decreased by 5.9%. As a result, replacing rice straw with fermentation broth was found to be effective in reducing methane production.

1-9. Conductor properties

Evaluation of meat and meat characteristics using ultrasonic wave at the specification stage according to fermentation feed was given in Table 6, and the characteristics of cold bodies after slaughter are shown in Table 7. There were no differences in meat and meat characteristics according to fermentation feed (P> 0.05).

According to the Animal Product Rating Service (KAPE, 2010), the average back fat thickness of Hanwoo steer (based on 400kg or more of carcass) in 2009 was 13.9mm, sectional area of sirloin 91.5㎠, intramuscular fat degree of 5.5 (15.5) and carcass weight of 443kg. The 50% fermentation yield was 11.0mm in thickness and 403.6kg in carcass weight, which is lower than the 2009 average but all other treatments were similar to the average. Intramuscular fat scores were 1.0 (2.9) to 3.1 (7.5) units higher than the 2009 average of 5.5 (15.5) in both control and treatment groups.

The backfat thickness tended to be the lowest at 11.0mm in treatment 1 (P = 0.0874), and 27.3-43.6% of the thickness of backfat increased in all treatments for 5 months before slaughter. Kim et al. (2003) found that back fat thickness is positively correlated with the second term rather than the first term of body weight in the formula for calculating the back fat thickness using the age and weight, so that the feed consumed at the late stage of fattening is converted to fat.

In this study, intramuscular fat increased intensively for 5 months before slaughter (26.2 to 31.1 months of age). This is in line with Van Koevering's (1995) findings that intramuscular fat has a quadratic increase in late fattening. In addition, the 50% fermented and 100% fermented diets were 5.8 and 5.6 units higher than the control, respectively (Table 3-7), but the intramuscular fat content of the 29.2 months old was 3.2 and 4.6 units higher than the control, respectively. Distinct differences were reduced. This can be interpreted that the time when the intramuscular fat of the treatments 1 and 2 reaches the maximum value is faster. Treatments 1 and 2, in which the growth of the proliferative phase was promoted by the fermentation diet, promoted the development of adipocytes, and the intramuscular adipose showed a quadratic increase in intramuscular fat. During slaughter, it was assumed that the intramuscular fat was higher in the treatments 1 and 2 compared to the control. The incidence of meat grade ¹⁺ or higher in treatment 1 and treatment 2, which had high intramuscular fat, was 100%, which was much higher than that of control.

In comparison with the whole fermented feed group and the control group (P = 0.0875), the intramuscular fat tended to increase according to the fermentation feed (P = 0.0875), and meat quality was significantly higher. (P <0.05). Fermented fertilizer supplementation seems to have the effect of increasing the intramuscular fat and improving the meat grade. In addition, the fermentation survey fee is expected to increase the intramuscular fat faster than the age of the month to shorten the shipping age.

Table 6. Evaluation of Meat Volume and Quality Characteristics by Ultrasonic Measurementt ^{1 )} Control Treatment 1 Treatment 2 SE P value Meat characteristics   Back Fat, 26.2 months of age 9.6 ^a 6.2 ^b 9.4 ^ab 1.3 0.0324 11.3 9.8 11.5 1.3 0.4481 29.2 months of age   Fillet cross section, ㎠ 26.2 months of age 80.7 81.8 83.7 2.6 0.5197 29.2 months of age 88.4 85.6 88.0 4.8 0.8376 Meat characteristics Intramuscular fat ^{2 )} 26.2 months of age 11.0 11.8 12.8 3.2 0.8551 29.2 months of age 13.0 18.8 18.6 2.6 0.1119 ¹⁾ 5 heads average
²⁾ Range 1 ~ 27 (1 = low, 27 = high).
^{a, b,} Means with different superscripts within the same row are significantly different (P <0.05).

Table 7. Evaluation of Cultivated Meat Characteristics of Castrated Korean Cattle According to Fermentation Survey ¹⁾ Item Control Treatment 1 ²⁾ Treatment 2 ³⁾ SE P Cold weight, kg 432.2 403.6 445.3 18.6 0.1352 Meat characteristics   Back fat thickness, mm 13.2 11.0 15.0 1.5 0.0874   Fillet cross section, ㎠ 90.2 88.6 90.5 4.4 0.9058   Meat index 64.5 66.4 63.1 1.2 0.0760   Weight rating 2.0 1.8 2.3 0.2 0.2461 Meat characteristics   Intramuscular fat map 18.4 21.6 23.0 2.4 0.2136   Color 4.8 5.0 5.0 0.2 0.4460   Local color 3.0 3.0 3.0 - -   Texture 1.0 1.0 1.0 - -   Maturity 2.0 2.0 2.0 - -   Meat grade 0.42 0.06 0.03 0.19 0.1193 1 ⁺⁺ ,% 40 40 80 - - 1 ⁺ ,% 20 60 20 - -     One, % 40 - - - - ¹⁾ 5 heads average

1-10. Weight gain  Conductor Characteristic Correlation

The correlation between ADG and carcass characteristics according to the fermentation survey salary is shown in Table 8. In this study, cold weight correlated positively with ADG at all specification levels. Backfat thickness at 26.2 to 31.1 months is negatively correlated with adult ADG, whereas it is positively correlated with pre-chicken and post-gender ADG. Sirloin cross-sectional area was generally positively correlated with ADG, and at 29 months of age or older, it had the highest positive correlation with carcass ADG. Intramuscular fat at 26.2 months was negatively correlated with pre- and post-adult ADG, but positively correlated with ADG at 29.1 months and 31.1 months. As a result, meat grade also increased with increasing ADG. In order to increase intramuscular fat, it is desirable to increase the growth period ADG. Meat color was positively correlated with ADG as a whole, but the values in the control and treatment groups were 4-5, all of which had no effect on meat grade in the normal range.

As a result, the increase in energy benefits through fermentation was found to be effective in improving carcass fat by improving ADG during the growing season.

Table 8. Correlation coefficient between daily gain (ADG) and conductor characteristics by specification stage Item Daily weight gain (ADG) Breeding machine Fattening electricity The latter All time Cold weight 0.4663 * 0.4639 * 0.4120 0.6429 ** Meat characteristics   Backfill thickness -0.2136 0.2308 0.4110 0.2923   Sirloin cross-sectional area 0.5369 ** 0.1056 0.3299 0.4416   Meat index 0.2201 -0.3763 -0.3405 -0.2858   Weight rating -0.4420 0.0176 -0.1662 -0.2402 Meat characteristics   Intramuscular fat map 0.5026 * -0.2501 -0.2792 -0.1200   Color 0.2814 0.7139 ** 0.4121 0.7008 **   Meat grade -0.4458 * 0.3313 0.3236 0.1964 ¹⁾ Pearson correlation (SAS, 2002). ^** Significance P <0.05.
^* Significance P <0.10.

Substituting whole rice straw during the growing season by setting the fermentation fertilizer ratio of 18% and TDN level to 50% helps to improve the weight gain during the growing season, and to shorten the shipment time. It is effective to In addition, the fermentation fertilizer supplementation lowered the intake ratio of the intestinal to the intake of the building, effectively reducing the methane production at the 19% level during the specification process.

Claims (12)

Mushroom cultivation by-product selected from Matsutake mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii, Enoki mushroom or shiitake mushroom, 40 to 60% (w / w), recycled poultry 15 to 25% (w / w), rice bran 5 to 15% (w / w) 5 to 30% (w / w) rygrass straw selected from Italian ryegrass, perennial ryegrass, or common rygrass, molasses 1 to 5% (w / w), bentonite 0.1-3% (w / w), and Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM12116, Bacillus cereus KU206-3, Bacillus subtilis KU201- 7, Bacillus subtilis KU3, or Enterobacter ludwigii Adding a strain selected from KU201-3 to 0.3-1.0% (w / w) and performing anaerobic fermentation for one to three weeks under a temperature of 35 to 45 ° C, a relative humidity of 55 to 65% and anaerobic fermentation conditions. Reduction method for reducing methane production of ruminant ruminant, characterized in that by using the fermented fertilizer prepared through through to control the intestinal salary ratio having more than 8 milligrams of the total dry matter intake. delete delete delete The method of claim 1,
The fermentation fertilizer is adjusted to less than 1 to 40% (w / w) long-age salary ratio of building intake, plasticizing nutrient total amount (TDN) is set at 30 to 70% level, water content is 10 to 60% ( Reduction method characterized in that the adjustment in the range (w / w). The method of claim 1,
The ruminant animals include a cow, goat, sheep, deer, camel, or giraffe. delete Mushroom cultivation by-product selected from Matsutake mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii, Enoki mushroom or shiitake mushroom, 40 to 60% (w / w), recycled poultry 15 to 25% (w / w), rice bran 5 to 15% (w / w) 5 to 30% (w / w) rygrass straw selected from Italian ryegrass, perennial ryegrass, or common rygrass, molasses 1 to 5% (w / w), bentonite 0.1-3% (w / w), and Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM12116, Bacillus cereus KU206-3, Bacillus subtilis KU201- 7, Bacillus subtilis KU3, or Enterobacter ludwigii Adding a strain selected from KU201-3 to 0.3-1.0% (w / w) and performing anaerobic fermentation for one to three weeks under a temperature of 35 to 45 ° C, a relative humidity of 55 to 65% and anaerobic fermentation conditions. Fermented fertilizer for ruminant manufactured through. delete delete delete delete

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