JPS61130315A - 塩化ビニル系不飽和単量体の懸濁重合方法 - Google Patents
塩化ビニル系不飽和単量体の懸濁重合方法Info
- Publication number
- JPS61130315A JPS61130315A JP25198384A JP25198384A JPS61130315A JP S61130315 A JPS61130315 A JP S61130315A JP 25198384 A JP25198384 A JP 25198384A JP 25198384 A JP25198384 A JP 25198384A JP S61130315 A JPS61130315 A JP S61130315A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- vinyl chloride
- organic peroxide
- polymerization
- water
- monomer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000010557 suspension polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 150000001451 organic peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000007127 saponification reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000003223 protective agent Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000007764 o/w emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- LEQAOMBKQFMDFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N glyoxal Chemical compound O=CC=O LEQAOMBKQFMDFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940015043 glyoxal Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010558 suspension polymerization method Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 abstract description 12
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 7
- ZACVGCNKGYYQHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexoxycarbonyloxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)OOC(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC ZACVGCNKGYYQHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- LWZFANDGMFTDAV-BURFUSLBSA-N [(2r)-2-[(2r,3r,4s)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-2-hydroxyethyl] dodecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O LWZFANDGMFTDAV-BURFUSLBSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229950006451 sorbitan laurate Drugs 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000011067 sorbitan monolaureate Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acrylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=C JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent‐4‐en‐2‐one Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- -1 vinylidene halide Chemical class 0.000 description 20
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 15
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 15
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 7
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003505 polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-dimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-6-(methoxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-4,5,6-trimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane Chemical compound CO[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)[C@@H](COC)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](OC)[C@@H](OC)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)O[C@@H]2COC)OC)O[C@@H]1COC LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BEQKKZICTDFVMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4,6-pentaoxepane-5,7-dione Chemical compound O=C1OOOOC(=O)O1 BEQKKZICTDFVMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241000047703 Nonion Species 0.000 description 2
- ZQMIGQNCOMNODD-UHFFFAOYSA-N diacetyl peroxide Chemical compound CC(=O)OOC(C)=O ZQMIGQNCOMNODD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007870 radical polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- FVQMJJQUGGVLEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy 2-ethylhexaneperoxoate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)C(=O)OOOC(C)(C)C FVQMJJQUGGVLEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-phenylmethoxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=CSC(C=2C=C(OCC=3C=CC=CC=3)C=CC=2)=N1 OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AQKYLAIZOGOPAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbutan-2-yl 2,2-dimethylpropaneperoxoate Chemical compound CCC(C)(C)OOC(=O)C(C)(C)C AQKYLAIZOGOPAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZIDNXYVJSYJXPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbutan-2-yl 7,7-dimethyloctaneperoxoate Chemical compound CCC(C)(C)OOC(=O)CCCCCC(C)(C)C ZIDNXYVJSYJXPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTEZVHMDMFEURJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpentan-2-yl 2,2-dimethylpropaneperoxoate Chemical compound CCCC(C)(C)OOC(=O)C(C)(C)C RTEZVHMDMFEURJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YMMLZUQDXYPNOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpentan-2-yl 7,7-dimethyloctaneperoxoate Chemical compound CCCC(C)(C)OOC(=O)CCCCCC(C)(C)C YMMLZUQDXYPNOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FRIBMENBGGCKPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enal Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=CC=O)=C1OC FRIBMENBGGCKPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerol Natural products OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195725 Mannitol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-AAZCQSIUSA-N Sorbitan monooleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-AAZCQSIUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl ether Chemical compound C=COC=C QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005215 alkyl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012933 diacyl peroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002573 ethenylidene group Chemical group [*]=C=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229930182470 glycoside Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007970 homogeneous dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002432 hydroperoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001866 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010979 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Chemical compound OC1C(O)C(OC)OC(CO)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(C(O)C(OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(CO)O3)O)C(CO)O2)O)C(CO)O1 UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003088 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000845 maltitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010449 maltitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940035436 maltitol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000005397 methacrylic acid ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011837 pasties Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005634 peroxydicarbonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BWJUFXUULUEGMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-yl propan-2-yloxycarbonyloxy carbonate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)OOC(=O)OC(C)C BWJUFXUULUEGMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YPVDWEHVCUBACK-UHFFFAOYSA-N propoxycarbonyloxy propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OOC(=O)OCCC YPVDWEHVCUBACK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950004959 sorbitan oleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015096 spirit Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- NMOALOSNPWTWRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 7,7-dimethyloctaneperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CCCCCC(=O)OOC(C)(C)C NMOALOSNPWTWRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert‐butyl hydroperoxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OO CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)
- Polymerization Catalysts (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP25198384A JPS61130315A (ja) | 1984-11-30 | 1984-11-30 | 塩化ビニル系不飽和単量体の懸濁重合方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP25198384A JPS61130315A (ja) | 1984-11-30 | 1984-11-30 | 塩化ビニル系不飽和単量体の懸濁重合方法 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPS61130315A true JPS61130315A (ja) | 1986-06-18 |
JPH0588252B2 JPH0588252B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1993-12-21 |
Family
ID=17230910
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP25198384A Granted JPS61130315A (ja) | 1984-11-30 | 1984-11-30 | 塩化ビニル系不飽和単量体の懸濁重合方法 |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPS61130315A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS6341507A (ja) * | 1986-08-07 | 1988-02-22 | Tosoh Corp | 重合方法 |
JPH0286836A (ja) * | 1988-09-26 | 1990-03-27 | Nippon Oil & Fats Co Ltd | 水性エマルション化有機過酸化物 |
US6350835B1 (en) | 1997-07-24 | 2002-02-26 | Akzo Nobel Nv | Emulsions of peroxyesters |
JP2005519154A (ja) * | 2002-03-01 | 2005-06-30 | アクゾ ノーベル ナムローゼ フェンノートシャップ | ジアシルパーオキサイドを含む重合化方法 |
WO2022014989A1 (ko) * | 2020-07-16 | 2022-01-20 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 염화비닐계 중합체의 제조방법 |
JP2022541374A (ja) * | 2019-07-22 | 2022-09-26 | アルケマ フランス | 有機過酸化物の水性エマルジョン |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS533984A (en) * | 1976-06-30 | 1978-01-14 | Wacker Chemie Gmbh | Waterrphase catalyst confection*manufacture and use thereof |
JPS56139509A (en) * | 1980-01-16 | 1981-10-31 | Akzo Nv | Aqueous peroxide emulsion and use in suspension polymerization or copolymerization |
-
1984
- 1984-11-30 JP JP25198384A patent/JPS61130315A/ja active Granted
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS533984A (en) * | 1976-06-30 | 1978-01-14 | Wacker Chemie Gmbh | Waterrphase catalyst confection*manufacture and use thereof |
JPS56139509A (en) * | 1980-01-16 | 1981-10-31 | Akzo Nv | Aqueous peroxide emulsion and use in suspension polymerization or copolymerization |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS6341507A (ja) * | 1986-08-07 | 1988-02-22 | Tosoh Corp | 重合方法 |
JPH0286836A (ja) * | 1988-09-26 | 1990-03-27 | Nippon Oil & Fats Co Ltd | 水性エマルション化有機過酸化物 |
US6350835B1 (en) | 1997-07-24 | 2002-02-26 | Akzo Nobel Nv | Emulsions of peroxyesters |
JP2005519154A (ja) * | 2002-03-01 | 2005-06-30 | アクゾ ノーベル ナムローゼ フェンノートシャップ | ジアシルパーオキサイドを含む重合化方法 |
JP2022541374A (ja) * | 2019-07-22 | 2022-09-26 | アルケマ フランス | 有機過酸化物の水性エマルジョン |
WO2022014989A1 (ko) * | 2020-07-16 | 2022-01-20 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 염화비닐계 중합체의 제조방법 |
KR20220009688A (ko) * | 2020-07-16 | 2022-01-25 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 염화비닐계 중합체의 제조방법 |
CN114761451A (zh) * | 2020-07-16 | 2022-07-15 | 株式会社Lg化学 | 生产氯乙烯类聚合物的方法 |
US20230002527A1 (en) * | 2020-07-16 | 2023-01-05 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Method of producing vinyl chloride-based polymer |
CN114761451B (zh) * | 2020-07-16 | 2023-09-05 | 株式会社Lg化学 | 生产氯乙烯类聚合物的方法 |
US11787887B2 (en) | 2020-07-16 | 2023-10-17 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Method of producing vinyl chloride-based polymer |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH0588252B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1993-12-21 |
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