JPH04250839A - スルホン化分散剤の製法 - Google Patents
スルホン化分散剤の製法Info
- Publication number
- JPH04250839A JPH04250839A JP2412754A JP41275490A JPH04250839A JP H04250839 A JPH04250839 A JP H04250839A JP 2412754 A JP2412754 A JP 2412754A JP 41275490 A JP41275490 A JP 41275490A JP H04250839 A JPH04250839 A JP H04250839A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- sulfonated
- asphalt fraction
- weight
- fraction
- asphalt
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur trioxide Chemical compound O=S(=O)=O AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000012442 inert solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims abstract 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 42
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000008054 sulfonate salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000006277 sulfonation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Perchloroethylene Chemical group ClC(Cl)=C(Cl)Cl CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229950011008 tetrachloroethylene Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004525 petroleum distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 18
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 12
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 239000012265 solid product Substances 0.000 description 9
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 8
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010533 azeotropic distillation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 4
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000008135 aqueous vehicle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007810 chemical reaction solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000502 dialysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000006267 biphenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008280 chlorinated hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005243 fluidization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011017 operating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylbenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004230 steam cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 sulfonate sodium salt Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005292 vacuum distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000341 volatile oil Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C303/00—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides
- C07C303/02—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides of sulfonic acids or halides thereof
- C07C303/04—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides of sulfonic acids or halides thereof by substitution of hydrogen atoms by sulfo or halosulfonyl groups
- C07C303/06—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides of sulfonic acids or halides thereof by substitution of hydrogen atoms by sulfo or halosulfonyl groups by reaction with sulfuric acid or sulfur trioxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K23/00—Use of substances as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or foam-producing agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K23/00—Use of substances as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or foam-producing agents
- C09K23/08—Sulfation or sulfonation products of fats, oils, waxes, or higher fatty acids or esters thereof with monovalent alcohols
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S516/00—Colloid systems and wetting agents; subcombinations thereof; processes of
- Y10S516/01—Wetting, emulsifying, dispersing, or stabilizing agents
- Y10S516/03—Organic sulfoxy compound containing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S516/00—Colloid systems and wetting agents; subcombinations thereof; processes of
- Y10S516/905—Agent composition per se for colloid system making or stabilizing, e.g. foaming, emulsifying, dispersing, or gelling
- Y10S516/909—The agent contains organic compound containing sulfoxy*
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT22798A/89 | 1989-12-21 | ||
| IT02279889A IT1237807B (it) | 1989-12-21 | 1989-12-21 | Procedimento per la preparazione di un disperdente solfonato da frazioni, asfaltiche del petrolio |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH04250839A true JPH04250839A (ja) | 1992-09-07 |
Family
ID=11200545
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2412754A Pending JPH04250839A (ja) | 1989-12-21 | 1990-12-21 | スルホン化分散剤の製法 |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5322556A (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0450201B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JPH04250839A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN1027899C (de) |
| AU (1) | AU630529B2 (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2032838A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE69007776T2 (de) |
| IT (1) | IT1237807B (de) |
| PL (1) | PL288408A1 (de) |
| RU (1) | RU1834886C (de) |
| ZA (1) | ZA9010010B (de) |
Families Citing this family (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IT1235867B (it) * | 1987-12-18 | 1992-11-23 | Eniricerche S P A Snamprogetti | Composizione cementizia a bassa viscosita' |
| IT1258970B (it) * | 1992-06-11 | 1996-03-11 | Eniricerche Spa | Disperdenti idrosolubili derivanti da solfonazione dell'indene o sue miscele con aromatici |
| US5445179A (en) * | 1992-07-06 | 1995-08-29 | Eniricerche S.P.A. | Process for recovering and causing highly viscous petroleum products to flow |
| IT1264030B (it) * | 1993-04-08 | 1996-09-09 | Eniricerche Spa | Disperdenti solfonati idrosolubili da resine indene-cumarone |
| IT1265286B1 (it) * | 1993-12-17 | 1996-10-31 | Agip Spa | Procedimento per recuperare e movimentare prodotti petroliferi altamente viscosi |
| IT1269532B (it) * | 1994-03-11 | 1997-04-08 | Eniricerche Spa | Procedimento per movimentare prodotti petroliferi altamente viscosi |
| US5584920A (en) * | 1995-04-20 | 1996-12-17 | Natural Resources Canada | Sulphonated hydrocracking residues as concrete admixtures |
| CN1106893C (zh) * | 2000-06-27 | 2003-04-30 | 中国石油新疆油田分公司克拉玛依石油化工厂 | 一种利用酸渣生产磺化沥青的方法 |
| DE10242875B4 (de) * | 2001-09-19 | 2014-02-27 | Dainichiseika Color & Chemicals Mfg. Co. Ltd. | Verfahren zum Herstellen sulfonierter fester Teilchen |
| CA2566788C (en) * | 2004-05-14 | 2011-06-21 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Inhibitor enhanced thermal upgrading of heavy oils |
| WO2006099723A1 (en) * | 2005-03-22 | 2006-09-28 | National Research Council Of Canada | Sulfonated solvent deasphalting residues, process for production thereof and their use |
| CN102839026B (zh) * | 2012-09-17 | 2014-07-09 | 宋晓轩 | 用高含杂环芳香烃组份生产水煤浆添加剂的方法 |
| CN107109503B (zh) * | 2015-01-21 | 2019-11-15 | 出光兴产株式会社 | 蒸气膜破裂剂和热处理油组合物 |
| CN109897704B (zh) * | 2017-12-11 | 2021-03-09 | 神华集团有限责任公司 | 水煤浆添加剂及其组合物和水煤浆的制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AT151008B (de) * | 1933-01-11 | 1937-10-11 | Erich Dr Wernicke | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Sulfonierungsprodukten aus Mineralölen, Teerölen oder ihren bei gewöhnlicher Temperatur flüssigen Destillaten bzw. Fraktionen. |
| US2149661A (en) * | 1936-12-21 | 1939-03-07 | Colgate Palmolive Peet Co | Mineral oil sulphonates |
| US2783273A (en) * | 1952-07-01 | 1957-02-26 | Sinclair Refining Co | Sulfonation of petroleum oils |
| US2815370A (en) * | 1953-12-10 | 1957-12-03 | Pure Oil Co | Sulfonation of petroleum oils |
| US3089842A (en) * | 1959-12-14 | 1963-05-14 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Production of sulfonated asphalt |
| US3108060A (en) * | 1960-05-10 | 1963-10-22 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Loop reactor and process for sulfonating asphalt |
| US3173800A (en) * | 1962-05-04 | 1965-03-16 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Reducing the caking of sulfonated asphalt |
| US3970690A (en) * | 1971-08-02 | 1976-07-20 | Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Method for preparing dispersing agent |
| US4741868A (en) * | 1985-03-04 | 1988-05-03 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Production of sulfonated asphalt |
| IT1227903B (it) * | 1988-12-23 | 1991-05-14 | Eniricerche S P A Snamprogetti | Procedimento per la preparazione di disperdenti solfonati |
-
1989
- 1989-12-21 IT IT02279889A patent/IT1237807B/it active IP Right Grant
-
1990
- 1990-12-11 EP EP90203255A patent/EP0450201B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-12-11 DE DE69007776T patent/DE69007776T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-12-12 ZA ZA9010010A patent/ZA9010010B/xx unknown
- 1990-12-13 AU AU68021/90A patent/AU630529B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1990-12-20 RU SU904894181A patent/RU1834886C/ru active
- 1990-12-20 CA CA002032838A patent/CA2032838A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1990-12-21 PL PL28840890A patent/PL288408A1/xx unknown
- 1990-12-21 JP JP2412754A patent/JPH04250839A/ja active Pending
- 1990-12-21 CN CN91100675A patent/CN1027899C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1993
- 1993-03-08 US US08/028,728 patent/US5322556A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1053443A (zh) | 1991-07-31 |
| AU630529B2 (en) | 1992-10-29 |
| CA2032838A1 (en) | 1991-06-22 |
| IT8922798A0 (it) | 1989-12-21 |
| DE69007776T2 (de) | 1994-08-25 |
| AU6802190A (en) | 1991-06-27 |
| DE69007776D1 (de) | 1994-05-05 |
| EP0450201A1 (de) | 1991-10-09 |
| RU1834886C (ru) | 1993-08-15 |
| IT1237807B (it) | 1993-06-17 |
| EP0450201B1 (de) | 1994-03-30 |
| CN1027899C (zh) | 1995-03-15 |
| ZA9010010B (en) | 1991-10-30 |
| US5322556A (en) | 1994-06-21 |
| PL288408A1 (en) | 1991-09-09 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A02 | Decision of refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A02 Effective date: 20010117 |