JPWO2016031147A1 - 非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質 Download PDFInfo
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- JPWO2016031147A1 JPWO2016031147A1 JP2016544929A JP2016544929A JPWO2016031147A1 JP WO2016031147 A1 JPWO2016031147 A1 JP WO2016031147A1 JP 2016544929 A JP2016544929 A JP 2016544929A JP 2016544929 A JP2016544929 A JP 2016544929A JP WO2016031147 A1 JPWO2016031147 A1 JP WO2016031147A1
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- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- transition metal
- metal oxide
- containing transition
- positive electrode
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- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 title 1
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- -1 rare earth compound Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 107
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- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FRMOHNDAXZZWQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium manganese(2+) nickel(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mn+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] FRMOHNDAXZZWQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N lutetium atom Chemical compound [Lu] OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAUUZASCMSWKGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese nickel Chemical compound [Mn].[Ni] ZAUUZASCMSWKGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002798 neodymium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DZNFWGVDYGAMJB-UHFFFAOYSA-K neodymium(3+);phosphate Chemical compound [Nd+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O DZNFWGVDYGAMJB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- UTWHRPIUNFLOBE-UHFFFAOYSA-H neodymium(3+);tricarbonate Chemical compound [Nd+3].[Nd+3].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O UTWHRPIUNFLOBE-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- RHVPCSSKNPYQDU-UHFFFAOYSA-H neodymium(3+);trisulfate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Nd+3].[Nd+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RHVPCSSKNPYQDU-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Substances OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003016 phosphoric acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004451 qualitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003317 samarium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001954 samarium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940075630 samarium oxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BJRVEOKYZKROCC-UHFFFAOYSA-K samarium(3+);phosphate Chemical compound [Sm+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O BJRVEOKYZKROCC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- QCZFMLDHLOYOQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-H samarium(3+);tricarbonate Chemical compound [Sm+3].[Sm+3].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O QCZFMLDHLOYOQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- BCYBEIXXOVNETJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K samarium(3+);trihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Sm+3] BCYBEIXXOVNETJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- LVSITDBROURTQX-UHFFFAOYSA-H samarium(3+);trisulfate Chemical compound [Sm+3].[Sm+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LVSITDBROURTQX-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- OJIKOZJGHCVMDC-UHFFFAOYSA-K samarium(iii) fluoride Chemical compound F[Sm](F)F OJIKOZJGHCVMDC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- FKTOIHSPIPYAPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Sm+3].[Sm+3] FKTOIHSPIPYAPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007790 scraping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001004 secondary ion mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenegallium;selenium Chemical compound [Se].[Se]=[Ga].[Se]=[Ga] VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbium atom Chemical compound [Tb] GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- QGJSAGBHFTXOTM-UHFFFAOYSA-K trifluoroerbium Chemical compound F[Er](F)F QGJSAGBHFTXOTM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- XRADHEAKQRNYQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K trifluoroneodymium Chemical compound F[Nd](F)F XRADHEAKQRNYQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 150000003658 tungsten compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZNOKGRXACCSDPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten trioxide Chemical compound O=[W](=O)=O ZNOKGRXACCSDPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium Chemical compound [Yb] NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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Abstract
Description
正極活物質は、リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物からなる一次粒子が凝集して形成された二次粒子において、上記二次粒子表面において隣接する一次粒子間に形成された凹部に、希土類化合物の一次粒子が凝集して形成された希土類化合物の二次粒子が付着しており、且つ、上記希土類化合物の二次粒子は、上記凹部において隣接し合う一次粒子の両方に付着している。また、前記リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物にはタングステンが固溶している。
負極は、例えば、負極活物質と、結着剤とを水あるいは適当な溶媒で混合し、負極集電体に塗布し、乾燥し、圧延することにより得られる。負極集電体には、導電性を有する薄膜体、特に銅などの負極の電位範囲で安定な金属箔や合金箔、銅などの金属表層を有するフィルム等を用いることが好適である。結着剤としては、正極の場合と同様にPTFE等を用いることもできるが、スチレンーブタジエン共重合体(SBR)又はこの変性体等を用いることが好ましい。結着剤は、CMC等の増粘剤と併用されてもよい。
非水電解質の溶媒としては、例えば、環状炭酸エステル、鎖状炭酸エステル、環状カルボン酸エステルなどが用いられる。環状炭酸エステルとしては、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、エチレンカーボネート(EC)などが挙げられる。鎖状炭酸エステルとしては、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)などが挙げられる。環状カルボン酸エステルとしては、γ−ブチロラクトン(GBL)、γ−バレロラクトン(GVL)などが挙げられる。非水溶媒は、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
セパレータとしては、従来から用いられてきたセパレータを用いることができる。例えば、ポリプロピレン製やポリエチレン製のセパレータ、ポリプロピレン−ポリエチレンの多層セパレータや、セパレータの表面にアラミド系の樹脂等の樹脂が塗布されたものを用いることができる。
(実験例1)
[正極活物質の作製]
LiOHと、共沈により得られたNi0.94Co0.03Al0.03(OH)2で表されるニッケルコバルトアルミニウム複合水酸化物を500℃で酸化物にしたものと酸化タングステン(WO3)とを、Liと遷移金属全体(Ni0.94Co0.03Al0.03)とWのモル比が1.05:1.0:0.002となるように、石川式らいかい乳鉢にて混合した。次に、この混合物を酸素雰囲気中にて760℃で20時間熱処理後に粉砕することにより、Wを固溶した平均二次粒径が約15μmのLi1.05Ni0.94Co0.03Al0.03O2で表されるリチウムニッケルコバルトアルミニウム複合酸化物の粒子を得た。
上記正極活物質粒子に、導電剤としてのカーボンブラックと、結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデンを溶解させたN−メチル−2−ピロリドン溶液とを、正極活物質粒子と導電剤と結着剤との質量比が100:1:1となるように秤量し、T.K.ハイビスミックス(プライミクス社製)を用いてこれらを混練して正極合剤スラリーを調製した。
負極活物質としての人造黒鉛と、分散剤としてのCMC(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム)と、結着剤としてのSBR(スチレン−ブタジエンゴム)とを、100:1:1の質量比で水溶液中において混合し、負極合剤スラリーを調製した。次に、この負極合剤スラリーを銅箔からなる負極集電体の両面に均一に塗布した後、乾燥させ、圧延ローラーにより圧延し、さらにニッケル製の集電タブを取り付けた。これにより、負極集電体の両面に負極合剤層が形成された負極極板を作製した。なお、この負極における負極活物質の充填密度は1.65g/cm3であった。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)と、メチルエチルカーボネート(MEC)と、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)とを、2:2:6の体積比で混合した混合溶媒に対して、六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を1.3モル/リットルの濃度になるように溶解した。さらに、ビニレンカーボネート(VC)を上記混合溶媒に対して2.0質量%溶解させた非水電解液を調製した。
このようにして得た正極および負極を、これら両極間にセパレータを配置して渦巻き状に巻回した後、巻き芯を引き抜いて渦巻状の電極体を作製した。次に、この渦巻状の電極体を押し潰して、扁平型の電極体を得た。この後、この偏平型の電極体と上記非水電解液とを、アルミニウムラミネート製の外装体内に挿入し、電池A1を作製した。尚、当該電池のサイズは、厚み3.6mm×幅35mm×長さ62mmであった。また、当該非水電解質二次電池を4.20Vまで充電し、3.0Vまで放電したときの放電容量は950mAhであった。
LiOHと、ニッケルコバルトアルミニウム複合水酸化物を500℃で酸化物にしたものとを、石川式らいかい乳鉢にて混合する際に、Wを加えず、Liと遷移金属全体(Ni0.94Co0.03Al0.03)とのモル比が1.05:1となるようにしたこと以外は、上記実験例1と同様にして電池A2を作製した。
懸濁液に硫酸エルビウム塩水溶液を加えている間の懸濁液のpHを9で一定に保持したこと以外は、上記実験例1と同様にして電池A3を作製した。なお、上記懸濁液のpHを9に調整するために、適宜10質量%の水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を加えた。
上記実験例3の正極活物質の作製において、LiOHと、ニッケルコバルトアルミニウム複合水酸化物を500℃で酸化物にしたものとを、石川式らいかい乳鉢にて混合する際に、Wを加えずLiと遷移金属全体(Ni0.94Co0.03Al0.03)とのモル比が1.05:1となるようにしたこと以外は、上記実験例3と同様にして電池A4を作製した。
上記実験例1の正極活物質の作製において、硫酸エルビウム塩水溶液を加えず、リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物の二次粒子表面に水酸化エルビウムを付着させなかったこと以外は、上記実験例1と同様にして電池A5を作製した。
上記実験例1の正極活物質の作製において、タングステンを固溶させず、また、硫酸エルビウム塩水溶液を加えず、リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物の二次粒子表面に水酸化エルビウムを付着させなかったこと以外は、上記実験例1と同様にして電池A6を作製した。
〔容量維持率の測定〕
上述のようにして作製した電池A1〜A6の各電池について、下記条件での充放電を1サイクルとして、この充放電サイクルを100回繰り返し行った。
上記ように作製した電池について下記条件にて充放電し、高温(60℃)でのサイクル特性を評価した。
・1サイクル目の充電条件
475mAの電流で電池電圧が4.2Vとなるまで定電流充電を行い、さらに、4.2Vの定電圧で電流値が32mAとなるまで定電圧充電を行った。
・1サイクル目の放電条件
950mAの定電流で電池電圧が3.00Vとなるまで定電流放電を行った。このときの放電容量を測定し、初期放電容量とした。
・休止
上記充電と放電との間の休止間隔は10分間とした。
100サイクル後の容量維持率[%]
=(100サイクル後の放電容量÷初期放電容量)×100・・・式(1)
(参考例1)
LiOHと、共沈により得られたNi0.35Co0.35Mn0。30(OH)2で表されるニッケルコバルトマンガン複合水酸化物を500℃で酸化物にしたものとを、Liと遷移金属全体(Ni0.35Co0.35Mn0。30)とのモル比が1.05:1になるように、石川式らいかい乳鉢にて混合した。次に、この混合物を空気雰囲気中にて1000℃で20時間熱処理後に粉砕することにより、平均二次粒径が約15μmのLi1.05Ni0.35Co0.35Mn0.30O2で表されるリチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物を得た。
(実験例7)
上記実験例1の正極活物質の作製において、硫酸エルビウム塩水溶液の代わりに、硫酸サマリウム溶液を用いた以外は、上記実験例1と同様にして電池A7を作製した。サマリウム化合物の付着量を誘導結合プラズマイオン化(ICP)発光分析法により測定したところ、サマリウム元素換算で、リチウムニッケルコバルトアルミニウム複合酸化物に対して0.13質量%であった。
上記実験例1の正極活物質の作製において、硫酸エルビウム塩水溶液の代わりに、硫酸ネオジム溶液を用いた以外は、上記実験例1と同様にして電池A8を作製した。ネオジム化合物の付着量を誘導結合プラズマイオン化(ICP)発光分析法により測定したところ、ネオジム元素換算で、リチウムニッケルコバルトアルミニウム複合酸化物に対して0.13質量%であった。
21 リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物の二次粒子
23 凹部
24 希土類化合物の一次粒子
25 希土類化合物の二次粒子
26 凸部
Claims (5)
- リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物からなる一次粒子が凝集して形成された二次粒子において、
前記二次粒子の表面において隣接する一次粒子間に形成された凹部に、希土類化合物の粒子が凝集して形成された希土類化合物の二次粒子が付着しており、且つ、前記希土類化合物の二次粒子は、前記凹部において隣接し合う一次粒子の両方に付着しており、
前記リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物にはタングステンが固溶している、
非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記希土類化合物は希土類元素を含み、前記希土類元素が、ネオジム、サマリウム及びエルビウムから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素である、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記希土類化合物が、水酸化物及びオキシ水酸化物から選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物である、請求項1又は2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物に占めるニッケルの割合が、リチウムを除く金属元素の総モル量に対して80モル%以上である、請求項1〜3の何れか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物に占めるコバルトの割合が、リチウムを除く金属元素の総モル量に対して7モル%以下である、請求項1〜4の何れか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
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