JPS6472978A - Production of calcium phosphate ceramics having porous surface - Google Patents
Production of calcium phosphate ceramics having porous surfaceInfo
- Publication number
- JPS6472978A JPS6472978A JP62230747A JP23074787A JPS6472978A JP S6472978 A JPS6472978 A JP S6472978A JP 62230747 A JP62230747 A JP 62230747A JP 23074787 A JP23074787 A JP 23074787A JP S6472978 A JPS6472978 A JP S6472978A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- calcium phosphate
- phosphate ceramics
- porous surface
- production
- acid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/447—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on phosphates, e.g. hydroxyapatite
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K6/00—Preparations for dentistry
- A61K6/50—Preparations specially adapted for dental root treatment
- A61K6/58—Preparations specially adapted for dental root treatment specially adapted for dental implants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K6/00—Preparations for dentistry
- A61K6/70—Preparations for dentistry comprising inorganic additives
- A61K6/71—Fillers
- A61K6/74—Fillers comprising phosphorus-containing compounds
- A61K6/75—Apatite
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K6/00—Preparations for dentistry
- A61K6/80—Preparations for artificial teeth, for filling teeth or for capping teeth
- A61K6/849—Preparations for artificial teeth, for filling teeth or for capping teeth comprising inorganic cements
- A61K6/864—Phosphate cements
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/02—Inorganic materials
- A61L27/12—Phosphorus-containing materials, e.g. apatite
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/04—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
- B01J20/048—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium containing phosphorus, e.g. phosphates, apatites, hydroxyapatites
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28054—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J20/28078—Pore diameter
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/3078—Thermal treatment, e.g. calcining or pyrolizing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/3085—Chemical treatments not covered by groups B01J20/3007 - B01J20/3078
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
- C04B38/04—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof by dissolving-out added substances
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/009—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/53—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone involving the removal of at least part of the materials of the treated article, e.g. etching, drying of hardened concrete
- C04B41/5338—Etching
- C04B41/5353—Wet etching, e.g. with etchants dissolved in organic solvents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/80—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only ceramics
- C04B41/91—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only ceramics involving the removal of part of the materials of the treated articles, e.g. etching
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2310/00—Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
- A61F2310/00005—The prosthesis being constructed from a particular material
- A61F2310/00179—Ceramics or ceramic-like structures
- A61F2310/00293—Ceramics or ceramic-like structures containing a phosphorus-containing compound, e.g. apatite
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP62230747A JP2572606B2 (ja) | 1987-09-14 | 1987-09-14 | 表面多孔質なリン酸カルシウム系セラミックスの製造法 |
GB8821501A GB2209746B (en) | 1987-09-14 | 1988-09-14 | Process for producing calcium phosphate ceramics having porous surface |
DE3831260A DE3831260A1 (de) | 1987-09-14 | 1988-09-14 | Verfahren zur herstellung von calciumphosphat-keramik mit poroeser oberflaeche |
US07/511,814 US5017518A (en) | 1987-09-14 | 1990-04-18 | Process for producing calcium phosphate ceramics having porous surface |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP62230747A JP2572606B2 (ja) | 1987-09-14 | 1987-09-14 | 表面多孔質なリン酸カルシウム系セラミックスの製造法 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPS6472978A true JPS6472978A (en) | 1989-03-17 |
JP2572606B2 JP2572606B2 (ja) | 1997-01-16 |
Family
ID=16912656
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP62230747A Expired - Fee Related JP2572606B2 (ja) | 1987-09-14 | 1987-09-14 | 表面多孔質なリン酸カルシウム系セラミックスの製造法 |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5017518A (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2572606B2 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE3831260A1 (ja) |
GB (1) | GB2209746B (ja) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5215941A (en) * | 1989-11-10 | 1993-06-01 | Asahi Kogaku Kogyo K.K. | Process for producing a sintered apatite article having a porous surface using an acidic buffer solution |
JP2010523232A (ja) * | 2007-04-13 | 2010-07-15 | ドクトル.ハー.ツェー.ロベルト マシーズ スティフツング | パイロジェンフリーのリン酸カルシウムの生産方法 |
Families Citing this family (47)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6002065A (en) * | 1988-04-20 | 1999-12-14 | Norian Corporation | Kits for preparing calcium phosphate minerals |
DE3935060C2 (de) * | 1989-10-20 | 1996-05-30 | Herbst Bremer Goldschlaegerei | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines keramischen Materials für den Dentalbereich und eine Verwendung desselben |
JP2978203B2 (ja) * | 1990-04-20 | 1999-11-15 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | 生体活性な表面層を有するセラミックス体の製造方法 |
DE4113021C2 (de) * | 1991-04-20 | 1995-01-26 | Carus Carl Gustav | Resorbierbare Phosphatgläser und resorbierbare Phosphatglaskeramiken, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und Verwendung |
US5338356A (en) * | 1991-10-29 | 1994-08-16 | Mitsubishi Materials Corporation | Calcium phosphate granular cement and method for producing same |
JPH05124919A (ja) * | 1991-11-05 | 1993-05-21 | Sangi Co Ltd | 抗菌性セラミツクス |
US5534031A (en) * | 1992-01-28 | 1996-07-09 | Asahi Kogaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Prosthesis for spanning a space formed upon removal of an intervertebral disk |
US5776233A (en) * | 1992-04-24 | 1998-07-07 | Bego Bremer Goldschlagerei Wilh. Herbst Gmbh & Co. | Process for preparing a ceramic material for use in dental fillings and dental crowns |
FR2697243A1 (fr) * | 1992-10-26 | 1994-04-29 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procédé de préparation de pièces microporeuses en phosphate de calcium comprenant de l'hydroxylapatite, à microporosité contrôlée, et pièces obtenues par ce procédé. |
DE4302072A1 (de) * | 1993-01-26 | 1994-07-28 | Herbst Bremer Goldschlaegerei | Keramisches Material für Zahnfüllungen und/oder Zahnersatz und Verfahren zur Herstellung desselben |
DE4423826B4 (de) * | 1993-07-07 | 2007-01-04 | Pentax Corp. | Keramische Wirbelprothese |
US5531794A (en) * | 1993-09-13 | 1996-07-02 | Asahi Kogaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Ceramic device providing an environment for the promotion and formation of new bone |
DE4416127C2 (de) * | 1994-05-06 | 2000-11-30 | Heidelberger Druckmasch Ag | Reinigungsvorrichtung für Zylinder einer Druckmaschine |
JP3689146B2 (ja) * | 1995-05-30 | 2005-08-31 | ペンタックス株式会社 | 骨へのスクリュー固定用素子 |
DE19627924C2 (de) * | 1996-06-21 | 2003-02-20 | Michael Kuehn | Verfahren und Mischung zur Herstellung eines selbsttragenden Werkstoffs sowie Werkstoff |
DE19630034A1 (de) * | 1996-07-25 | 1998-04-23 | Huels Chemische Werke Ag | Biohybrides Zahnimplantat |
US5858318A (en) * | 1996-11-27 | 1999-01-12 | Luo; Ping | Methods of synthesizing hydroxyapatite powders and bulk materials |
JP3679570B2 (ja) | 1997-03-14 | 2005-08-03 | ペンタックス株式会社 | 骨補填材及びその製造方法 |
AU766735B2 (en) | 1998-09-15 | 2003-10-23 | Isotis N.V. | Osteoinduction |
DE19852783B4 (de) * | 1998-11-16 | 2006-04-13 | MAX-PLANCK-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. | Kristalline poröse Festkörper |
US6840995B2 (en) * | 1999-07-14 | 2005-01-11 | Calcitec, Inc. | Process for producing fast-setting, bioresorbable calcium phosphate cements |
US6960249B2 (en) * | 1999-07-14 | 2005-11-01 | Calcitec, Inc. | Tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) having calcium phosphate whisker on surface |
US7270705B2 (en) | 1999-07-14 | 2007-09-18 | Jiin-Huey Chern Lin | Method of increasing working time of tetracalcium phosphate cement paste |
US7094282B2 (en) * | 2000-07-13 | 2006-08-22 | Calcitec, Inc. | Calcium phosphate cement, use and preparation thereof |
US7169373B2 (en) * | 1999-07-14 | 2007-01-30 | Calcitec, Inc. | Tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) having calcium phosphate whisker on surface and process for preparing the same |
US6338752B1 (en) * | 2000-04-20 | 2002-01-15 | Purzer Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | α-TCP/HAP biphasic cement and its preparing process |
US7156915B2 (en) * | 2000-07-13 | 2007-01-02 | Calcitec, Inc. | Tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) with surface whiskers and method of making same |
US7204876B2 (en) * | 2000-07-13 | 2007-04-17 | Calcitec, Inc. | Calcium phosphate cements made from (TTCP) with surface whiskers and process for preparing same |
US6713420B2 (en) * | 2000-10-13 | 2004-03-30 | Toshiba Ceramics Co., Ltd. | Porous ceramics body for in vivo or in vitro use |
JP4070951B2 (ja) * | 2000-12-07 | 2008-04-02 | ペンタックス株式会社 | 多孔質リン酸カルシウム系セラミックス焼結体の製造方法 |
US6949251B2 (en) * | 2001-03-02 | 2005-09-27 | Stryker Corporation | Porous β-tricalcium phosphate granules for regeneration of bone tissue |
US20030216777A1 (en) * | 2002-05-16 | 2003-11-20 | Yin-Chun Tien | Method of enhancing healing of interfacial gap between bone and tendon or ligament |
JP4680771B2 (ja) * | 2003-05-26 | 2011-05-11 | Hoya株式会社 | リン酸カルシウム含有複合多孔体及びその製造方法 |
MXPA05014103A (es) * | 2003-06-24 | 2006-05-25 | Kyushu Tlo Co Ltd | Material sustituido de hueso para uso medico y metodo para producir el mismo. |
US7163651B2 (en) * | 2004-02-19 | 2007-01-16 | Calcitec, Inc. | Method for making a porous calcium phosphate article |
US6994726B2 (en) * | 2004-05-25 | 2006-02-07 | Calcitec, Inc. | Dual function prosthetic bone implant and method for preparing the same |
US7118705B2 (en) | 2003-08-05 | 2006-10-10 | Calcitec, Inc. | Method for making a molded calcium phosphate article |
EP1686934B1 (en) * | 2003-11-07 | 2020-03-18 | Vivex Biologics Group, Inc. | Injectable bone substitute |
JP4643166B2 (ja) * | 2004-03-30 | 2011-03-02 | 独立行政法人物質・材料研究機構 | アパタイト/コラーゲン複合体繊維を含む多孔体の平均気孔径制御方法 |
CA2564605A1 (en) * | 2004-05-12 | 2005-12-01 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Manufacturing process, such as three-dimensional printing, including solvent vapor filming and the like |
US8025903B2 (en) | 2005-09-09 | 2011-09-27 | Wright Medical Technology, Inc. | Composite bone graft substitute cement and articles produced therefrom |
WO2007030616A2 (en) * | 2005-09-09 | 2007-03-15 | Wright Medical Technology, Inc. | Composite bone graft substitute cement and articles produced therefrom |
CA2642830A1 (en) * | 2006-02-17 | 2007-08-23 | Progentix Orthobiology B.V. | Osteoinductive calcium phosphates |
CN102046238A (zh) * | 2008-05-30 | 2011-05-04 | 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 | 可植入连接装置 |
WO2011143226A1 (en) | 2010-05-11 | 2011-11-17 | Howmedica Osteonics Corp. | Organophosphorous, multivalent metal compounds, & polymer adhesive interpenetrating network compositions & methods |
US8765189B2 (en) | 2011-05-13 | 2014-07-01 | Howmedica Osteonic Corp. | Organophosphorous and multivalent metal compound compositions and methods |
TWI651103B (zh) | 2013-12-13 | 2019-02-21 | 萊特醫技股份有限公司 | 多相骨移植替代材料 |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3929971A (en) * | 1973-03-30 | 1975-12-30 | Research Corp | Porous biomaterials and method of making same |
US4207306A (en) * | 1974-08-02 | 1980-06-10 | Sterling Drug Inc. | Process for producing polycrystalline ceramic oxides |
US4308064A (en) * | 1978-10-19 | 1981-12-29 | Ngk Spark Plugs Co., Ltd. | Phosphate of calcium ceramics |
JPS577856A (en) * | 1980-06-13 | 1982-01-16 | Mitsubishi Mining & Cement Co | Manufacture of calcium phosphate porous body |
JPS5883605A (ja) * | 1981-11-13 | 1983-05-19 | Takuro Ishibashi | 歯科用セメント組成物とその製法 |
JPS59182263A (ja) * | 1983-03-31 | 1984-10-17 | 科学技術庁無機材質研究所長 | リン酸カルシウム質セメント硬化物の生成法 |
US4626392A (en) * | 1984-03-28 | 1986-12-02 | Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. | Process for producing ceramic body for surgical implantation |
US4693986A (en) * | 1985-06-25 | 1987-09-15 | Orthomatrix, Inc. | Ceramic process and products |
JPS62153204A (ja) * | 1985-12-27 | 1987-07-08 | Advance Res & Dev Co Ltd | 歯科用根管充填材 |
DD258713A3 (de) * | 1986-03-14 | 1988-08-03 | Akad Wissenschaften Ddr | Calciumphosphathaltiger, biokompatibler schichtkoerper und verfahren zu seiner herstellung |
-
1987
- 1987-09-14 JP JP62230747A patent/JP2572606B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1988
- 1988-09-14 GB GB8821501A patent/GB2209746B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-09-14 DE DE3831260A patent/DE3831260A1/de active Granted
-
1990
- 1990-04-18 US US07/511,814 patent/US5017518A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5215941A (en) * | 1989-11-10 | 1993-06-01 | Asahi Kogaku Kogyo K.K. | Process for producing a sintered apatite article having a porous surface using an acidic buffer solution |
JP2010523232A (ja) * | 2007-04-13 | 2010-07-15 | ドクトル.ハー.ツェー.ロベルト マシーズ スティフツング | パイロジェンフリーのリン酸カルシウムの生産方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB2209746B (en) | 1991-04-17 |
JP2572606B2 (ja) | 1997-01-16 |
DE3831260C2 (ja) | 1993-05-19 |
DE3831260A1 (de) | 1989-03-23 |
US5017518A (en) | 1991-05-21 |
GB8821501D0 (en) | 1988-10-12 |
GB2209746A (en) | 1989-05-24 |
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