JP7284557B2 - 医薬組成物 - Google Patents
医薬組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7284557B2 JP7284557B2 JP2017564363A JP2017564363A JP7284557B2 JP 7284557 B2 JP7284557 B2 JP 7284557B2 JP 2017564363 A JP2017564363 A JP 2017564363A JP 2017564363 A JP2017564363 A JP 2017564363A JP 7284557 B2 JP7284557 B2 JP 7284557B2
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Description
本発明は、免疫抑制または免疫疲弊を解除するか、または、免疫細胞に先在する免疫を誘発する方法であって、免疫細胞のCD11bに結合するCD11bモジュレータと前記免疫細胞を接触させることを含む方法を提供する。
一実施形態では、CD11bの結合は、IFN-γ、IL-12、または、CD8T細胞を増加させる。
他の実施形態では、CD11bモジュレータを、細胞のCD11bに結合させることにより、免疫抑制に関連する病気を治療、および/または、予防する。
さらなる実施形態では、免疫抑制または免疫疲弊に関連する病気は、急性および/または慢性感染症、敗血症、がんにおける免疫不全、または、加齢による免疫老化におけるT細胞の疲弊である。
いくつかの実施形態では、追加の活性薬剤または追加の治療法は、免疫チェックポイント療法、放射線療法、または、化学療法である。
いくつかの実施形態では、本明細書に記載されたCDRは、1つ以上の挿入、置換、および/または、欠失を含む。
本発明の抗CD11b抗体は、上記方法において使用できる。
特に定義しない限り、本明細書で用いられるすべての技術および科学用語は、当業者によって一般的に理解される意味と同じである。本発明の実施または試験には本明細書に記載されるものと同様または同等のいかなる方法および材料を用いることができる。したがって、変更および修正は、本開示の趣旨および範囲内に収まることが理解されよう。
本発明では、免疫細胞の表面に発現するCD11b分子と反応するCD11bモジュレータによる治療を通じて、敗血症、慢性感染症、および、がんを含む免疫抑制状態に関連する症状を解除するという驚くべき発見をした。
免疫療法に反応するがんの例は、これらに限定されないが、メラノーマ、肺がん、肺の扁平上皮がん、頭頚部がん、乳がん、卵巣がん、子宮がん、前立腺がん、胃がん、子宮頸がん、食道がん、膀胱がん、腎臓がん、脳ガン、肝臓がん、大腸がん、骨肉腫、膵臓がん、皮膚がん、皮膚または眼内悪性黒色腫、卵巣がん、直腸がん、肛門部のがん、胃がん、精巣がん、卵管がん、子宮内膜がん、頸がん、膣がん、外陰がん、ホジキン病、非ホジキンリンパ腫、食道がん、小腸がん、内分泌系がん、甲状腺がん、副甲状腺がん、副腎がん、軟部組織の肉腫、尿道がん、陰茎がん、急性骨髄性白血病を含む慢性または急性白血病、慢性骨髄性白血病、急性リンパ芽球性白血病、慢性リンパ性白血病、小児の固形腫瘍、リンパ球性リンパ腫、腎盂がん、中枢神経系(CNS)の腫瘍、中枢神経系原発リンパ腫、腫瘍の血管新生、脊髄軸腫瘍、脳幹グリオーマ、下垂体腺腫、カポジ肉腫、類表皮がん、扁平上皮細胞がん、および、T細胞リンパ腫が挙げられる。
本発明によれば、新規な抗CD11b抗体、および、この抗CD11b抗体をがん免疫療法、慢性感染症、敗血症、がんによる免疫欠損、および、加齢による免疫老化におけるT細胞疲弊などの免疫抑制、および、免疫疲弊に関連する病気の治療、および/または、予防に用いる方法が提供される。
いくつかの実施形態では、投与方式は、単回投与を含み得る。
他の実施形態では、投与方式は、複数回投与を含み得る。
ヒト細胞の単離および培養
本実施例では、インテグリンαMβ2(Mac-1)を遮断することによりTLR(Toll様受容体)応答を機能的に高めるか否かを調べた。図1に示すように、抗CD11b抗体(ICRF44)などのCD11b結合剤を投与することによって、LPS刺激を受けた単球におけるPD-L1の発現を減少させ得る。それに対し、抗CD11b抗体で治療しても、LPS刺激を受けた単球におけるHLA-DR、CD80、および、CD86の発現量は変わらなかった。CD11bをCD11bアンタゴニストの小分子であるML-C19-A(図2(A))と結合させても、LPS刺激を受けた単球におけるPD-L1の発現を阻害することを示した(図2(B))。これらの結果は、LPS刺激を受けた単球におけるPD-L1発現の誘発にCD11bが重要な役割を果たしていることを示唆している。
抗腫瘍免疫におけるCD11bの結合の効果を調べるべく、抗マウスCD11b抗体(M1/70)をB16F10マウス腫瘍モデルにおける単独療法に用いた。初日、C57BL/6マウスにB16F10細胞を皮下注射した。7日目、マウスにコントロールのIgG(5mg/kg)、または、抗マウスCD11b抗体(5mg/kg)を腹腔内注射した。3~4日おきに注射を繰り返した。各グループの腫瘍体積および長期生存をモニタして効果を決定した。図3に示すように、CD11bを抗マウスCD11b抗体に結合させることにより、B16F10腫瘍の皮下成長を著しく阻害した(18日目:コントロールのIgGは、1054±385.4mm3、それに対し、抗CD11b抗体は502.7±268.2mm3)。腫瘍における免疫細胞集団の比率を調べた。腫瘍接種後18日目、CD11bを抗CD11b抗体に結合することにより、T細胞を抑制する腫瘍浸潤骨髄由来免疫抑制細胞(MDSC)の局所的蓄積を減少させ、腫瘍浸潤CD8T細胞を増加させる結果になった(図4)。CD11bを抗CD11b抗体と結合させることにより、免疫抑制的な腫瘍内微小環境は、抗腫瘍効果に積極的に貢献する免疫賦活性状態へと変化した。抗CD11b抗体による治療後の腫瘍周辺における免疫細胞集団の比率をさらに調べた。腫瘍接種後15日目、抗CD11b抗体による治療によってCD11b陽性白血球におけるPD-L1の発現は減少したが、CD8T細胞における活性化T細胞であるIAIE陽性CD8T細胞の比率は高くなった(図5)。
IFN-γ、IL-12、および、TNF-αの血漿中濃度は、さまざまな炎症性または悪性疾患の免疫賦活性状態を反映する。抗CD11b抗体で治療した腫瘍を患うマウスの血漿中のIFN-γ、IL-12、および、TNF-αの濃度を測定した。コントロールのIgGで治療したものより、抗CD11b抗体で治療したマウスの血漿中のIFN-γ、IL-12、および、TNF-αの濃度のほうが高いことを示した(図6)。
併用療法は、別の同系LLC1肺移転モデルにおける有効性を示した。抗CD11b抗体(10mg/kg)+抗PD-1抗体(10mg/kg)による治療は、LLC1腫瘍の小節を著しく減少させ(図9)(15日目:コントロールのIgGは200±13、抗CD11b抗体は167、抗PD-1抗体は164±11、抗CD11b+抗PD-1抗体は131±2)、動物の生存期間を延ばした(図10)。平均生存期間は、コントロールのIgGが24日、抗CD11b抗体が24日、抗PD-1抗体が22日、抗CD11b+抗PD-1抗体は26日であった。
CD11bの結合は、化学療法にも有効である。例としては、初日、B16F10細胞を移植した。7日目、マウスにコントロールのIgG(5mg/kg)、抗マウスCD11b抗体(5mg/kg)、タキソール(10mg/kg)+コントロールのIgG(5mg/kg)、または、タキソール(10mg/kg)+抗CD11b抗体(5mg/kg)を腹腔内注射した。3~4日おきに注射を繰り返した。図11に示すように、タキソールと抗CD11b抗体との併用療法が腫瘍の成長を効果的に制御した。併用療法の有効性は、生存期間を延ばすことでも確認された。平均生存期間は、コントロールのIgGで25日、抗CD11b抗体で32日、タキソール+コントロールのIgGで25日、タキソール+抗CD11b抗体では32日であった(図12)。
重症感染症によって引き起こされる全身炎症反応症候群である敗血症は、世界的な医療問題であり、生命に関わる病気である。敗血症は、経時的に変化する二相免疫反応を引き起こすことが次第に明らかになりつつある。敗血症の初期段階において、全身の高炎症性免疫反応により、血行動態の不安定化、多臓器機能不全、凝固異常、および、ショック状態を引き起こし得るインターロイキン(IL)-1、IL-6、および、腫瘍壊死因子(TNF)αを含む炎症性サイトカインが全身に放出され得る。高炎症性免疫反応は、抗炎症性サイトカインであるIL-10、および、TGF(腫瘍増殖因子)-βの発現とほぼ同時に起きる。免疫系は、急速に、免疫麻痺状態と呼ばれる免疫反応低下状態に陥り、一次感染、および、晩期の院内感染の発生を食い止めることができなくなる。敗血症を患う患者に見られる免疫麻痺状態の兆候は、リンパ球の異常、ヒト白血球抗原DR(HLA-DR)の表面発現の減少による単球の不活性化、および、TNF-α生成の低下(生体外シミュレーションによる)を含む。単球におけるHLA-DR発現の持続的な減少は、院内感染、および、敗血症患者の死のリスクが高いことを示している。最近では、敗血症性ショックの患者の単球ではプログラム死リガンド1(PD-L1)の発現が増加することが観察され、これは、二次院内感染および死亡率の増加に関係する(Guignant C, Lepape A, Huang X, Kherouf H, Denis L, et al. (2011) Programmed death-1 levels correlate with increased mortality, nosocomial infection and immune dysfunctions in septic shock patients. Crit Care 15: R99)。したがって、単球におけるPD-L1の発現量は、免疫麻痺状態の新たなマーカーとして役立つ。単球をLPSに2日間事前曝露することにより、免疫抑制単球になることが報告されている(Wolk K, Docke WD, von Baehr V, Volk HD, and Sabat R. (2000) Impaired antigen presentation by human monocytes during endotoxin tolerance. Blood 96: 218)。臨床的には、これらの細胞は、免疫麻痺状態、および、死亡率に関係がある。ヒト単球を100ng/mlのLPSで2日間プレインキュベートすることにより、再現可能なLPS誘導性免疫抑制単球を得た。LPS誘導性免疫抑制単球の細胞表面におけるPD-L1発現量は、単離された新鮮なヒト単球より多い(図13(A))。LPS誘導性免疫抑制単球におけるCD11bモジュレータの効果を調べるべく、IgG1または抗CD11b抗体(ICRF44)の存在下で、細胞を1μg/mlのLPSに18時間曝露した。図13(B)に示すように、CD11bを抗CD11b抗体(ICRF44)と結合させることによって、細胞がLPSにさらに刺激されると、LPS誘導性免疫抑制単球におけるPD-L1の発現量が減少した。さらに、抗CD11b抗体(ICRF44)による治療は、インビトロでLPS刺激した敗血症性ショックの患者からの単球におけるPD-L1の発現量も減少させた(図14)。
マウスの抗ヒトCD11b抗体の可変領域ドメインの配列をヒト抗体データベースと対照して調べた。マウスの抗ヒトCDb11抗体と高度な一致を示す10組のヒトフレームワーク領域の配列を、軽鎖および重鎖両方のヒトアクセプタとして選んだ。一方で、N-グリコシル化モチーフを分析した。候補のヒト可変領域における潜在的なグリコシレーション部位は、避けるべきである。10個の軽鎖のヒト化可変領域のドメインをVL1、VL2、VL3、VL4、VL5、LC1、LC2、LC3、LC4、および、LC5として示し(図15)、10個の重鎖のヒト化可変領域のドメインをVH1、VH2、VH3、VH4、VH5、HC1、HC2、HC3、HC4、および、HC5として示した(図16)。これらの軽鎖および重鎖ペプチド配列は、ヒト化抗体、または、高親和性を有するヒト抗CD11b抗体と結合する抗原結合部分を提供し得る。
ヒト化抗CD11b抗体の特異性を、CD11bを発現しているK562細胞を用いて、フローサイトメトリーにより決定した。図17に示すように、本実施例におけるすべてのヒト化抗CD11b抗体は、CD11bをトランスフェクションしたK562細胞と結合することができた。それに対し、これらの抗体は、K562細胞と結合しなかった。これらの結果は、ヒト化抗CD11b抗体は、CD11bエピトープと特異的に結合し得ることを示している。
Claims (8)
- PD-L1の発現阻害用医薬組成物であって、
免疫細胞のCD11bに特異的に結合する抗体またはその抗原結合部分を含む、医薬組成物。 - 前記抗体またはその抗原結合部分は、
(a)配列番号13からなるアミノ酸配列を有する重鎖可変領域、および、配列番号23からなるアミノ酸配列を有する軽鎖可変領域、
(b)配列番号14からなるアミノ酸配列を有する重鎖可変領域、および、配列番号24からなるアミノ酸配列を有する軽鎖可変領域、
(c)配列番号15からなるアミノ酸配列を有する重鎖可変領域、および、配列番号25からなるアミノ酸配列を有する軽鎖可変領域、
(d)配列番号16からなるアミノ酸配列を有する重鎖可変領域、および、配列番号26からなるアミノ酸配列を有する軽鎖可変領域、
(e)配列番号17からなるアミノ酸配列を有する重鎖可変領域、および、配列番号27からなるアミノ酸配列を有する軽鎖可変領域、
(f)配列番号18からなるアミノ酸配列を有する重鎖可変領域、および、配列番号28からなるアミノ酸配列を有する軽鎖可変領域、
(g)配列番号19からなるアミノ酸配列を有する重鎖可変領域、および、配列番号29からなるアミノ酸配列を有する軽鎖可変領域、
(h)配列番号20からなるアミノ酸配列を有する重鎖可変領域、および、配列番号30からなるアミノ酸配列を有する軽鎖可変領域、
(i)配列番号21からなるアミノ酸配列を有する重鎖可変領域、および、配列番号31からなるアミノ酸配列を有する軽鎖可変領域、または、
(j)配列番号22からなるアミノ酸配列を有する重鎖可変領域、および、配列番号32からなるアミノ酸配列を有する軽鎖可変領域を含む、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。 - 前記抗体、または、その抗原結合部分は、キメラ、ヒト化もしくはヒト抗体、または、その抗原結合部分である、請求項1または2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 免疫チェックポイントを調節するための薬剤、または、化学療法剤をさらに含む、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記免疫チェックポイントを調節するための薬剤は、抗PD-1抗体、抗PD-1リガンド抗体、抗CTLA-4抗体、抗CTLA-4リガンド抗体、抗PD-L1抗体、抗PD-L1リガンド抗体、または、その抗原結合性フラグメントである、請求項4に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記化学療法剤は、アルキル化剤、代謝拮抗薬、抗微小管剤、トポイソメラーゼ阻害剤、または、細胞障害性抗生物である、請求項4に記載の医薬組成物。
- 急性および/または慢性感染症、敗血症、または、がんの治療に使用するための、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記がんは、メラノーマ、肺がん、肺の扁平上皮がん、慢性および急性白血病からなる群から選ばれる、請求項7に記載の医薬組成物。
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