JP7378033B2 - リチウム金属二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウム金属二次電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP7378033B2 JP7378033B2 JP2020569415A JP2020569415A JP7378033B2 JP 7378033 B2 JP7378033 B2 JP 7378033B2 JP 2020569415 A JP2020569415 A JP 2020569415A JP 2020569415 A JP2020569415 A JP 2020569415A JP 7378033 B2 JP7378033 B2 JP 7378033B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- negative electrode
- positive electrode
- lithium metal
- secondary battery
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 115
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- -1 lithium halide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 31
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Chemical compound [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000003891 oxalate salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical group FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- SYRDSFGUUQPYOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-].FC(=O)C(F)=O Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-].FC(=O)C(F)=O SYRDSFGUUQPYOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical group [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- AUBNQVSSTJZVMY-UHFFFAOYSA-M P(=O)([O-])(O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)F.C(C(=O)O)(=O)F.C(C(=O)O)(=O)F.C(C(=O)O)(=O)F.[Li+] Chemical compound P(=O)([O-])(O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)F.C(C(=O)O)(=O)F.C(C(=O)O)(=O)F.C(C(=O)O)(=O)F.[Li+] AUBNQVSSTJZVMY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 19
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 15
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
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- 239000011737 fluorine Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 7
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- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
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- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 7
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- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
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- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
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- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
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- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N anisole Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC=C1 RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- MHDVGSVTJDSBDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1COCC1=CC=CC=C1 MHDVGSVTJDSBDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- FJKIXWOMBXYWOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC=C FJKIXWOMBXYWOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GAEKPEKOJKCEMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-valerolactone Chemical compound CC1CCC(=O)O1 GAEKPEKOJKCEMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011256 inorganic filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910003475 inorganic filler Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOCCOCC LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UNDXPKDBFOOQFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]morpholine Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC(C(F)(F)F)=CC=C1N1CCOCC1 UNDXPKDBFOOQFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBUOHGKIOVRDKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound CC1COCO1 SBUOHGKIOVRDKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018871 CoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052789 astatine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxybenzene Substances CCCCOC=C UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- MRDKYAYDMCRFIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxalic acid;phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O.OC(=O)C(O)=O MRDKYAYDMCRFIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/24—Electrodes for alkaline accumulators
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
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Description
電解質は、溶媒と、溶媒に溶解した電解質塩と、電解質の全量に対し0.1重量%超、10重量%未満のリチウムハロゲン化物と、フッ素化環状カーボネートおよび/またはフッ素化オキサレート錯体と、を含む。溶媒としては、非水溶媒を用いることができ、水系溶媒を用いてもよい。なお、電解質は、液体電解質(電解液)に限定されず、ゲル状ポリマー等を用いた固体電解質であってもよい。
負極は、負極集電体を備える。リチウム金属二次電池では、例えば負極集電体の表面に、充電によりリチウム金属が析出する。より具体的には、電解質に含まれるリチウムイオンが、充電により、負極集電体上で電子を受け取ってリチウム金属になり、負極集電体の表面に析出する。負極集電体の表面に析出したリチウム金属は、放電により電解質中にリチウムイオンとして溶解する。なお、電解質に含まれるリチウムイオンは、電解質に添加したリチウム塩に由来するものであってもよく、充電により正極活物質から供給されるものであってもよく、これらの双方であってもよい。
正極は、例えば、正極集電体と、正極集電体に支持された正極合材層とを備える。正極合材層は、例えば、正極活物質と導電材と結着材とを含む。正極合材層は、正極集電体の片面のみに形成されてもよく、両面に形成されてもよい。正極は、例えば、正極集電体の両面に正極活物質と導電材と結着材とを含む正極合材スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧延することにより得られる。
正極と負極との間にセパレータを配置してもよい。セパレータには、イオン透過性および絶縁性を有する多孔性シートが用いられる。多孔性シートとしては、例えば、微多孔を有する薄膜、織布、不織布等が挙げられる。セパレータの材質は特に限定されないが、高分子材料であってもよい。高分子材料としては、オレフィン樹脂、ポリアミド樹脂、セルロース等が挙げられる。オレフィン樹脂としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレンおよびエチレンとプロピレンとの共重合体等が挙げられる。セパレータは、必要に応じて、添加剤を含んでもよい。添加剤としては、セパレータの強度向上の観点から、無機フィラー等が挙げられる。セパレータ表面に、無機フィラー等を含んだ耐熱層を形成してもよい。
図2は、本発明の一実施形態に係る円筒型のリチウム二次電池の一例の縦断面図である。
以下、本開示に係るリチウム二次電池を実施例および比較例に基づいて更に具体的に説明する。ただし、本開示は以下の実施例に限定されるものではない。
Li、Ni、CoおよびAl(Ni、CoおよびAlの合計に対するLiのモル比は1.0)を含有し、層状構造を有する岩塩型のリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物(NCA:正極活物質)と、アセチレンブラック(AB;導電材)と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF;結着材)とを、NCA:AB:PVdF=95:2.5:2.5の重量比で混合し、さらにN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を適量加えて撹拌して、正極合材スラリーを調製した。
電解銅箔(厚み10μm)を所定の電極サイズに切断し、負極(負極集電体)とした。負極集電体には、ニッケル製の負極リードの一端部を溶接により取り付けた。
4-フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)とエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)とジメチルカーボネート(DMC)とを、FEC:EMC:DMC=20:5:75の体積比で混合し、得られた混合溶媒にLiPF6を1mol/Lの濃度で溶解し、電解質を調製した。
不活性ガス雰囲気中で、正極と負極集電体とを、これらの間にポリエチレン製のセパレータ(微多孔膜)を介して渦巻状に捲回し、電極群を作製した。
電池A1について、充放電試験を行って評価した。
正極において単位面積あたり2mA/cm2の電流で、電池電圧が4.3Vになるまで定電流充電を行い、その後、4.1Vの電圧で、電極の単位面積あたりの電流値が1mAになるまで定電圧充電を行った。
正極において単位面積あたり2mA/cm2の電流で、電池電圧が3Vになるまで定電流放電を行った。
混合溶媒に、LiIの代わりに臭化リチウム(LiBr)を添加したこと以外、実施例1と同様の方法により、電池A2を作製し、評価した。
混合溶媒に、さらにリチウムジフルオロオキサレートボレートを0.5mol/Lの濃度になるように添加したこと以外実施例1と同様の方法により、電池A3を作製し、評価した。
混合溶媒に、さらにリチウムジフルオロオキサレートボレートを0.5mol/Lの濃度になるように添加したこと以外実施例2と同様の方法により、電池A4を作製し、評価した。
電解質にLiIを添加しなかった以外は、実施例1と同様の方法により、電池B1を作製し、評価した。
FECを用いず、ECとEMCとを、EC:DMC=3:7の体積比で混合した溶媒を用いたこと以外実施例1と同様の方法により、電池B2を作製し、評価した。
電解質に、含有量が0.1重量%になるようにLiIを添加したこと以外は、実施例1と同様の方法により、電池B3を作製し、評価した。
電解質に、含有量が10重量%になるようにLiIを添加したこと以外は、実施例3と同様の方法により、電池B4を作製し、評価した。
11 正極合剤層
12 正極集電体
13 正極リード
14 正極端子
20 負極
21 負極集電体
25 負極リード
22 リチウムイオン
23 リチウム金属
24 フッ素含有被膜
30 電解質
40 セパレータ
50 捲回式電極群
60 下部絶縁リング
61 上部絶縁リング
70 電池ケース、
80 封口板
100 リチウム金属二次電池
Claims (8)
- リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物を含む正極活物質を有する正極と、
前記正極と対向して配置され、負極集電体を有し、充電時にリチウム金属が析出する負極と、
前記正極と前記負極との間に配置されるセパレータと、
前記セパレータに含浸している、0.1重量%超、10重量%未満であるリチウムハロゲン化物と、フッ素化環状カーボネートおよびフッ素化オキサレート錯体から選択される少なくとも一種と、を含む電解質と、を備え、
前記正極および前記負極が有するリチウムの合計モル量M Li と、前記正極が有する金属Mの合計モル量M TM とのモル比:M Li /M TM は、1.1以下である、リチウム金属二次電池。 - 前記電解質の体積に対して、前記フッ素化環状カーボネートが、8体積%以上、30体積%以下である、請求項1に記載のリチウム金属二次電池。
- 前記フッ素化環状カーボネートが、4-フルオロエチレンカーボネートである請求項1または2に記載のリチウム金属二次電池。
- 前記電解質の全量に対して、前記フッ素化オキサレート錯体の濃度が、0.01mol/L以上、1mol/L以下である、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム金属二次電池。
- 前記フッ素化オキサレート錯体が、リチウムジフルオロオキサレートボレート、リチウムテトラフルオロオキサレートホスフェート、リチウムジフルオロビス(オキサレート)ホスフェートから選択される少なくとも一種である、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム金属二次電池。
- 前記リチウムハロゲン化物が、ヨウ化リチウムおよび臭化リチウムから選択される少なくとも一種である、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム金属二次電池。
- 充電時に前記負極にリチウム金属が析出し、放電時に前記負極から前記リチウム金属が前記電解質中に溶解する、請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム金属二次電池。
- 前記負極集電体は、銅箔または銅合金箔である請求項1~7に記載のリチウム金属二次電池。
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