JP7173593B2 - 光活性無機リガンドでキャップされた無機ナノ結晶 - Google Patents
光活性無機リガンドでキャップされた無機ナノ結晶 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7173593B2 JP7173593B2 JP2019556337A JP2019556337A JP7173593B2 JP 7173593 B2 JP7173593 B2 JP 7173593B2 JP 2019556337 A JP2019556337 A JP 2019556337A JP 2019556337 A JP2019556337 A JP 2019556337A JP 7173593 B2 JP7173593 B2 JP 7173593B2
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Description
本出願は、パリ条約の下、その全体の内容が引用により本明細書中に組み込まれている、2017年4月18日に出願された米国特許仮出願第62/486,566号、及び2017年12月21日に出願された米国特許仮出願第62/608,839号の優先権を主張するものである。
この実施例は、機能性無機ナノ材料のダイレクト光学リソグラフィー(DOLFIN)の方法を例証する。
化学物質
酸化カドミウム(CdO、99.5%、Aldrich)、塩化カドミウム(CdCl2、99.99%、Aldrich)、オレイン酸(OA、90%、Aldrich)、セレン粉末(Se、100メッシュ、99.99%金属ベース、Aldrich)、トリオクチルホスフィンオキシド(TOPO、90%、Aldrich)、1-オクタデセン(ODE、90%、Aldrich)、オレイルアミン(OAm、70%、Aldrich)、テルルショット(Te、99.999%、Aldrich)、トリブチルホスフィン(TBP、異性体を含み97%、Aldrich)、塩化インジウム(III)(InCl3、無水物、99.999%、Aldrich)、トリス(トリメチルシリル)ホスフィン((TMS)3P、98%、Strem)、酢酸鉛三水和物(Pb(OAc)2・3H2O、99.999%、Aldrich)、ビス(トリメチルシリルメチル)スルフィド((TMS)2S、>98%、Aldrich)、トリオクチルホスフィン(TOP、98%、Strem)、塩化金(III)水和物(HAuCl4・xH2O、微量金属ベースで99.999%、Aldrich)、ジルコニウム(IV)イソプロポキシドプロパノール錯体(Zr[OCH(CH3)2]4・(CH3)2CHOH、99.9%、Aldrich)、塩化ジルコニウム(IV)(ZrCl4、99.9%、Aldrich)、1,2,3,4-テトラヒドロナフタレン(>97%、Aldrich)、ボランtert-ブチルアミン錯体(TBAB、97%、Aldrich)、Te(99.999%、ペレット、Aldrich)、HgCl2(ACS試薬等級、>99.5%、Aldrich)、セレノ尿素(98%、Aldrich)、酸化アルミニウムナノ粒子(Al2O3 NP、イソプロパノール中20wt%、Aldrich)、硝酸インジウム(III)水和物(In(NO3)3・xH2O、99.99%、Aesar)、硝酸ガリウム(III)水和物(Ga(NO3)3・xH2O、99.9%、Aesar)、酢酸亜鉛二水和物(Zn(OAc)2・2H2O、99.999%、Aldrich)、トリフルオロ酢酸ナトリウム(CF3COONa、98%、Aldrich)、炭酸カルシウム(CaCO3、BioXtra、≧99.0%、Aldrich)、炭酸イットリウム(III)水和物(Y2(CO3)3・xH2O、微量金属ベースで99.9%、Aldrich)、炭酸イッテルビウム(III)水和物(Yb2(CO3)3・xH2O、99.9%、Aesar)、炭酸エルビウム(III)水和物(Er2(CO3)3・xH2O、99.99%、Aesar)、トリフルオロ酢酸(ReagentPlus(登録商標)、99%、Aldrich)、アジ化ナトリウム(NaN3、Aldrich)、二硫化炭素(CS2、>99%、Aldrich)、ヘキサフルオロケイ酸アンモニウム((NH4)2SiF6、98%、Aldrich)、ジフェニルヨードニウムクロリド(DPI-Cl、>98%、Aldrich)、トリフェニルスルホニウムクロリド(TPS-Cl、94%、Aesar)、(4-メチルチオフェニル)メチルフェニルスルホニウムトリフラート(Aldrich)、硫化カリウム(K2S、95%、Strem)、ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF、99.8%、無水物、Aldrich)、ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO、99.8%、無水物、Aldrich)、炭酸プロピレン(PC、99.7%、無水物、Aldrich)、テトラクロロエチレン(TCE、HPLC用のクロマト溶媒、99.9%、Aldrich)、ジメトキシメタン(DMM、99%、Aldrich)、2-メトキシエタノール(2-Me、>99.9%、Aldrich)は、入手した状態で使用した。N-メチルホルムアミド(NMF、99%、Aesar)は、使用前にグローブボックス内で乾燥した。
CdSeナノ結晶。オレイン酸カドミウム(Cd(OA)2)ストック溶液を、25mLの三つ口フラスコ中で、CdO(0.643g、5mmol)を、オレイン酸(OA、10mL)と室温で混合し、且つこの溶液を真空下、150℃で1時間配置することにより得た。これにN2を補給した後、赤味を帯びた混合物を、250℃まで加熱し、その間この懸濁液は、無色の溶液へ変化し、これは反応の完了、及びCd(OA)2の形成を示した。引き続き、このフラスコを冷却し、真空下、150℃で乾燥させ、この反応時に生成した微量の水を捕捉した。その後得られたCd(OA)2を、更なる使用のための、白色ワックス状固形物としてストックした。TOP-Seストック溶液(1M)を、Se粉末(1.97g、25mmol)を、TOPの25mL中に溶解することにより調製し、ブローブボックス内でストックした。ウルツ相CdSe NCを、B. Mahlerらの論文「Ligand-Controlled Polytypism of Thick-Shell CdSe/CdS Nanocrystals」、J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132、953-959 (2009)からの改変された手順に従い合成した。簡単には、Cd(OA)2(2.25mL)、TOPO(1.2g)、及びODE(12mL)を、三つ口フラスコに負荷し、真空下、100℃で1時間乾燥させ、その後無色の溶液を、N2下で、300℃まで加熱した。この時点で、TOP-Seの4mL及びOAmの3mLの混合物を、この高温の溶液中に迅速に噴射し、且つ反応温度を260℃まで低下させた。8分後反応を停止し、室温まで冷却した。CdSe NCは、エタノールによる沈殿及びトルエン中の再溶解により、5回精製した。生成されたNCを、ヘキサン(40mg/mL)中に溶解し、ブローブボックス内で貯蔵した。
NaS 2 CN 3 及びNH 4 S 2 CN 3 。NaS2CN3は、D. H. Webberらの論文「Nanocrystal ligand exchange with 1,2,3,4-thiatriazole-5-thiolate and its facile in situ conversion to thiocyanate」、Dalton Trans 41, 7835-7838 (2012)に報告された手順に従い合成した。NaN3(250mg、mmol)は、DI水(1mL)中に溶解し、CS2(0.25mL)は、n-プロパノール(1mL)中に希釈した。その後CS2溶液を、NaN3溶液へ室温で添加し、暗所で1時間撹拌し、均一な淡緑色溶液を生成した。この溶液を暗所で一晩真空乾燥した後、NaS2CN3固形物を得た。残渣を、無水DMF(12mL)又はn-プロパノール(12mL)中に溶解し、冷凍庫(0-5℃)内で暗所で貯蔵した。カチオン交換により、NH4S2CN3を得た。簡単に述べると、(NH4)2SiF6(348mg、1.95mmol)水溶液(0.78M)を、NaS2CN3の生(raw)溶液へ滴加し、その時白色沈殿(Na2SiF6)が形成され、遠心分離後廃棄した。透明な上清を収集し、濾過し(0.2μm)、一晩真空下で乾燥した。白色固形物を、無水DMF(12mL)又は1-PrOH(12mL)中に再溶解し、グローブボックス内冷暗所で貯蔵した。
全ての表面処理実験は、典型的にはクリーンルーム照明に使用される黄色フィルターを装備した、グローブボックス内で実行した。そのようなフィルターは、様々なクリーンルーム供給業者から購入することができる。Pro Lighting Group社から購入したフィルターを、これらの実験に使用した。無水溶媒及び一相又は二相リガンド-交換戦略のいずれかを使用し交換したNC表面リガンドを典型的には使用した。(例えば、A. Dongらの論文「A Generalized Ligand-Exchange Strategy Enabling Sequential Surface Functionalization of Colloidal Nanocrystals」、J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 998-1006 (2011);及び、D. S. Dolzhnikovらの論文「Composition-matched molecular “solders” for semiconductors」、Science 347, 425-428 (2015)参照)。一相アプローチにおいて、トルエン/DMF又はトルエン/NMFのように、NC分散のための溶媒は、無機のリガンドに使用した溶媒の極性と類似した極性を有した。従って、これら2種の溶液は、混合時に互いに混和し、且つその表面処理は、一相で達成される。しかし、トルエン/N2H4、ヘキサン/DMFなど、NC分散及び無機のリガンドの溶媒の極性が異なる場合、リガンド-交換反応は、相関移動プロセスに関与した。別の言い方をすると、NC分散は、無機のリガンド溶液の上部に負荷され、二相混合物を形成し、その表面処理は、NCが上側層から下側層へ移動した場合に達成された。
S 2 CN 3 - (TTT)リガンドを持つナノ結晶。TTT-は、Cd-表面部位に結合するX型リガンドである。無極性溶媒又は乾燥型において、これは、例えばNa+又はNH4 +などのカチオンとのイオン対として存在する。極性溶媒中において、NC表面上の電気的中性の必要要件は、適用されず、且つ負帯電したTTT-リガンドはNC表面を過充電し、コロイド安定性に寄与する対イオンのクラウドを生じる。DMF又はNMFのような配位性溶媒は、弱く結合したL型リガンド(L’)として働く:
表1. CdSe NCの安定したコロイド溶液を形成するイオン対無機リガンド
露光システム及び遮蔽。光学パターニングは、EVG半自動両面マスクアライナーシステムを持つクリーンルームにおいて実行した。UV光源は、Jelight社から入手した低圧水銀蒸気グリッドランプ(254nm、6.3mW/cm2)を備えた自作の露光システムか、又はSpectronics社から購入した二波長UVランプ(254nm、2.0mW/cm2;365nm、2.2mW/cm2)のいずれかであった。石英基板及びクロムコーティングによる遮蔽は、Benchmark Technologies社から入手した。
S 2 CN 3 - (TTT)リガンド。UV-光への露光時に、TTT-イオンは、図1Bに示したように分解し、且つ生じたチオシアネート-キャップしたNCは、DMFなどの極性溶媒中に不溶性となり始めた。理論に結びつけられることを欲するものではないが、極性溶媒中のNCの溶解度の喪失は、NC表面からのSCN-基の部分的脱離により引き起こされた表面電荷の減少に起因することができる:
透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)。TEM画像は、300kV FEI Tecnai F30顕微鏡を用いて得た。図8は、左側から右側へ、TTT-リガンドを持つ光活性コロイド状NCの透過型電子顕微鏡画像を示している:CdSe、コア-シェルCdSe/ZnS、Al2O3 NC、NaYF4:Yb,Er@CaF2アップコンバージョンしたナノ粒子(UCNP)。
FETの製作。100nmのSiO2誘電体を伴う、Siウエハー(強くn-ドープした、ρ<0.005Ωcm、QL)を、FET製作のためのボトムゲート及び基板として使用した。この基板はサイズが1cm×1cmであるが、これをピラニハ(piranha)(濃H2SO4及び30%水性H2O2、容積で5:3)中に含浸し、酸素の泡立ちが停止するまで10分間加熱した。一旦基板を冷却し、これらを水で複数回すすいだ。感光性リガンドを持つ無機材料のコロイド溶液を、新たにクリーンにした基板上に、N2H4、NMF、又はDMFでスピン-コーティングし(スプレッド:600rpm、6秒間;スピン:2000rpm、40秒間)、厚さ30~100nmのNCフィルムを作製した。このNCフィルムを、グローブボックス内でDUV下で照射し、対応する溶媒で現像した。溶媒を蒸発させるために100℃で30分間乾燥した後、次にフィルムを、350℃で30分間アニーリングさせ、リガンドを分解し、且つNC粒子の成長を促進した。厚さ70nmのAlソース電極及びドレイン電極を、サーマルエバポレーターを使用し、シャドウマスクを通じて積層させ、トップ-コンタクト、ボトム-ゲートFET構造(チャネル幅及び長さは、各々、180μm及び30μmであった)を完成した。この実施例において、熱成長したSiO2を、ゲート誘電体として使用した。
表2. [(C6H5)2I]2・CdCl4の結晶構造
表3. [(C6H5)2I]2・ZnCl4の結晶構造
表4. フォトパターン化された溶液-プロセスした半導体のFET性能のまとめ
この実施例は、電子ビーム(E-ビーム)リソグラフィーを用いる、リガンドでキャップされた無機粒子のフィルムのパターニング方法を例証している。E-ビームリソグラフィーは、典型的には連続パターニング技術として実行される。E-ビームリソグラフィーにおいて使用するためのインクの例は、S2CN3 -(TTT)処理したナノ結晶を、DMF溶液中に溶解することにより調製される。好適なナノ結晶としては、II-VI族、III-V族、金属酸化物、金属、及びコア-シェルのナノ結晶が挙げられる。無機フィルムは、以下を含む方法で、パターン化することができる:リガンドでキャップされた無機のナノ結晶のフィルムを形成すること;フィルムの第一の部分にE-ビームを照射すること、ここで放射線と感光性アニオンの間の相互作用は、フィルムの化学修飾を生じながら、フィルムの第二の部分を放射線による照射から防ぐ;並びに、フィルムを、フィルムの第二の部分は溶解するが、フィルムの第一の部分は溶解しない有機溶媒と接触すること。
これは、CeO2ナノ結晶及び非イオン性PAGヒドロキシナフタルイミドトリフラートを含有する、光パターン化可能なフィルムの製造、並びに機能性無機ナノ材料のダイレクト光学リソグラフィー及び電子ビームリソグラフィーを使用するフィルムのパターニングの方法を例証している。
Claims (17)
- 無機結晶と、
前記無機結晶の各々の表面に結合している無機アニオンと、
前記無機アニオンと会合しカチオン/アニオン対を形成する感光性光酸発生剤カチオン、又は前記無機結晶と混合されている非イオン性光酸発生剤、ここで前記無機結晶の表面は前記無機アニオンにより電荷が平衡化されている、のいずれかと、
を含む、フォトパターン化可能なフィルム。 - 前記無機アニオンが、金属ハロゲン化物、金属カルコゲナイド、金属酸化物、カルコゲナイド、ハロゲン化物、O2-;CN-、N3 -、SCN-、及びOCN-から選択された偽ハロゲン化物、又はそれらの2以上の組合せを含む、請求項1記載のフォトパターン化可能なフィルム。
- 前記無機アニオンと会合する感光性光酸発生剤カチオンを含む、請求項1記載のフォトパターン化可能なフィルム。
- 前記感光性光酸発生剤カチオンが、ジアリールヨードニウム、トリアリールスルホニウム、ジアリールアルキルスルホニウム、又はそれらの組合せを含む、あるいは、
前記感光性光酸発生剤カチオンが、ビス(4-tert-ブチルフェニル)ヨードニウム、boc-メトキシフェニルジフェニルスルホニウム、(tert-ブトキシカルボニルメトキシナフチル)-ジフェニルスルホニウム、(4-tert-ブチルフェニル)ジフェニルスルホニウム、ジフェニルヨードニウム、(4-フルオロフェニル)ジフェニルスルホニウム、N-ヒドロキシナフタルイミド、(4-ヨードフェニル)ジフェニルスルホニウム、(4-メトキシフェニル)ジフェニルスルホニウム、(4-メチルチオフェニル)メチルフェニルスルホニウム、(4-フェノキシフェニル)ジフェニルスルホニウム、(4-フェニルチオフェニル)ジフェニルスルホニウム、トリアリールスルホニウム、トリフェニルスルホニウム、トリス(4-tert-ブチルフェニル)スルホニウム、(4-メチルフェニル)ジフェニルスルホニウム、又はそれらの2以上の組合せを含む、請求項3記載のフォトパターン化可能なフィルム。 - 前記無機アニオンと前記感光性光酸発生剤カチオンが、式A2-MX4、A-MX3 又はAn-MX6 (式中、Aは、ジアリールヨードニウム、トリアリールスルホニウム、ジアリールアルキルスルホニウム、又はそれらの組合せを表し、Mは、金属原子を表し、Xは、ハロゲン原子を表し、n=2、3、又は4である)を有するリガンドを形成する、請求項4記載のフォトパターン化可能なフィルム。
- 前記フィルムが、前記無機結晶と混合されている非イオン性光酸発生剤を含む、請求項1記載のフォトパターン化可能なフィルム。
- 前記無機結晶が、II-VI族結晶又はIII-V族結晶を含む、請求項1記載のフォトパターン化可能なフィルム。
- 前記II-VI族結晶が、CdSe結晶、CdTe結晶、ZnS結晶、ZnSe結晶、ZnO結晶、HgSe結晶、HgTe結晶、HgS結晶、HgxCd1-xTe結晶、HgxCd1-xS結晶、HgxCd1-xSe結晶、CdxZn1-xTe結晶、CdxZn1-xSe結晶、CdxZn1-xS結晶、CdS結晶、ZnTe結晶(式中0<x<1、又はそれらの2以上の混合物を含むか、あるいは、
前記III-V族結晶が、InP結晶、InAs結晶、InN結晶、InSb結晶、GaAs結晶、GaP結晶、GaN結晶、In(1-x)GaxAs結晶(式中、0<x<1)、In1-xGaxP結晶(式中、0<x<1)、又はそれらの2以上の混合物を含む、請求項7記載のフォトパターン化可能なフィルム。 - 前記無機結晶が、金属酸化物結晶を含む、請求項1記載のフォトパターン化可能なフィルム。
- 前記無機結晶が、金属結晶を含む、請求項1記載のフォトパターン化可能なフィルム。
- 前記無機アニオンが、周期表12族又は13族から選択される金属を含む、請求項1記載のフォトパターン化可能なフィルム。
- 基板上に請求項1記載のフォトパターン化可能なフィルムを形成する工程と、
該フィルムの第一の部分に放射線を照射する工程(ここで該放射線は、前記感光性光酸発生剤カチオン又は非イオン性光酸発生剤によって吸収され、前記感光性光酸発生剤カチオン又は非イオン性光酸発生剤を破壊して酸を産生し、前記酸は前記フィルムと反応しフィルムの第一の部分を有機溶媒中で不溶性にする一方、前記フィルムの露光されない部分は前記有機溶媒中で可溶性のままである)と、
前記有機溶媒に前記フィルムを接触させ、前記フィルムの第一の部分は溶解せず前記フィルムの露光されない部分を溶解する工程と、
を含む、フィルムのパターニングの方法。 - 前記放射線が、紫外線を含む、請求項12記載の方法。
- 前記無機結晶が、誘電性の結晶である、請求項1記載のフォトパターン化可能なフィルム。
- 前記無機結晶が、金属結晶又は誘電性の結晶である、請求項12記載の方法。
- 前記放射線が、波長365nmの放射線を含む紫外線である、請求項12記載の方法。
- 前記放射線が、電子ビームである、請求項12記載の方法。
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