CN110583879A

CN110583879A - Daily ration for fattening cattle in winter

Info

Publication number: CN110583879A
Application number: CN201911020176.2A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 常新耀
Original assignee: Henan Institute of Science and Technology
Current assignee: Henan Institute of Science and Technology
Priority date: 2019-10-25
Filing date: 2019-10-25
Publication date: 2019-12-20

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of animal nutrition, and relates to a daily ration for fattening cattle in winter, which comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 20 to 30 percent of compound ammoniated feed, 20 to 30 percent of silage, 10 to 15 percent of steam-pressed corn, 10 to 15 percent of palm meal, 10 to 15 percent of corn germ meal, 1 to 10 percent of sunflower meal, 1 to 5 percent of rice bran meal, 5 to 10 percent of bran, 1 to 5 percent of medical stone, 0.5 to 1 percent of calcium powder, 0.5 to 1 percent of salt and 1 percent of premix. The invention can eliminate gastric acidosis of the tumor of the fattening cattle from the root, obviously reduce the daily ration cost of the fattening cattle, and obviously improve the daily gain, carcass weight, slaughter rate, net meat rate, meat-bone ratio and meat-fat ratio of the fattening cattle.

Description

Daily ration for fattening cattle in winter

Technical Field

The invention relates to a daily ration for fattening cattle, belonging to the technical field of animal nutrition.

Background

In order to improve the production performance and economic benefit of the fattening cattle in the production of beef cattle, the fattening cattle is often fed with high-starch high-protein feed, namely high-precision feed. Due to the fact that the concentrate has the characteristics of high starch content and low physical effective neutral detergent fiber (pe NDF), when the fattening cattle ingest too much concentrate, Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) in rumens is accumulated, so that the pH value of rumens is reduced, and the risk of rumen acidosis is increased. Under high-quality conditions, a large amount of VFA is produced and accumulated, the pH of the rumen is decreased, the metabolism of the rumen is disturbed, a large amount of abnormal metabolites including Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), histamine, tyramine, ethanol and D-lactic acid are produced, and many complications such as decreased feed intake, laminitis, liver abscess and the like are caused. The high-concentrate diet mode changes the abundance and diversity of flora in the rumen, and taking beef cattle as an example, on the phylum level, the rumen has a large amount of cellulose bacilli in the low concentrate mode, while the firmicutes are dominant in the high-concentrate mode. In conclusion, microorganisms suitable for growth under acidic conditions, such as Prevotella, Lactobacillus, and the like, proliferate in large quantities, while cellulose-degrading microorganisms, such as filamentous bacillus succinogenes, Vibrio fibrisolvens, decrease in the amount, as the pH of the rumen decreases. This not only reduces the digestibility of the roughage by ruminants, but also affects the health of the animal. Therefore, subacute rumenic acidosis (SARA) is known as the high-grade syndrome by scholars. Rumen plays an important role in digestion and metabolism of fattening cattle, rumen epithelial injury and rumen microbial community structure, diversity and abundance change caused by the fattening cattle ingesting excessive concentrate feed, and finally rumen absorption dysfunction is caused. Meanwhile, the feed crude protein is supplied excessively, thereby causing the waste of precious protein feed resources and environmental pollution.

At present, in order to break the predicament of high-precision feed syndrome, a great deal of scientific research work is done by many scholars at home and abroad, plant extracts, autolyzed yeast, nicotinic acid, organic acid, probiotics, lactic acid utilization bacteria and the like are mainly added into daily ration, and rumen fermentation is mostly regulated and controlled by considering a single factor. Although having a certain effect, the environment in the rumen is a complex anaerobic ecosystem, the leading factor determining the rumen microflora is the daily ration structure, the effect of exogenous additives is limited, and the rumen microflora can be automatically adjusted to gradually eliminate the effects. In addition, there is a view in academia that the addition of fungi and their enzyme preparations to daily ration of cattle and sheep is not favoured and is considered to interfere with rumen microflora. In conclusion, there is a lack of a systematic solution that fundamentally eliminates the high-precision material syndrome dilemma.

The temperature of the cowshed is kept between 15 and 25 ℃, and the fattening cattle can show high production performance. In winter, the temperature is mostly below the range, the energy consumption is large, the feed intake is increased, the fermentation intensity in the rumen of the fattening cattle is increased along with the increase of the feed intake, so that Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) in the rumen is accumulated, the pH value of the rumen is reduced, and the risk of rumen acidosis is increased. Although the measures of adding baking soda in the traditional high-starch daily ration are adopted in the fattening cattle farm, the effect of delaying the prevention of rumen acidosis is achieved, if the high-starch daily ration is eaten for a long time, the digestion disorder phenomenon still occurs to the fattening cattle, the feed intake is reduced, the feed digestion rate is reduced, the daily gain is reduced, the fattening period is prolonged, and the disease resistance is reduced.

The current daily ration design theory of fattening cattle causes high feeding cost and high production risk, which are still serious under the condition of high feed intake in winter, and the high-precision feed syndrome predicament leads the beef cattle industry to be trapped in a long-term strategic development bottleneck.

The field urgently needs a daily ration for fattening cattle which fundamentally solves the predicament of high-precision feed syndrome in winter.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to break through the predicament that the conventional daily ration of the fattening cattle is low in digestibility and prone to rumen acidosis, and simultaneously reduce the feeding cost, the daily ration design idea is adjusted, the daily ration design theory of the fattening cattle is changed, and through the beef cattle production practice of more than ten years, the applicant pays out huge heart blood in the long-term research process, and creatively explores the daily ration for preferentially culturing the cellulose-degrading bacteria, namely the cellulose culture medium daily ration: the concentration of soluble carbohydrate in the daily ration is reduced by utilizing the principle of a culture medium, the rumen microorganism self-adjusts the concentration by taking cellulose degrading bacteria as a dominant flora, cellulose degrading enzyme generated by the cellulose degrading bacteria decomposes crude fiber into volatile fatty acid, one part of the fatty acid is absorbed by the rumen wall and enters the blood circulation to be used as energy for an organism, and the other part of the fatty acid is utilized by the rumen microorganism in the rumen and synthesizes microbial protein with a proper amount of protein nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen in the daily ration to be used for the organism to digest and absorb.

In winter, the temperature is low, the energy consumption is high, the concentration of soluble carbohydrate in the daily ration is close to a medium level, and fatty acid decomposed by the coarse feed is taken as a main energy source; the crude protein content of the daily ration reaches a medium level; mineral elements and vitamins are added according to the design range.

The invention solves the technical problems of reducing the risk of rumen acidosis of the fattening cattle and reducing the daily ration cost of the fattening cattle. In order to realize the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:

the daily ration for fattening cattle in winter is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 20 to 30 percent of compound ammoniated feed, 20 to 30 percent of silage, 10 to 15 percent of steam-pressed corn, 10 to 15 percent of palm meal, 10 to 15 percent of corn germ meal, 1 to 10 percent of sunflower meal, 1 to 5 percent of rice bran meal, 5 to 10 percent of bran, 1 to 5 percent of medical stone, 0.5 to 1 percent of calcium powder, 0.5 to 1 percent of salt and 1 percent of premix.

The concentration of soluble carbohydrate in the daily ration is close to a medium level, the content of crude protein in the daily ration reaches the medium level, and the structure of the daily ration enables rumen microorganisms to self-regulate and take cellulose degrading bacteria as dominant flora, so that the digestibility of cellulose and crude protein in the daily ration can be improved, and rumen acidosis is avoided. The compound ammonification feed is an alkaline raw material, sodium bicarbonate is not added in daily ration to be used as an alkaline buffering agent, the calcium content is higher, and the content of calcium powder in the daily ration needs to be reduced; the phytase produced in the rumen fermentation process can release phosphorus element of phytic acid in daily ration to meet the requirements of microorganisms and organisms, and calcium hydrogen phosphate is not added in the daily ration.

Weighing steam-pressed corn, palm meal, corn germ meal, sunflower meal, rice bran meal, bran, medical stone, calcium powder, salt and premix according to a proportion, uniformly crushing into 1.0-4.0 mm fine powder, uniformly mixing by using a mixer, and putting the compound ammoniated feed, silage and other raw material mixtures mixed by using the mixer into a full-mixing daily grain machine for mixing uniformly.

The composite ammoniated feed is prepared by adjusting the water content of straws to 40%, adding 4% of urea and 4% of lime, uniformly mixing, putting into a plastic bag or stacking, sealing with a plastic film, and standing at the temperature of 25-33 ℃ for 20 days.

The silage is obtained by cutting green feed with the water content of 65-75%, compacting, sealing in a silage silo, a silage pond, a silage tower or a silage bag, and performing lactic acid fermentation in an anaerobic environment to reduce the pH value to below 4-4.2.

The premix comprises 25 mg-30 mg/kg of selenium, 5000 mg-10000 mg/kg of zinc, 40 mg-80 mg/kg of iodine, 20 mg-90 mg/kg of cobalt, 3000 mg-10000 mg/kg of manganese, 10000 mg-40000 mg/kg of iron, 1000 mg-3000 mg/kg of copper, 25 ten thousand IU-90 ten thousand IU/kg of vitamin A and D₃10 ten thousand IU-30 ten thousand IU/kg, vitamin E1000 IU-1500 IU/kg, and auxiliary materials are added and evenly mixed to obtain the product.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and positive effects:

1. the soluble carbohydrate content in the daily ration is low, so that the accumulation of VFA in rumen is low, the internal cause of rumen acidosis is lost, and the gastric acidosis phenomenon of fattening cattle rumen is radically eliminated.

2. The high-starch soluble carbohydrate providing energy in the traditional daily ration is converted into the cheap coarse feed as the main raw material, and the high-protein raw material in the traditional daily ration is converted into the low-price raw material with medium protein content, so that the daily ration cost of the fattening cattle is obviously reduced.

3. Under the conditions of the same variety, age and weight, the daily ration provided by the invention can greatly reduce perirenal fat, abdominal fat, pelvic fat and subcutaneous fat of the fattening cattle, greatly improve the proportion of muscles of the fattening cattle, and thus obviously improve the net meat rate of the fattening cattle.

4. The invention solves the sharp contradiction between the high-level production and the digestive metabolism of the fattening cattle, is matched with other technical links, and forms a new generation beef cattle nutrition core technical system.

Detailed Description

In the following examples, the present invention discloses specific implementation of the cellulose medium ration in raising of fattening cattle, which is only used for illustrating a preferred implementation mode of the present invention, and is not particularly limited.

Example 1

The components by weight percentage are as follows: 20% of compound ammoniated wheat straw, 30% of corn silage, 10% of steam-pressed corn, 15% of palm meal, 10% of corn germ meal, 5% of sunflower meal, 1% of rice bran meal, 5% of bran, 1% of medical stone, 1% of calcium powder, 1% of salt and 1% of premix.

Example 2

The components by weight percentage are as follows: 22% of composite ammoniated rice straw, 23% of corn silage, 11% of steam-pressed corn, 10% of palm meal, 15% of corn germ meal, 3% of sunflower meal, 2% of rice bran meal, 10% of bran, 2% of medical stone, 0.5% of calcium powder, 0.5% of salt and 1% of premix.

Example 3

The components by weight percentage are as follows: 30% of compound ammoniated wheat straw, 20% of corn silage, 10% of steam-pressed corn, 10% of palm meal, 14% of corn germ meal, 2.5% of sunflower meal, 3% of rice bran meal, 5% of bran, 3% of medical stone, 0.7% of calcium powder, 0.8% of salt and 1% of premix.

Example 4

The components by weight percentage are as follows: 20% of composite ammoniated rice straw, 20% of corn silage, 13% of steam-pressed corn, 10% of palm meal, 10% of corn germ meal, 9% of sunflower meal, 5% of rice bran meal, 5.5% of bran, 5% of medical stone, 0.8% of calcium powder, 0.7% of salt and 1% of premix.

And (3) verification: the method is characterized in that the method is verified in a cattle farm in Pingyu county in Henan province by adopting the embodiment 1, 120 healthy Simmental bulls with similar ages and the weight of about 450kg are selected, and the method adopts single-factor random grouping test design and is divided into 2 groups, wherein each group has 60 cattle, and the fattening period in winter is 90 days. The test group started feeding the ration prepared in example 1 after 8 days ahead of the transition of the ration, the control group fed the self-prepared ration (50% of corn silage, 25% of corn, 10% of cottonseed meal, 5% of soybean meal, 6% of bran, 1% of calcium powder, 0.25% of calcium hydrogen phosphate, 0.5% of salt, 0.25% of sodium bicarbonate and 2% of premix), two groups fed 2 times a day, freely fed, freely drunk water, collected fine and coarse feed amount every day, measured body weight every month and at the end of fattening period, and collected slaughter data when slaughtering.

The test data were analyzed by One-Way ANOVA using SPSS 12.0 for windows statistical software, and multiple comparisons were performed by Duncan method, and the results were expressed as Mean + -SD, with the test levels of P < 0.05 (significance level) or P < 0.01 (very significance level). The influence of the cellulose culture medium daily ration on the production performance and the economic benefit of the fattening cattle is shown in the following table.

Influence of surface cellulose culture medium daily ration on production performance and economic benefit of fattening cattle

As can be seen from the table above, compared with the control group fed with the traditional daily ration, the average daily saving of the test group is 1.76 yuan, the daily ration input is reduced by 8.08%, and the difference is very obvious (P is less than 0.01); the average daily gain of each test group is 0.17kg more, the average daily gain is improved by 9.04 percent, and the difference is very obvious (P is less than 0.01); the average body weight of each carcass in the test group is increased by 81.37 kg, the body weight of each carcass is improved by 23.47 percent, and the difference is very obvious (P is less than 0.01); the average slaughtering rate of the test group is improved by 19.93 percent, and the difference is very obvious (P is less than 0.01); the average net weight of each head of the test group is increased by 72.14 kg, the net weight is improved by 24.80 percent, and the difference is very obvious (P is less than 0.01); the average net meat rate of the test group is improved by 21.23 percent, and the difference is extremely obvious (P is less than 0.01); the average meat-bone ratio of the test group is improved by 22.27 percent, and the difference is very obvious (P is less than 0.01); the average weight of each head of fat in the test group is reduced by 60.17 kg, the weight of the fat is reduced by 47.85 percent, and the difference is very obvious (P is less than 0.01); the average meat-fat ratio of the test groups is improved by 139.83 percent, and the difference is very obvious (P is less than 0.01); the average weight gain income of the test group is improved by 9.04 percent, the average live cattle profit of the test group is improved by 25.02 percent, and the average net meat income of the test group is improved by 24.80 percent. In the test process, 11 cattle in the control group have the phenomena of reduced feed intake, loose and soft feces or mild diarrhea, and have the symptoms of subacute rumen acidosis, and the test group has normal feed intake and feces.

The test result shows that the cellulose culture medium daily ration obviously reduces the feeding cost of the fattening cattle, obviously improves the daily gain, carcass weight, slaughter rate, meat purity, meat-bone ratio and meat-fat ratio of the fattening cattle, and radically eliminates the gastric acidosis phenomenon of the fattening cattle.

Claims

1. The daily ration for fattening cattle in winter is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 20 to 30 percent of compound ammoniated feed, 20 to 30 percent of silage, 10 to 15 percent of steam-pressed corn, 10 to 15 percent of palm meal, 10 to 15 percent of corn germ meal, 1 to 10 percent of sunflower meal, 1 to 5 percent of rice bran meal, 5 to 10 percent of bran, 1 to 5 percent of medical stone, 0.5 to 1 percent of calcium powder, 0.5 to 1 percent of salt and 1 percent of premix.

2. The daily ration for fattening cattle in winter according to claim 1, characterized in that the compound ammoniated feed is a product obtained by adjusting the moisture content of straws to 40%, adding 4% of urea and 4% of lime, mixing uniformly, placing into a plastic bag or stacking, sealing with a plastic film, and standing at 25-33 ℃ for 20 days.

3. The daily ration for fattening cattle in winter according to claim 1, characterized in that the silage is a product obtained by cutting, compacting and sealing greenish feed with a water content of 65-75% in a silage silo, a silage pond, a silage tower or a silage bag, and performing lactic acid fermentation in an anaerobic environment to reduce the pH value to below 4-4.2.

4. The daily ration for fattening cattle in winter according to claim 1, characterized in that the premix is a product obtained by adding auxiliary materials into 25 mg-30 mg/kg of selenium, 5000 mg-10000 mg/kg of zinc, 40 mg-80 mg/kg of iodine, 20 mg-90 mg/kg of cobalt, 3000 mg-10000 mg/kg of manganese, 10000 mg-40000 mg/kg of iron, 1000 mg-3000 mg/kg of copper, 25 ten thousand IU-90 ten thousand IU/kg of vitamin A, 310 ten thousand IU-30 ten thousand IU/kg of vitamin D and 1000 IU-1500 IU/kg of vitamin E and uniformly mixing.