JP7475942B2 - 二次電池、電池パック、車両、及び定置用電源 - Google Patents
二次電池、電池パック、車両、及び定置用電源 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7475942B2 JP7475942B2 JP2020072134A JP2020072134A JP7475942B2 JP 7475942 B2 JP7475942 B2 JP 7475942B2 JP 2020072134 A JP2020072134 A JP 2020072134A JP 2020072134 A JP2020072134 A JP 2020072134A JP 7475942 B2 JP7475942 B2 JP 7475942B2
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- Prior art keywords
- aqueous electrolyte
- negative electrode
- osmotic pressure
- positive electrode
- battery pack
- Prior art date
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- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 90
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 20
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- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CASZBAVUIZZLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium iron(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Fe+2].[Li+] CASZBAVUIZZLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni] RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000686 lithium vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZAUUZASCMSWKGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese nickel Chemical compound [Mn].[Ni] ZAUUZASCMSWKGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000001906 matrix-assisted laser desorption--ionisation mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940057867 methyl lactate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Propyl acetate Natural products CCCOC(C)=O YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FPBMTPLRBAEUMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel sodium Chemical compound [Na][Ni] FPBMTPLRBAEUMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001000 nickel titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RJSRQTFBFAJJIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium titanium Chemical compound [Ti].[Nb] RJSRQTFBFAJJIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- JAMNHZBIQDNHMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pivalonitrile Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C#N JAMNHZBIQDNHMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011056 potassium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011736 potassium bicarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015497 potassium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000028 potassium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011181 potassium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WFIZEGIEIOHZCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium formate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C=O WFIZEGIEIOHZCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydrogencarbonate Chemical compound [K+].OC([O-])=O TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940086066 potassium hydrogencarbonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011118 potassium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000160 potassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011009 potassium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium thiocyanate Chemical compound [K+].[S-]C#N ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940116357 potassium thiocyanate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YSXQKGSCQVYVQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-yl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC(C)C YSXQKGSCQVYVQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionitrile Chemical compound CCC#N FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940090181 propyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- LLHKCFNBLRBOGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene glycol methyl ether acetate Chemical compound COCC(C)OC(C)=O LLHKCFNBLRBOGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004451 qualitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- DCKVNWZUADLDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N sec-butyl acetate Chemical compound CCC(C)OC(C)=O DCKVNWZUADLDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001542 size-exclusion chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- AWRQDLAZGAQUNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium;iron(2+);phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O AWRQDLAZGAQUNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfite Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOCCOC ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLGLQAWTXXGVEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol monomethyl ether Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCO JLGLQAWTXXGVEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOC YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ε-Caprolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCO1 PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/36—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34
- H01M10/38—Construction or manufacture
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
- B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
- B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
- B60L50/64—Constructional details of batteries specially adapted for electric vehicles
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
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Description
第1の実施形態に係る二次電池は正極と、正極に保持される第1水系電解質と、負極と、負極に保持される第2水系電解質と、正極と負極との間に介在するセパレータとを備え、第1水系電解質の浸透圧(N/m2)と第2水系電解質の浸透圧(N/m2)との差は第1水系電解質の浸透圧と第2水系電解質の浸透圧のいずれか大きい方に対して90%以下である。これは例えば、小さい浸透圧の方の水系電解質を第1水系電解質、大きい浸透圧の方の水系電解質を第2水系電解質とすると、((第1水系電解質の浸透圧と第2水系電解質の浸透圧の差の絶対値)÷(第2水系電解質の浸透圧))×100%としてあらわすことができる。
2H+ +2e- ⇒ H2 (1)
2O2- ⇒ O2 +2e- (2)
E1 < -0.059 × pH (3)
E2 > 1.23 - 0.059 × pH (4)
水系電解質には、水系溶媒と第1の電解質とを含む水系電解液と、この水系電解液に高分子材料を複合化したゲル状水系電解質が挙げられる。水系電解液とゲル状水系電解質を総称するために用いた水系電解質と、溶質としての電解質を区別するために便宜上溶質としての電解質を第1の電解質と称している。前述の高分子材料としては、例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)、ポリアクリロニトリル(PAN)、ポリエチレンオキサイド(PEO)等を挙げることができる。水系電解質は、NO3 -、Cl-、LiSO4 -、SO4 2-、およびOH-からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種のアニオンを含む。水系電解質中に含まれるこれらのアニオンは、1種でもよく、或いは、2種以上のアニオンが含まれていてもよい。
イオンクロマトグラフ法による電解質に含まれる溶質の定性定量分析の具体的な測定条件の例を以下に示す:
システム: Prominence HIC-SP
分析カラム: Shim-packIC-SA3
ガードカラム: Shim-packIC-SA3(G)
溶離液: 3.6 mmol/L 炭酸ナトリウム水溶液
流量: 0.8 mL/min
カラム温度: 45℃
注入量: 50μL
検出: 電気伝導度
Π = (n・R・T)/ V (5)
水系電解質の界面張力は、例えば、懸滴法を用いて求めることができる。測定装置としては、例えば、協和界面科学社製、自動接触角計Dme-201を用いることができる。測定条件としては、例えば、下記表1に示す条件を用いる。
界面張力(mN/M)=Δρgde2(1/H)・・・(6)
式(6)における各記号は、次の通りである:
Δρ:密度差、g:重力加速度、de:懸滴の最大径、1/H:補正係数。
例えば、測定を5回行い、その平均値を界面張力とみなす。
水系電解質の接触角は、例えば、液滴法により求めることができる。測定装置としては、例えば、協和界面科学社製、自動接触角計Dme-201を用いることができる。測定条件としては、例えば、下記表2に示す条件を用いる。
正極と負極との間にはセパレータを配置することができる。セパレータを絶縁材料で構成することで、正極と負極とが電気的に接触することを防止することができる。また、正極と負極との間を電解質が移動可能な形状のものを使用することが望ましい。以下の例では、セパレータは透気性を有する。セパレータの例に、不織布、フィルム、紙などが含まれる。セパレータの構成材料の例に、ポリエチレンやポリプロピレンなどのポリオレフィン、セルロースが含まれる。好ましいセパレータの例に、セルロース繊維を含む不織布、ポリオレフィン繊維を含む多孔質フィルムを挙げることができる。
透気係数KTの算出では、例えば、厚さL(m)のセパレータを測定対象とする場合、測定面積A(m2)の範囲に、粘性係数σ(Pa・s)の気体を透過させる。この際、投入される気体の圧力p(Pa)が互いに対して異なる複数の条件で、気体を透過させ、複数の条件のそれぞれにおいて、セパレータを透過した気体量Q(m3/s)を測定する。そして、測定結果から、圧力pに対する気体量Qをプロットし、傾きであるdQ/dpを求める。そして、厚さL、測定面積A、粘性係数σ及び傾きdQ/dpから、式(7)のようにして、透気係数KTが算出される。
KT =((σ・l)/A)×(dQ/dp) (7)
負極は、負極集電体と、負極集電体上に配置されている負極活物質層とを含む。負極活物質層は、負極集電体の少なくとも1つの面上に配置されている。例えば、負極集電体上の1つの面に負極活物質層が配置されていてもよく、または負極集電体上の1つの面とその裏面とに負極活物質層が配置されていてもよい。
この正極は、正極集電体と、正極集電体の片面もしくは両面に担持され、活物質、導電剤および結着剤を含む正極層とを有することができる。
正極、負極及び電解質が収容される容器には、金属製容器や、ラミネートフィルム製容器、ポリエチレンやポリプロピレンなどの樹脂容器を使用することができる。
図1に示す二次電池10は、負極集電体3a及び負極活物質層3bを含んだ負極3、正極集電体5a及び正極活物質層5bを含んだ正極5、正極と接している第1水系電解質11、負極と接している第2水系電解質12、並びに外装部材2を備えている。負極活物質層3bは、負極集電体3aの両面の一部に設けられている。正極活物質層5bは、正極集電体5aの両面の一部に設けられている。負極集電体3aのうち、負極活物質層3bが設けられていない箇所は、負極タブ3cとして機能する。正極集電体5aのうち、正極活物質層5bが設けられていない箇所は、正極タブ5cとして機能する。負極3と正極5の間にセパレータ4が存在している。
捲回電極群1は、図3に示すように、負極3、セパレータ4、正極5及び第1水系電解質11を備える。第1水系電解質11は、正極5の両面に設けられている。セパレータ4は、第1水系電解質11と、負極3との間に介在している。この捲回電極群1は、負極3、セパレータ4、及び、両面に第1水系電解質11が設けられた正極5を積層して形成した積層物を、図3に示すように負極3を外側にして渦巻状に捲回し、プレス成型することにより形成できる。
第2の実施形態によれば、二次電池を単位セルとする組電池を提供することができる。二次電池には、第1の実施形態の二次電池を用いることができる。
第3の実施形態によれば、電池パックが提供される。この電池パックは、第1の実施形態に係る二次電池具備している。
第4の実施形態によると、車両が提供される。この車両は、第3の実施形態に係る電池パックを搭載している。
第5の実施形態によると、定置用電源が提供される。この定置用電源は、第3の実施形態に係る電池パックを搭載している。なお、この定置用電源は、第3の実施形態に係る電池パックの代わりに、第2の実施形態に係る組電池又は第1の実施形態に係る二次電池を搭載していてもよい。
以下の手順で二次電池を作製した。
以下のようにして正極を作製した。
正極活物質としてLiMn2O4(5g)、導電剤としてアセチレンブラック(0.25g)、及び、結着剤(バインダー樹脂)としてPVDF分散液(固形分率8%のNMP溶液, 6.25g)を混練機を用いて3分間混合して、粘稠性スラリーを得た。このスラリーを、Ti箔の片面上に塗布した。その後、120℃で溶媒を留去して積層体を得た。次いで、この積層体を、ロールプレスを用いて、圧延した。その後、この積層体を乾燥させた後、直径10mmの円形に打ち抜いた。得られた正極の目付は、116g/m2であった。
負極活物質としてLi4Ti5O12(10g)、導電剤としてグラファイト(1g)、結着剤(バインダー樹脂)としてPTFE分散液(固形分40重量%, 1g)、及び、NMP(N-メチル-2-ピロリドン)8gを混練機を用いて3分間混合して、スラリーを得た。このスラリーを、Zn箔の片面上に塗布した。その後、120℃で溶媒を留去して積層体を得た。次いで、この積層体を、ロールプレスを用いて、圧延した。その後、この積層体を乾燥させた後、直径10mmの円形に打ち抜いた。得られた負極の目付は、35g/m2であった。
正極側水系電解質及び負極側水系電解質を表1記載の正極側、負極側水系電解質のリチウム塩濃度、浸透圧調整剤、界面活性剤を用いて調整した。
非イオン性界面活性剤の具体例として、例えば、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルエーテル(例えば、C12H25O(CH2CH2O)nH;0.9<n≦2.1)及びポリオキシアルキレンアルキルエーテル(例えば、C12H25O[(CH2CH(CH3)O)m・(CH2CH2O)n]H;0<n≦35、0<m≦40、或いは、C4H9O(CH2CH2O)n[(CH2CH(CH3)O)m]H;0<n≦35、0<m≦28)からなる群より選択される1以上を挙げることができる。なお、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルエーテルの化学式C12H25O(CH2CH2O)nHにおける添字nについての上記数値範囲は、0.89<n≦2.1を含む。また、化学式C12H25O[(CH2CH(CH3)O)m・(CH2CH2O)n]Hで表すポリオキシアルキレンアルキルエーテルの具体例として、添字n及びmがそれぞれ1.4≦n≦35及び8.4≦m≦40である化合物を挙げることができる。実施例ではポリオキシアルキレンアルキルエーテル(C12H25O[(CH2CH(CH3)O)m・(CH2CH2O)n]H;0<n≦35、0<m≦40)を用い、分子量2000、n=10、m=40の界面活性剤をA、分子量500、n=1.4、m=8.4の界面活性剤をB、分子量3238、n=35、m=28の界面活性剤をC、分子量2000、n=10、m=30の界面活性剤をDとして界面活性剤を用いた。実施例1では、界面活性剤Aを用いた。
プラスチック板上に、陽極酸化処理されたアルミニウム板を固定し、その上に負極を固定した。別のプラスチック板上にTi板を固定し、その上に正極を固定した。負極の上に、作製した負極側水系電解質を滴下し、その上にセパレータを置き、密着させた。セパレータの逆側に、正極側水系電解質を滴下し、その上から正極を置いて密着させ、さらにねじで固定した。
定電流充放電試験を終えた電池の浸透圧を測定した。電解質の溶媒の体積V(m3)、電解質での溶質の物質量(全モル数)をn(mol)、気体定数をR(m2・kg/(s2・K・mol))、電解質の絶対温度をT(K)とし、浸透圧を算出した。その結果は表1に示した。
電池から分解し、セパレータを電池の他の部品から分離した。セパレータは、純水で両面を洗い流した後、純水に浸漬させて48時間以上放置した。その後、さらに純水で両面を洗い流し、100℃の真空乾燥炉にて48時間以上乾燥させた後に、透気係数の測定を行った。このように取り出したセパレータの4箇所で、セパレータの厚さ(m)を測定した。測定個所4点それぞれで、直径10mmの孔が開いた一対のステンレス板でセパレータを挟み込み、一方のステンレス板の孔から空気を圧力pで送り込む。圧力pは1000Pa、2500Pa、4000Pa及び6000Paを用いた。そして、他方のステンレス板の孔から漏れる空気の気体量Qを測定した。孔の面積(25πmm2)が測定面積Aとし、粘性係数σとして0.000018Pa・sを用いた。気体量Qは、100秒の間に孔から漏れる量δ(m3)を測定し、測定された量δを100で割ることにより算出した。
各実施例および各比較例について、試験用電池作製後、待機時間無しで速やかに試験を開始した。充電及び放電のいずれも0.5Cレートで行った。また、充電時は、電流値が0.25Cになるまで、充電時間が130分間になるまで、充電容量が170mAh/gになるまで、のいずれか早いものを終止条件とした。放電時は130分後を終止条件とした。
クーロン効率(%)=100×(放電容量/充電容量)
Claims (11)
- 正極と、
前記正極に保持される第1水系電解質と、
負極と、
前記負極に保持される第2水系電解質と、
前記正極と前記負極との間に介在するセパレータと、
を備え、
前記第1水系電解質の浸透圧(N/m2)と前記第2水系電解質の浸透圧(N/m2)
との差は前記第1水系電解質の前記浸透圧と前記第2水系電解質の前記浸透圧のいずれか
大きい方に対して90%以下(0%を含む)であり、
前記セパレータは、多孔質自立膜の主面の少なくとも一方に固体電解質層を備えるもの
であり、
前記セパレータは透気係数が1×10-14m2以下であり、
前記負極が備える負極活物質は、チタン酸化物、リチウムチタン酸化物、およびリチウ
ムチタン複合酸化物からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である二次電池。 - 前記第1水系電解質の浸透圧と前記第2水系電解質の浸透圧との差は前記第1水系電解
質の前記浸透圧と前記第2水系電解質の前記浸透圧のいずれか大きい方に対して80%以
下である請求項1記載の二次電池。 - 前記第1水系電解質の浸透圧と前記第2水系電解質の浸透圧との差は前記第1水系電解質
の前記浸透圧と前記第2水系電解質の前記浸透圧のいずれか大きい方に対して50%以下
である請求項1または2記載の二次電池。 - 前記第1水系電解質と前記第2水系電解質の少なくとも一方に浸透圧を調整可能な化合
物を含む請求項1ないし3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - 前記浸透圧を調整可能な化合物は無機化合物、有機化合物及び界面活性剤の少なくとも
1つを含む請求項4に記載の二次電池。 - 前記第1水系電解質と前記第2水系電解質の界面張力のいずれか大きいほうの界面張力
は50mN/m以下である請求項1ないし5のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - 請求項1ないし6のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池を具備する電池パック。
- 通電用の外部端子と、
保護回路とをさらに含む請求項7に記載の電池パック。 - 複数の前記二次電池を具備し、前記二次電池が直列、並列、又は直列及び並列を組み合
わせて電気的に接続されている請求項7ないし8のいずれか1項に記載の電池パック。 - 請求項7ないし9のいずれか1項に記載の電池パックを搭載した車両。
- 請求項7ないし9のいずれか1項に記載の電池パックを具備した定置用電源。
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