KR100804732B1 - 작은 결정체 제올라이트 ssz-32 및 이의 제조방법과 이를 이용한 탈납방법 - Google Patents
작은 결정체 제올라이트 ssz-32 및 이의 제조방법과 이를 이용한 탈납방법 Download PDFInfo
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- KR100804732B1 KR100804732B1 KR1020067008372A KR20067008372A KR100804732B1 KR 100804732 B1 KR100804732 B1 KR 100804732B1 KR 1020067008372 A KR1020067008372 A KR 1020067008372A KR 20067008372 A KR20067008372 A KR 20067008372A KR 100804732 B1 KR100804732 B1 KR 100804732B1
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- zeolite
- ssz
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- group
- mixture
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- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 83
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 47
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- -1 alkali metal cation Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002500 ions Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical group O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylamine Chemical compound CCN QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- UYVTYBDVUSLCJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-3-propan-2-ylimidazol-1-ium Chemical compound CC(C)[N+]=1C=CN(C)C=1 UYVTYBDVUSLCJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052809 inorganic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- FYPVBTXELDUXDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-di(propan-2-yl)imidazol-1-ium Chemical compound CC(C)N1C=C[N+](C(C)C)=C1 FYPVBTXELDUXDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000002683 foot Anatomy 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001972 isopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004200 microcrystalline wax Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019808 microcrystalline wax Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001971 neopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 claims 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims 6
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- KDSNLYIMUZNERS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropanamine Chemical compound CC(C)CN KDSNLYIMUZNERS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZrO2 Inorganic materials O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 4
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005216 hydrothermal crystallization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- SCLQNUSREGWKHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-O 2,3-di(propan-2-yl)-1h-imidazol-3-ium Chemical compound CC(C)[NH+]1C=CN=C1C(C)C SCLQNUSREGWKHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Imidazolium Chemical compound C1=C[NH+]=CN1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001657 ferrierite group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DCAYPVUWAIABOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC DCAYPVUWAIABOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 2
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- HXGZXUVDQQOSAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1,3-di(propan-2-yl)imidazol-1-ium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].CC(C)N1C=C[N+](C(C)C)=C1 HXGZXUVDQQOSAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004113 Sepiolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002597 Solanum melongena Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000061458 Solanum melongena Species 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010021119 Trichosanthin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WAIPAZQMEIHHTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cr].[Co] Chemical compound [Cr].[Co] WAIPAZQMEIHHTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001508 alkali metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008045 alkali metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001413 alkali metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000272 alkali metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical class [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HPTYUNKZVDYXLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;trihydroxy(trihydroxysilyloxy)silane;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Al].[Al].O[Si](O)(O)O[Si](O)(O)O HPTYUNKZVDYXLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001485 argon Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960000892 attapulgite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004517 catalytic hydrocracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001767 cationic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007385 chemical modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008119 colloidal silica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001649 dickite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004673 fluoride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052621 halloysite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000017 hydrogel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004694 iodide salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052622 kaolinite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012263 liquid product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011738 major mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011963 major mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000007431 microscopic evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052680 mordenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052605 nesosilicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009972 noncorrosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001477 organic nitrogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000004762 orthosilicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052625 palygorskite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005504 petroleum refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052624 sepiolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019355 sepiolite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Chemical class [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011269 tar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributylamine Chemical compound CCCCN(CCCC)CCCC IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
범위 | 바람직한 범위 | |
SiO2/Al2O3 | 20 이상 40 미만 | 30-35 |
OH-/SiO2 | 0.10-1.0 | 0.20-0.40 |
Q/SiO2 | 0.05-0.50 | 0.10-0.25 |
M+/SiO2 | 0.05-0.30 | 0.15-0.30 |
H2O/SiO2 | 20-300 | 25-60 |
Q/Q+M+ | 0.25-0.75 | 0.33-0.67 |
2 세타(Theta) | 디-스페이싱(d-spacing) (Å) | 상대 강도(%) (I/IO)X100 |
7.9 | 11.2 | 19 |
8.2 | 10.8 | 24 |
8.9 | 10.0 | 11 |
11.4 | 7.8 | 20 |
14.7 | 6.05 | 2 |
15.9 | 5.59 | 5 |
11.4 | 5.41 | 4 |
18.2 | 4.88 | 12 |
19.6 | 4.52 | 69 |
20.1 | 4.43 | 11 |
20.9 | 4.25 | 70 |
21.4 | 4.15 | 9 |
22.8 | 3.90 | 100 |
23.9 | 3.73 | 53 |
24.0 | 3.70 | 58 |
24.7 | 3.61 | 50 |
25.2 | 3.53 | 36 |
26.0 | 3.43 | 42 |
28.2 | 3.16 | 11 |
29.4 | 3.03 | 7 |
31.6 | 2.83 | 13 |
2 세타(Theta) | 디-스페이싱(d-spacing) (Å) | 상대 강도(%) (I/IO)X100 |
8.03 | 11.0 | 33 |
8.83 | 10.0 | 6 |
11.30 | 7.83 | 20 |
15.71 | 5.64 | 3 |
16.34 | 5.42 | 3 |
18.09 | 4.90 | 7 |
19.54 | 4.54 | 33 |
19.67 | 4.51 | 20 |
20.81 | 4.27 | 31 |
21.21 | 4.18 | 14 |
22.74 | 3.91 | 63 |
23.91 | 3.72 | 100 |
24.54 | 3.62 | 24 |
25.09 | 3.55 | 34 |
25.87 | 3.44 | 31 |
26.91 | 3.31 | 5 |
28.10 | 3.17 | 4 |
29.34 | 3.04 | 5 |
31.46 | 2.84 | 8 |
31.94 | 2.80 | 3 |
34.02 | 2.63 | 1 |
35.22 | 2.55 | 17 |
36.29 | 2.47 | 16 |
2 세타(Theta) | 디-스페이싱(d-spacing) (Å) | 강도 | 상대강도(%) (I/IO)X100 |
8.00 | 11.05 | 15 | 26 |
8.80 | 10.05 | 6 | 10 |
11.30 | 7.83 | 10 | 17 |
14.50 | 6.11 | 1 | 2 |
15.75 | 5.63 | 3 | 5 |
16.50 | 5.37 | 3 | 5 |
18.10 | 4.901 | 7 | 12 |
19.53 | 4.545 | 41 | 71 |
20.05 | 4.428 | 6숄더(shoulder) | 10숄더(shoulder) |
20.77 | 4.277 | 41 | 71 |
21.30 | 4.171 | 7 | 12 |
22.71 | 3.915 | 58 | 100 |
23.88 | 3.726 | 57 | 98 |
24.57 | 3.623 | 30 | 52 |
25.08 | 3.551 | 25 | 43 |
25.88 | 3.443 | 27 | 47 |
26.88 | 3.317 | 5 | 9 |
28.11 | 3.174 | 6 | 10 |
표준 SSZ-32 | SSZ-32X | |
디이소프로필이미다졸리움/ 실리카 | 0.00 | 0.05 |
생성물의 실리카/알루미나 비율 | 35 | 28-30 |
생성물의 Ar 흡수 분획* | (0.35-0.45) | (0.55-0.70) |
컨스트란트(Constraint) 인덱스 전환 테스트 | 50% | 12% |
결정 크기, 마이크론 | 0.17 | 0.01-0.04 |
제올라이트 | 중량% 700+ | 4.1 CSt에서 산물 VI | C1 - C4 중량% | C5-250℉ | 250 - 550℉ |
표준 SSZ-32 | 70.2 | 127 | 5.2 | 9.3 | 10 |
SSZ-32X | 75.4 | 129 | 2.4 | 6 | 8.3 |
Claims (37)
- 20:1 내지 40:1의 실리콘 옥사이드(silicon oxide) 대 알루미늄 옥사이드의 몰 비를 가지고, 200 내지 400 옹스트롬의 범위에서 선반형 성분(lathe-like)을 가지는 결정체(crystallite)을 가지며, 표 3에 개시된 x-선 회절 라인을 가지는 제올라이트.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 제올라이트에 대한 최소 세공 부피가 0.02 cc/gm이며, 0.5보다 큰 아르곤 흡수비((상대 압력 0.001 내지 0.1에서 87K에서의 분획(fraction) 아르곤 흡수)/(0.1의 상대 압력에 이르기 까지의 전체 아르곤 흡수)로 정의됨)를 가지는 제올라이트.
- 제2항에 있어서, 상기 아르곤 흡수비가 0.55 내지 0.70의 범위인 것을 특징으로 하는 제올라이트.
- 제1항에 있어서, 외부 표면적이 80 내지 300m2/gm인 것을 특징으로 하는 제 올라이트.
- 이성질화된 제품을 생산하기 위하여 탄화수소 연료를 탈납하는 공정에 사용되기에 적합한 탈납 촉매를 제조하며, 상기 촉매는 이성질체화에 사용되는 다른 분자 체(sieve)에 비해 감소된 세공 부피, 증가된 표면적 및 감소된 분해 활성을 가지고, 상기 연료는 10 또는 그 이상의 탄소 원자를 가지는 직쇄 및 경분지쇄 파라핀을 함유하며, 하기 단계들을 포함하는 탈납 촉매를 제조하는 방법.(a) 20:1 내지 40:1의 실리콘 옥사이드(silicon oxide) 대 알루미늄 옥사이드의 몰 비를 가지고, 200 내지 400 옹스트롬의 범위에서 선반형 성분(lathe-like)을 가지는 결정체(crystallite)을 가지며, 표 3에 개시된 x-선 회절 라인을 가지는 제올라이트를 제조하는 단계;(i) 혼합물을 형성하기 위해 특정된 분량의 하기 반응물을 혼합하는 과정;(1) 수산화물 형태로 이온 교환된 N-저급(lower) 알킬-N-메틸-N'-이소프로필-이미다졸리움 양이온 5부(2) 알칼리 메탈 수산화물 20부(3) Al2O3 3.5부에 SiO2 100부(4) 알킬 아민 20부(ii) 가압(autoclave) 상태의 자연적인 압력하에서 500 내지 1500rpm의 범위에서 0 내지 5시간 동안 과정 (i)의 혼합물을 휘저어 혼합하는 과정;(iii) 상기 제올라이트의 상기 결정을 형성하기 위하여 상기 혼합물을 상승된 온도에서 40 내지 120 시간동안 유지하는 과정;(iv) 상기 제올라이트의 상기 결정을 여과 또는 원심분리에 의해 수집하는 과정; 및(v) 상기 결정을 하소 및 이온 교환하는 과정;(b) (a) 단계에서 합성된 상기 제올라이트를 용해하기 어려운(refractory) 무기 산화물 담체 전구체 및 수성 용액과 함께, 10 내지 90 중량%의 분자 체(sieve) 함량을 가지는 혼합물을 이루도록 혼합하는 단계;(c) (b) 단계에서의 상기 혼합물을 압출물 또는 형성된 입자를 형성하도록 압출 또는 형성하는 단계;(d) (c) 단계의 압출물 또는 형성된 입자를 건조하는 단계;(e) (d) 단계의 건조된 압출물 또는 형성된 입자를 하소하는 단계;(f) 촉매 전구체를 제조하기 위하여 (d) 단계의 압출물 또는 형성된 입자를 수소화 성분 또는 다른 변형성 금속 또는 금속들과 함께 로딩하는 단계;(g) (f) 단계의 촉매 전구체를 건조하는 단계; 및(h) 완료된 결합된 탈납 촉매를 형성하기 위하여 (f) 단계의 건조된 촉매 전구체를 하소하는 단계.
- 삭제
- 삭제
- 제5항에 있어서, 상기 다른 변형성(modifying) 금속은 마그네슘, 란탄늄 및 다른 희토 금속, 바륨, 소듐, 프라세오디뮴, 스트론튬, 포타슘, 네오디뮴 및 칼슘으로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 것임을 특징으로 하는 방법.
- 합성되고 무수(anhydrous) 상태에서 (0.05 내지 2.0)Q2O : (0.1 내지 2.0)M2O : Al2O3 (20에서 40미만) SiO2의 산화물 몰 비에 의하는 조성을 가지는 수용성 용액으로부터 제조되며, 상기 M은 알칼리 금속 양이온이고, 상기 Q는 N-저급(lower) 알킬-N'-이소프로필 이미다졸리움 양이온인 Qa와 아민인 Qb의 합이며, 제올라이트는 표 3의 X-선 회절 선을 가지고, 상기 Qb의 몰 농도는 Qa의 몰 농도 보다 큰 것임을 특징으로 하는 제올라이트.
- 제9항에 있어서, 상기 Qa는 N-메틸-N'-이소프로필-이미다졸리움 양이온 및 N,N'-디이소프로필-이미다졸리움 양이온으로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 것임을 특징으로 하는 제올라이트.
- 제9항에 있어서, 상기 Qb는 이소프로필, 이소부틸, 이소펜틸, 네오펜틸 및 모노에틸 아민으로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 것임을 특징으로 하는 제올라이트.
- 제9항에 있어서, 13 내지 22의 범위의 컨스트란트 인덱스(constraint index)를 가지는 것을 특징으로 하는 제올라이트.
- 제9항에 있어서, 20 내지 40의 범위의 실리카/알루미나 비를 가지는 것을 특징으로 하는 제올라이트.
- 제9항에 있어서, 200℃(392℉) 내지 820℃(1508℉)의 온도에서 상기 제올라이트를 열 처리하여 제조되는 것을 특징으로 하는 제올라이트.
- 제9항에 있어서, 수소, 암모니움, 희토 금속, IIA족 금속 또는 VIII족 금속 이온으로 이온 교환되는 것을 특징으로 하는 제올라이트.
- 제9항에 있어서, 희토 금속, IIA족 금속 또는 VIII족 금속은 상기 제올라이트 내에서 폐색된 것을 특징으로 하는 제올라이트.
- 제9항에 있어서, 마그네슘, 란탄늄 및 다른 희토 금속, 바륨, 소듐, 프라세오디뮴(praseodymium), 스트론튬, 포타슘, 네오디뮴 및 칼슘으로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 변형성 금속을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 제올라이트.
- 탄화수소 연료를 탈납하여 최대화된 수율의 이성화된 제품 및 최소화된 수율의 경량 산물(light ends)을 제조하며,상기 연료는 10 또는 그 이상의 탄소 원자를 가지는 직쇄 및 경분지쇄 파라핀을 함유하고, 상기 연료를 하기 단계에 의해 제조된 분자 체(sieve)를 포함하는 촉매와 이성질체화 조건하에서 수소의 존재에서 접촉시키는 것을 포함하는 탄화수소 연료의 탈납 방법.(a) 20:1 내지 40:1의 실리콘 옥사이드(silicon oxide) 대 알루미늄 옥사이드의 몰 비를 가지고, 200 내지 400 옹스트롬의 범위에서 선반형 성분(lathe-like)을 가지는 결정체(crystallite)을 가지며, 하기 과정을 이용하는 것에 의해 표 3에 개시된 x-선 회절 라인을 가지는 제올라이트를 제조하는 단계;(i) 혼합물을 형성하기 위해 특정된 분량의 하기 반응물을 혼합하는 과정;(1) 수산화물 형태로 이온 교환된 N-저급(lower) 알킬-N-메틸-N'-이소프로필-이미다졸리움 양이온 5부(2) 알칼리 메탈 수산화물 20부(3) Al2O3 3.5부에 SiO2 100부(4) 알킬 아민 20부(ii) 자생적인 압력하 가압살균 상태에서 500 내지 1500rpm의 범위에서 0.5 내지 5시간 동안 과정 (i)의 혼합물을 휘저어 혼합하는 과정;(iii) 상기 제올라이트의 상기 결정을 형성하기 위하여 상기 혼합물을 상승된 온도에서 40 내지 120 시간동안 유지하는 과정;(iv) 상기 제올라이트의 상기 결정을 여과 또는 원심분리에 의해 수집하는 과정; 및(v) 상기 결정을 하소 및 이온 교환하는 과정;(b) (a) 단계에서 합성된 상기 제올라이트를 용해하기 어려운(refractory) 무기 산화물 담체 전구체 및 수성 용액과 함께, 10 내지 90 중량%의 분자체 함량을 가지는 혼합물을 이루도록 혼합하는 단계;(c) (b) 단계에서의 상기 혼합물을 압출물 또는 형성된 입자를 형성하도록 압출 또는 형성하는 단계;(d) (c) 단계의 압출물 또는 형성된 입자를 건조하는 단계;(e) (d) 단계의 건조된 압출물 또는 형성된 입자를 하소하는 단계;(f) 촉매 전구체를 제조하기 위하여 (d) 단계의 압출물 또는 형성된 입자를 수소화 성분과 함께 로딩하는 단계;(g) (f) 단계의 촉매 전구체를 건조하는 단계; 및(h) 완료된 결합된 탈납 촉매를 형성하기 위하여 (f) 단계의 건조된 촉매 전구체를 하소하는 단계.
- 삭제
- 제18항에 있어서, 사용되는 제올라이트는 합성되고 무수(anhydrous) 상태에서 (0.05 내지 2.0)Q2O : (0.1 내지 2.0)M2O : Al2O3 (20에서 40미만) SiO2의 산화물 몰 비에 의하는 조성을 가지는 수용성 용액으로부터 제조되며, 이 때 상기 M은 알칼리 금속 양이온이고, 상기 Q는 N-저급(lower) 알킬-N'-이소프로필 이미다졸리움 양이온인 Qa와 아민인 Qb의 합이며, 상기 제올라이트는 표 3의 X-선 회절 선을 가지고, 상기 Qb의 몰 농도는 Qa의 몰 농도 보다 큰 것을 특징으로 하는 탈납 방법.
- 제18항에 있어서, 상기 Qa는 N-메틸-N'-이소프로필-이미다졸리움 양이온 및 N,N'-디이소프로필-이미다졸리움 양이온으로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 것임을 특징으로 하는 탈납 방법.
- 제18항에 있어서, 상기 Qb는 이소프로필, 이소부틸, 이소펜틸, 네오펜틸 및 모노에틸 아민으로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 것임을 특징으로 하는 탈납 방법.
- 제18항에 있어서, 상기 제올라이트는 13 내지 22의 범위의 컨스트란트 인덱스(constraint index)를 가지는 것을 특징으로 하는 탈납 방법.
- 제18항에 있어서, 상기 제올라이트는 20 내지 40의 범위의 실리카/알루미나 비를 가지는 것을 특징으로 하는 탈납 방법.
- 제18항에 있어서, 상기 제올라이트는 200℃(392℉) 내지 820℃(1508℉)의 온도에서 열 처리하여 제조되는 것을 특징으로 하는 탈납 방법.
- 제18항에 있어서, 상기 제올라이트는 수소, 암모니움, 희토 금속, IIA족 금속 또는 VIII족 금속 이온으로 이온 교환되는 것을 특징으로 하는 탈납 방법.
- 제18항에 있어서, 희토 금속, IIA족 금속 또는 VIII족 금속은 상기 제올라이트 내에서 폐색된 것을 특징으로 하는 탈납 방법.
- 제18항에 있어서, 상기 연료는 수소첨가처리(hydrotreated) 또는 수소첨가분해된(hydrocracked) 가스 오일, 수소첨가처리된 윤활유 라피네이트(raffinates), 브라이트 스탁(brightstocks), 윤활유 원료, 합성 오일, 풋 오일(foots oils), 피셔 트롭시(Fischer-Tropsch) 합성 오일, 높은 유동점을 가지는 폴리올레핀(polyolefins), 노멀 알파올레핀 왁스(normal alphaolefin waxes), 슬랙 왁스(slack waxes), 디오일드 왁스(deoiled waxes)와 미세결정 왁스(Microcrystalline waxes)로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 것을 특징으로 하는 탈납 방법.
- 제27항에 있어서, VIII족 금속은 백금 및 팔라듐으로 이루어진 군에서 하나이상 선택된 것을 특징으로 하는 탈납 방법.
- 제18항에 있어서, 상기 접촉은 450 내지 800℉의 온도와 15psig에서 3000psig의 범위의 압력에서 수행되는 것을 특징으로 하는 탈납 방법.
- 제30항에 있어서, 상기 압력은 100psig에서 2500psig의 범위인 것을 특징으로 하는 탈납 방법.
- 제21항에 있어서, 접촉하는 동안 시간당 액체 반응물의 공간속도(LHSV)는 0.1 내지 20인 것을 특징으로 하는 탈납 방법.
- 제32항에 있어서, 시간당 액체 반응물의 공간속도(LHSV)는 0.5 내지 5인 것을 특징으로 하는 탈납 방법.
- 제18항에 있어서, 상기 탄화수소 연료는 이성질체화되기 전에 325 내지 800℉의 범위의 온도에서 수소첨가처리(hydrotreated)되는 것을 특징으로 하는 탈납 방법.
- 제18항에 있어서, 이성질체화 이후에 수소화 정제(hydrofinishing) 단계를 추가로 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 탈납 방법.
- 제35항에 있어서, 이성질체화된 산물의 수소화 정제(hydrofinishing)를 추가로 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 탈납 방법.
- 제36항에 있어서, 수소화 정제(hydrofinishing)는 325 내지 590℉의 범위의 온도 및 400psig 내지 3000psig의 범위의 압력에서 수행되는 것을 특징으로 하는 탈납 방법.
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2003
- 2003-10-31 US US10/698,250 patent/US7390763B2/en active Active
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- 2004-10-29 CN CN200480034919A patent/CN100587035C/zh active Active
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP4671967B2 (ja) | 2011-04-20 |
SG148146A1 (en) | 2008-12-31 |
JP2007511457A (ja) | 2007-05-10 |
EA010635B1 (ru) | 2008-10-30 |
CA2543283A1 (en) | 2005-05-12 |
KR20060076323A (ko) | 2006-07-04 |
EA200600883A1 (ru) | 2007-02-27 |
US20050092651A1 (en) | 2005-05-05 |
US7390763B2 (en) | 2008-06-24 |
BRPI0415948A (pt) | 2007-01-02 |
US20070048214A1 (en) | 2007-03-01 |
WO2005042144A3 (en) | 2006-10-19 |
SG148145A1 (en) | 2008-12-31 |
ZA200603295B (en) | 2007-10-31 |
US20070041898A1 (en) | 2007-02-22 |
WO2005042144A2 (en) | 2005-05-12 |
CN100587035C (zh) | 2010-02-03 |
CA2543283C (en) | 2011-09-13 |
EP1684897A4 (en) | 2011-03-30 |
CN1942560A (zh) | 2007-04-04 |
US7468126B2 (en) | 2008-12-23 |
EP1684897A2 (en) | 2006-08-02 |
US7569507B2 (en) | 2009-08-04 |
SG148147A1 (en) | 2008-12-31 |
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