JPH06224198A - フリップチップデバイス用ボール接合 - Google Patents

フリップチップデバイス用ボール接合

Info

Publication number
JPH06224198A
JPH06224198A JP5289392A JP28939293A JPH06224198A JP H06224198 A JPH06224198 A JP H06224198A JP 5289392 A JP5289392 A JP 5289392A JP 28939293 A JP28939293 A JP 28939293A JP H06224198 A JPH06224198 A JP H06224198A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
ball
array
bonding
bond
semiconductor device
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP5289392A
Other languages
English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
M Chiu Anthony
エム.チウ アンソニー
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Texas Instruments Inc
Original Assignee
Texas Instruments Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Texas Instruments Inc filed Critical Texas Instruments Inc
Publication of JPH06224198A publication Critical patent/JPH06224198A/ja
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W70/00Package substrates; Interposers; Redistribution layers [RDL]
    • H10W70/01Manufacture or treatment
    • H10W70/05Manufacture or treatment of insulating or insulated package substrates, or of interposers, or of redistribution layers
    • H10W70/093Connecting or disconnecting other interconnections thereto or therefrom, e.g. connecting bond wires or bumps
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K3/00Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
    • H05K3/30Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistors
    • H05K3/32Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistors electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits
    • H05K3/34Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistors electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits by soldering
    • H05K3/341Surface mounted components
    • H05K3/3431Leadless components
    • H05K3/3436Leadless components having an array of bottom contacts, e.g. pad grid array or ball grid array components
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/01Manufacture or treatment
    • H10W72/011Apparatus therefor
    • H10W72/0112Apparatus for manufacturing bump connectors
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W90/00Package configurations
    • H10W90/701Package configurations characterised by the relative positions of pads or connectors relative to package parts
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2201/00Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
    • H05K2201/02Fillers; Particles; Fibers; Reinforcement materials
    • H05K2201/0203Fillers and particles
    • H05K2201/0206Materials
    • H05K2201/0212Resin particles
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2201/00Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
    • H05K2201/09Shape and layout
    • H05K2201/09209Shape and layout details of conductors
    • H05K2201/09654Shape and layout details of conductors covering at least two types of conductors provided for in H05K2201/09218 - H05K2201/095
    • H05K2201/0979Redundant conductors or connections, i.e. more than one current path between two points
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2203/00Indexing scheme relating to apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits covered by H05K3/00
    • H05K2203/01Tools for processing; Objects used during processing
    • H05K2203/0195Tool for a process not provided for in H05K3/00, e.g. tool for handling objects using suction, for deforming objects, for applying local pressure
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2203/00Indexing scheme relating to apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits covered by H05K3/00
    • H05K2203/02Details related to mechanical or acoustic processing, e.g. drilling, punching, cutting, using ultrasound
    • H05K2203/0278Flat pressure, e.g. for connecting terminals with anisotropic conductive adhesive
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2203/00Indexing scheme relating to apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits covered by H05K3/00
    • H05K2203/08Treatments involving gases
    • H05K2203/082Suction, e.g. for holding solder balls or components
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K3/00Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
    • H05K3/30Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistors
    • H05K3/32Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistors electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits
    • H05K3/321Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistors electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits by conductive adhesives
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/01Manufacture or treatment
    • H10W72/012Manufacture or treatment of bump connectors, dummy bumps or thermal bumps
    • H10W72/01221Manufacture or treatment of bump connectors, dummy bumps or thermal bumps using local deposition
    • H10W72/01225Manufacture or treatment of bump connectors, dummy bumps or thermal bumps using local deposition in solid form, e.g. by using a powder or by stud bumping
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/01Manufacture or treatment
    • H10W72/012Manufacture or treatment of bump connectors, dummy bumps or thermal bumps
    • H10W72/01251Changing the shapes of bumps
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/071Connecting or disconnecting
    • H10W72/072Connecting or disconnecting of bump connectors
    • H10W72/07231Techniques
    • H10W72/07236Soldering or alloying
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/20Bump connectors, e.g. solder bumps or copper pillars; Dummy bumps; Thermal bumps
    • H10W72/221Structures or relative sizes
    • H10W72/222Multilayered bumps, e.g. a coating on top and side surfaces of a bump core
    • H10W72/223Multilayered bumps, e.g. a coating on top and side surfaces of a bump core characterised by the structure of the outermost layers, e.g. multilayered coatings
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/20Bump connectors, e.g. solder bumps or copper pillars; Dummy bumps; Thermal bumps
    • H10W72/221Structures or relative sizes
    • H10W72/224Bumps having multiple side-by-side cores
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/20Bump connectors, e.g. solder bumps or copper pillars; Dummy bumps; Thermal bumps
    • H10W72/251Materials
    • H10W72/253Materials not comprising solid metals or solid metalloids, e.g. polymers or ceramics
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/20Bump connectors, e.g. solder bumps or copper pillars; Dummy bumps; Thermal bumps
    • H10W72/251Materials
    • H10W72/255Materials of outermost layers of multilayered bumps, e.g. material of a coating
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/20Bump connectors, e.g. solder bumps or copper pillars; Dummy bumps; Thermal bumps
    • H10W72/29Bond pads specially adapted therefor
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/50Bond wires
    • H10W72/551Materials of bond wires
    • H10W72/552Materials of bond wires comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. silver
    • H10W72/5522Materials of bond wires comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. silver comprising gold [Au]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/90Bond pads, in general
    • H10W72/941Dispositions of bond pads
    • H10W72/9415Dispositions of bond pads relative to the surface, e.g. recessed, protruding
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/90Bond pads, in general
    • H10W72/941Dispositions of bond pads
    • H10W72/944Dispositions of multiple bond pads
    • H10W72/9445Top-view layouts, e.g. mirror arrays
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/90Bond pads, in general
    • H10W72/951Materials of bond pads
    • H10W72/952Materials of bond pads comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. PbSn, Ag or Cu
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T156/00Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
    • Y10T156/10Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor
    • Y10T156/1089Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor of discrete laminae to single face of additional lamina
    • Y10T156/109Embedding of laminae within face of additional laminae
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49117Conductor or circuit manufacturing
    • Y10T29/49204Contact or terminal manufacturing
    • Y10T29/49224Contact or terminal manufacturing with coating

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Wire Bonding (AREA)
JP5289392A 1992-09-15 1993-11-18 フリップチップデバイス用ボール接合 Pending JPH06224198A (ja)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US94518592A 1992-09-15 1992-09-15
US945185 1992-11-19

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPH06224198A true JPH06224198A (ja) 1994-08-12

Family

ID=25482756

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP5289392A Pending JPH06224198A (ja) 1992-09-15 1993-11-18 フリップチップデバイス用ボール接合

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (2) US5955784A (enExample)
EP (1) EP0588609B1 (enExample)
JP (1) JPH06224198A (enExample)
KR (1) KR100317756B1 (enExample)
DE (1) DE69312411T2 (enExample)
SG (1) SG54297A1 (enExample)
TW (1) TW239899B (enExample)

Families Citing this family (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19533171A1 (de) * 1994-09-13 1996-03-14 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Applikation von Verbindungsmaterial auf einer Substratanschlußfläche
US5786635A (en) * 1996-12-16 1998-07-28 International Business Machines Corporation Electronic package with compressible heatsink structure
US6131795A (en) * 1997-11-10 2000-10-17 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Thermal compression bonding method of electronic part with solder bump
FR2785140B1 (fr) * 1998-10-27 2007-04-20 Novatec Sa Soc Dispositif de mise a disposition de billes ou de preformes pour la fabrication de connexions a billes
CA2367318C (en) * 1999-03-17 2008-09-09 Novatec Sa Filling device and method for filling balls in the apertures of a ball-receiving element
FR2791046B1 (fr) * 1999-03-17 2001-05-11 Novatec Sa Soc Procede et dispositif de distribution unitaire de billes solides et identiques sur un substrat par serigraphie
JP4341187B2 (ja) * 2001-02-13 2009-10-07 日本電気株式会社 半導体装置
US6802918B1 (en) * 2001-05-09 2004-10-12 Raytheon Company Fabrication method for adhesive pressure bonding two components together with closed-loop control
US6830463B2 (en) * 2002-01-29 2004-12-14 Fci Americas Technology, Inc. Ball grid array connection device
NL1024688C2 (nl) * 2003-11-03 2005-05-04 Meco Equip Eng Werkwijze en inrichting voor het met een elektronische component verbinden van tot elektrische contactorganen te vormen objecten.
JP4427411B2 (ja) * 2004-07-28 2010-03-10 日立ソフトウエアエンジニアリング株式会社 ビーズ配列装置及びビーズ配列方法
US7550846B2 (en) * 2005-12-21 2009-06-23 Palo Alto Research Center Conductive bump with a plurality of contact elements
CN101125406B (zh) * 2006-08-16 2010-09-29 比亚迪股份有限公司 球体固定块及其制造装置
US7910838B2 (en) * 2008-04-03 2011-03-22 Advanced Interconnections Corp. Solder ball interface
KR20150139190A (ko) * 2014-06-03 2015-12-11 삼성전기주식회사 소자 및 소자 패키지

Family Cites Families (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2842831A (en) * 1956-08-30 1958-07-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Manufacture of semiconductor devices
US2934685A (en) * 1957-01-09 1960-04-26 Texas Instruments Inc Transistors and method of fabricating same
NL255865A (enExample) * 1960-09-13 1900-01-01
US3871014A (en) * 1969-08-14 1975-03-11 Ibm Flip chip module with non-uniform solder wettable areas on the substrate
US3719981A (en) * 1971-11-24 1973-03-13 Rca Corp Method of joining solder balls to solder bumps
US3809625A (en) * 1972-08-15 1974-05-07 Gen Motors Corp Method of making contact bumps on flip-chips
US4369458A (en) * 1980-07-01 1983-01-18 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Self-aligned, flip-chip focal plane array configuration
DE3343362A1 (de) * 1983-11-30 1985-06-05 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Verfahren zur galvanischen herstellung metallischer, hoeckerartiger anschlusskontakte
US4838347A (en) * 1987-07-02 1989-06-13 American Telephone And Telegraph Company At&T Bell Laboratories Thermal conductor assembly
JP2528910B2 (ja) * 1987-11-16 1996-08-28 富士通株式会社 ハンダバンプの形成方法
US5001542A (en) * 1988-12-05 1991-03-19 Hitachi Chemical Company Composition for circuit connection, method for connection using the same, and connected structure of semiconductor chips
JPH0740496B2 (ja) * 1989-03-01 1995-05-01 シャープ株式会社 電極上への導電性粒子の配置方法
JPH02246235A (ja) * 1989-03-20 1990-10-02 Fujitsu Ltd 集積回路装置
US5135890A (en) * 1989-06-16 1992-08-04 General Electric Company Method of forming a hermetic package having a lead extending through an aperture in the package lid and packaged semiconductor chip
US5010038A (en) * 1989-06-29 1991-04-23 Digital Equipment Corp. Method of cooling and powering an integrated circuit chip using a compliant interposing pad
MY106135A (en) * 1990-03-14 1995-03-31 Nippon Steel Corp Method of bonding bumps to leads of tab tape and an apparatus for arranging bumps used for the same.
JP2843658B2 (ja) * 1990-08-02 1999-01-06 東レ・ダウコーニング・シリコーン株式会社 フリップチップ型半導体装置
US5207585A (en) * 1990-10-31 1993-05-04 International Business Machines Corporation Thin interface pellicle for dense arrays of electrical interconnects
JPH0563029A (ja) * 1991-09-02 1993-03-12 Fujitsu Ltd 半導体素子

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69312411T2 (de) 1997-11-27
SG54297A1 (en) 1998-11-16
EP0588609B1 (en) 1997-07-23
KR100317756B1 (ko) 2002-03-20
KR940012484A (ko) 1994-06-23
TW239899B (enExample) 1995-02-01
EP0588609A1 (en) 1994-03-23
DE69312411D1 (de) 1997-09-04
US5955784A (en) 1999-09-21
US5849132A (en) 1998-12-15

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